动脉瘤内流场以及瘤体尺寸的影响的数值研究

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟的方法,在周期性脉动速度入流条件下,建立刚性动脉瘤模型并研究了动脉瘤模型中流场的特征(速度、压力、壁面剪切应力)。得到了脉动入流一个周期内流场特征的变化规律,发现动脉瘤的后端有相当高的压力和壁面剪切应力,而且高压力和壁面剪切应力分布的位置几乎是固定的。探讨了不同动脉瘤尺寸对内部流场的影响,动脉瘤的直径与瘤体长度之比越大,瘤壁承受的剪切应力就越大,动脉瘤破裂的危险性就越高。     

受支架支撑的血管管壁变形及应力分析

摘要：为了计算动脉粥样硬化和局部斑块形成的堵塞对血管壁工作状态的影响，本文根据血液流动的连续性方程、运动方程及管壁运动方程，在给定了血压波形函数的基础上，求得了狭窄血管管壁的径向位移及环向应力。分析了不同狭窄程度对血管壁变形及应力的影响；给出了不同狭窄情况下及局部斑块硬化程度不同时，血管植入支架所需的作用力。从而计算出了植入支架后血管壁的径向位移及应力状态。本文的研究结果可供临床上对狭窄血管植入支架后的变形与受力分析，和支架的正确安放参考，可避免发生堵塞严重或血管过渡硬化时，由于安放支架不当而使发生血管破裂的医疗事故。     

基于势流理论的内孤立波与立管作用数值研究

内孤立波是一种发生在水面以下的在世界各个海域广泛存在的大幅波浪, 其剧烈的波面起伏所携带的巨大能量对以海洋立管为代表的海洋结构物产生严重威胁, 分析其传播演化过程的流场特征及立管在内孤立波作用下的动力响应规律对于海洋立管的设计具有重要意义. 本文基于分层流体的非线性势流理论, 采用高效率的多域边界单元法, 建立了内孤立波流场分析计算的数值模型, 可以实时获得内孤立波的流场特征. 根据获得的流场信息, 采用莫里森方程计算内孤立波对海洋立管作用的载荷分布. 将内孤立波流场非线性势流计算模型与动力学有限元模型结合来求解内孤立波作用下海洋立管的动力响应特征, 讨论了内孤立波参数、顶张力大小以及内部流体密度对立管动力响应的影响. 发现随着内孤立波波幅的增大, 海洋立管的流向位移和应力明显增大. 由于上层流体速度明显大于下层, 且在所研究问题中拖曳力远大于惯性力, 因此管道顺流向的最大位移发生在上层区域. 顶张力通过改变几何刚度阵的值进而对立管的响应产生明显影响. 对于弱约束立管, 内部流体的密度对管道的流向位移影响较小.      

超高层建筑群台风流场的LBM分析

运用二维格子Boltzmann方法对台风经过上海陆家嘴超高层建筑群(包括金茂大厦、环球金融中心和上海中心)的流场进行了数值模拟,文中数据采用2012年的"海葵",对台风登陆上海前,登陆上海,在上海达到最大速度以及台风离开上海各时段进行了分析,利用MATLAB得到了各时段不同高度层的速度流场图,研究结果表明:流场中的风速和风压分布情况与建筑物的密集程度和布局密切相关;超高层建筑物的分布需要适当地分散.     

人体桡骨支架力学模型及承载性能

针对人体骨组织三维网状孔洞分布特点,得到了一种建立人体骨支架力学模型的方法.利用该方法获得了人体桡骨力学模型,导出了桡骨黏弹性本构模型.通过对桡骨力学模型的承载性能分析,得出:当桡骨受到单向轴向压力时,最大应力出现在通孔孔壁上,且应力与应变的关系是非线性的.     

基于DES方法平底水力旋流器内部流场特征的数值分析

采用分离涡模拟方法(Detached Eddy Simulation,DES)针对平底水力旋流器的特殊结构进行了清水流场三维湍流流动的数值模拟.与RNG k-ε模型、雷诺应力模型的计算结果比较后发现,DES方法所预测出的切向速度结果与实验结果吻合最好,从而验证了DES方法在水力旋流器数值模拟方面的可行性.进一步分析了在一定入口流量下平底水力旋流器内部流场的切向速度、轴向速度、径向速度及静压力的分布特征以及局部流动现象,获得了有关平底水力旋流器内流场流动结构的丰富的信息,讨论了圆柱结构内的流动特征对固液分离可能存在的影响.分析表明平底水力旋流器的内流场呈现出兰金涡的特点,并且为非对称分布,其内部的能量损耗主要集中在受强制涡影响的中心轴线附近区域内.本文结果为进一步研究平底水力旋流器的流场特征提供了参考.     

节水水嘴起泡器气液两相流数值模拟

为了研究节水水嘴起泡器内部两相流的流动规律,采用Fluent软件对其内部流场进行数值模拟.根据起泡器内部流场的流动特性,采用欧拉两相流模型以及RNG(re—normalization group)κ-ε湍流模型,分析起泡器出口截面气液两相体积分数和速度的分布特点.结果表明:增大入口水流速度可以加快分散出口截面气液两相的分布,缩短流体流动的稳定时间;整流网具有分散流体,降低流速的作用;错开整流网相邻层之间的网格可以改善出口截面的液相分布;本模型中整流网采用三层网格达到较好的出水效果.     

近爆下泡沫混凝土复合结构在地下洞室的抗爆特性数值研究

为研究近爆作用下带泡沫混凝土复合结构的地下洞室的抗爆性能,基于LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件,建立了TNT炸药-围岩-锚杆-衬砌结构-空气的爆炸效应全耦合模型。应用ALE多物质流固耦合算法对比分析了普通衬砌结构洞室和带泡沫混凝土夹层的衬砌结构洞室的重要控制测点的应力、空气层压力和位移。测点峰值应力与TM5-855-1的经验公式吻合良好,证明了数值模拟的可靠性。数值研究结果表明,相比普通混凝土夹层,泡沫混凝土夹层能够有效地削弱爆炸冲击波的传播,大幅降低洞室内部空气的压力峰值,降低超压对人体器官的损伤,提高洞室内部人员的生存几率;采用泡沫混凝土夹层的衬砌需加强拱顶区域的刚度以降低顶底板相对位移差。研究结果为地下洞室抗爆设计提供了参考依据。     

叠层橡胶隔震支座夹层受拉模型与分析：理论模型

为分析普通圆形叠层橡胶隔震支座的受拉性能，本文基于弹性力学理论，建立了叠层橡胶隔震支座橡胶夹层的受拉分析模型，根据橡胶层的约束边界条件及普通橡胶材料的不可压缩性质，推导了橡胶夹层的应力与位移分布简化计算公式。根据推导结果对橡胶夹层的应力分布与变形规律（如橡胶层内外自由边的变形形状）进行分析，并通过有限元数值模型进行了对比，结果表明，本文的分析模型与计算公式可以较好的分析不同形状系数的普通圆形叠层橡胶隔震支座橡胶夹层的应力分布与变形规律。     

近爆下泡沫混凝土复合结构在地下洞室的抗爆特性数值研究

为研究近爆作用下带泡沫混凝土复合结构的地下洞室的抗爆性能，基于LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件，建立了TNT炸药-围岩-锚杆-衬砌结构-空气的爆炸效应全耦合模型。应用ALE多物质流固耦合算法对比分析了普通衬砌结构洞室和带泡沫混凝土夹层的衬砌结构洞室的重要控制测点的应力、空气层压力和位移。测点峰值应力与TM5-855-1的经验公式吻合良好，证明了数值模拟的可靠性。数值研究结果表明，相比普通混凝土夹层，泡沫混凝土夹层能够有效地削弱爆炸冲击波的传播，大幅降低洞室内部空气的压力峰值，降低超压对人体器官的损伤，提高洞室内部人员的生存几率；采用泡沫混凝土夹层的衬砌需加强拱顶区域的刚度以降低顶底板相对位移差。研究结果为地下洞室抗爆设计提供了参考依据。     

The interactions between bloodstream and vascular structure on aortic dissecting aneurysmal model: A numerical study

Stent-graft implantation is an important means of clinical treatment for aortic dissecting aneurysm （ADA）. However, researches on fluid dynamics effects of stent were rare. Computer simulation was used to investigate the interactions between bloodstream and vascular structure in a stented ADA, which endures the periodic pulse velocity and pressure. We obtained and analyzed the flow velocity distribution, the wall displacement and wall stress in the ADA. By comparing the different results between a non-stented and a stented ADA, we found that the insertion of a vascular graft can make the location of maximum stress and displacement move from the aneurysm lumen wall to the artery wall, accompanied with a greatly decrease in value. These results imply that the placement of a stent-graft of any kind to oc-clude ADA will result in a decreased chance of rupture.     

A comparison between different asymmetric abdominal aortic aneurysm morphologies employing computational fluid–structure interaction analysis

Considering representative asymmetric aneurysms in the abdominal aorta, the transient 3-D blood flow and pressure distributions as well as aneurysm wall stresses were numerically analyzed. To obtain more realistic and accurate results for blood flow fields and wall stress distributions, a coupled fluid-flow and solid–structure solver was employed. Geometric abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) variations studied included the degree of asymmetry, neck angle and bifurcation angle, and hence their impacts on the hemodynamics and biomechanics. The simulation results indicated that the assumption of symmetric AAA geometry may underestimate AAA-wall stress considerably. The neck angle influences the blood flow field substantially. A large neck angle, resulting in strong wall curvatures near the proximal neck, can produce aggravating blood flow patterns and elevated wall stresses (Von Mises). The iliac bifurcation angle affects blood flow patterns insignificantly but plays an important role in wall-stress concentrations. The wall stress of lateral asymmetric AAAs is higher than for the anterior-posterior asymmetric types. The maximum wall stress-site is located near the anterior distal side for the anterior-posterior asymmetric AAA and the distal side towards the asymmetric bulge in the lateral asymmetric AAA.     

Experimental and computational studies on the flow fields in aortic aneurysms associated with deployment of AAA stent-grafts

Pulsatile flow fields in rigid abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) models were investigated numerically, and the simulation results are found in good agreement with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. There are one or more vortexes in the AAA bulge, and a fairly high wall shear stress exists at the distal end, and thus the AAA is in danger of rupture. Medical treatment consists of inserting a vascular stent-graft in the AAA, which would decrease the blood impact to the inner walls and reduce wall shear stress so that the rupture could be prevented. A new computational model, based on porous medium model, was developed and results are documented. Therapeutic effect of the stent-graft was verified numerically with the new model. The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10672090). The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

Simulation of unsteady laminar flow in models of terminal aneurysm of the basilar artery

Blood flow dynamics play an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The evaluation of the velocity field in the aneurysm dome and neck is important for the correct placement of endovascular coils, in addition the temporal and spatial variations of wall shear stress in the aneurysm are correlated with its growth and rupture. The present numerical investigation describes the hemodynamics in two models of terminal aneurysm of the basilar artery. Aneurysm models with an aspect ratio of 1.0 and 1.67 were studied. Each model was subject to a steady, sinusoidal and physiologically representative waveform of inflow for a mean Reynolds number of 560. Symmetric and asymmetric outflow conditions in the branches were also studied.

The three-dimensional continuity and the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible, unsteady laminar flow with Newtonian properties were solved with a commercial software using non structured grids with 61334 and 65961 cells for models 1 and 2, respectively. The grids were primarily composed of tetrahedral elements.

The intra-aneurysmal flow was unsteady for all input conditions and in both models, the flow always showed a complex vortex structure. The inflow and outflow zones in the aneurysm neck were determined. The wall shear stress on the aneurysm showed large temporal and spatial variations. The asymmetric outflow increased the wall shear stress in both models.     

Intra-aneurysmal blood flow based on patient-specific CT angiogram

To discuss the validity of the hemodynamic hypothesis of aneurysm rupture, we used a patient-specific, realistic aneurysm model to reveal the flow structure and wall shear stress distribution in two cases: one with an unruptured aneurysm and the other with a ruptured aneurysm. We used particle imaging velocimetry and laser Doppler velocimetry to measure velocity profiles of intra-aneurysmal flow. Both cases had a circulating flow along the aneurysm wall, although the second case had a recirculating zone only in the minimum phase. Differences in the wall shear stress profile may identify aneurysm rupture.     

Pulsatile flows in a lateral aneurysm anchored on a stented and curved parent vessel

We present particle tracking velocimetry measurements and flow visualization of pulsatile flow fields in a stented cerebrovascular lateral aneurysm model with a wide ostium anchored on a curved parent vessel. Among the stent parameters, the blocking ratioC _α ranging from 0% to 75% was selected to study its effect on the changes of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics for the reference of minimally invasive endovascular aneurysm treatment. The Womersley number was 3.9 and the mean, peak, and minimal Reynolds numbers based on the bulk average velocity and diameter of the parent vessel were 600, 850, and 300, respectively. The results are characterized in terms of velocity vector field, coded streak images, region averaged velocity, vorticity, and wall shear stress. A critical range ofC _α related to the inflow location as well as the shape and number of intra-aneurysmal vortices is identified. The intra-aneurysmal flow activity, vortex strength, and wall shear stress are found to decrease with increasingC _α. Among theC _α examined,C _α=75% is the most favorable in attenuating the risk of aneurysmal rupture and promoting intra-aneurysmal thrombus.     

Medical image-based simulation of abdominal aortic aneurysm growth

Advances in theoretical modeling of biological tissue growth and remodeling (G&R) and computational biomechanics have been helpful to capture salient features of vascular remodeling during the progression of vascular diseases. Nevertheless, application of such advances to individualized diagnosis and clinical treatment of diseases such as abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains challenging. As a step toward that goal, in this paper, we present a computational framework necessary towards patient-specific modeling of AAA growth. Prior to AAA simulations, using an inverse optimization method, initial material parameters are identified for a healthy aorta such that a homeostatic condition is satisfied for the given medical image-based geometrical model under physiological conditions. Various shapes of AAAs are then computationally created by inducing elastin degradation with different spatio-temporal distributions. The simulation results emphasize the role of extent of elastin damage, geometric complexity of an enlarged AAA, and sensitivity of stress-mediated collagen turnover on the wall stress distribution and the rate of expansion. The results also show that the distributions of stress and local expansion initially correspond to the extent of elastin damage, but change via stress-mediated tissue G&R depending on the aneurysm shape. Finally, we suggest that the current framework can be utilized along with medical images from an individual patient to predict the AAA shape and mechanical properties in the near future via an inverse scheme.     

Application of the lattice Boltzmann method to flow in aneurysm with ring‐shaped stent obstacles

To resolve the characteristics of a highly complex flow, a lattice Boltzmann method with an extrapolation boundary technique was used in aneurysms with and without transverse objects on the upper wall, and results were compared with the non‐stented aneurysm. The extrapolation boundary concept allows the use of Cartesian grids even when the boundaries do not conform to Cartesian coordinates. To ease the code development and facilitate the incorporation of new physics, a new scientific programming strategy based on object‐oriented concepts was developed. The reduced flow, smaller vorticity magnitude and wall shear stress, and smaller du/dy near the dome of the aneurysm were observed when the proposed stent obstacles were used. The height of the stent obstacles was more effective to reduce the vorticity near the dome of the aneurysm than the width of the stent. The rectangular stent with 20% height‐of‐vessel radius was observed to be optimal and decreased the magnitude of the vorticity by 21% near the dome of the aneurysm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Blood flow dynamics and fluid–structure interaction in patient‐specific bifurcating cerebral aneurysms

Hemodynamics plays an important role in the progression and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. The current work describes the blood flow dynamics and fluid–structure interaction in seven patient‐specific models of bifurcating cerebral aneurysms located in the anterior and posterior circulation regions of the circle of Willis. The models were obtained from 3D rotational angiography image data, and blood flow dynamics and fluid–structure interaction were studied under physiologically representative waveform of inflow. The arterial wall was assumed to be elastic, isotropic and homogeneous. The flow was assumed to be laminar, non‐Newtonian and incompressible. In one case, the effects of different model suppositions and boundary conditions were reported in detail. The fully coupled fluid and structure models were solved with the finite elements package ADINA. The vortex structure, pressure, wall shear stress (WSS), effective stress and displacement of the aneurysm wall showed large variations, depending on the morphology of the artery, aneurysm size and position. The time‐averaged WSS, effective stress and displacement at the aneurysm fundus vary between 0.17 and 4.86 Pa, 4.35 and 170.2 kPa and 0.16 and 0.74 mm, respectively, for the seven patient‐specific models of bifurcating cerebral aneurysms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.