胶凝原油蠕变的时间-温度-应力等效性

黏弹性蠕变是胶凝原油重要的流变特性,要描述胶凝原油的黏弹性蠕变行为,必须同时考虑 应力、时间和温度等参数. 于是对胶凝原油进行了不同应力和不同温度下的蠕变实验,利用 时间-温度-应力等效原理分析了胶凝原油的非线性蠕变行为,得到了参考应力和参考温度下 的蠕变主曲线,并用黏弹性流变模型拟合得到了蠕变主曲线的表达式. 从而可以分别通过较 高温度和应力水平下的短期蠕变行为来预测较低温度和应力水平下的长期蠕变行为.     

孔隙压力作用下圆形巷道围岩的蠕变分析

在原有的岩土流变理论基础上,与渗流力学原理相结合,考虑孔隙压力及孔隙度在岩石蠕变过程中对于岩体变形的影响,在弹性解答的基础上,通过Laplace变换(对应性原理)得出解析解．在一定的假设条件下,利用弹性力学基本方程、蠕变方程及有效应力原理(Terzaghi有效应力方程),采用H-K体模型作为本构方程,将孔隙压力引入到围岩蠕变方程中．给出在孔隙压力作用下的蠕变曲线,并与不考虑孔隙压力和定孔隙压力条件下蠕变曲线相比,其更接近于实际．     

基于压缩蠕变试验的流变参数理论解析反演

大坝坝基的长期稳定性是大坝运营安全的重要保障, 而坝基岩体中的软弱夹层是影响其变形和稳定的重要因素. 为研究大岗山水电站坝基中辉绿岩脉软弱夹层在长期载荷作用下的变形机制, 在坝基边坡的试验平硐内垂直于软弱夹层进行了现场大型圆形刚性承压板压缩蠕变试验. 辨识得到可较准确表示其蠕变特性的5参量广义Kelvin模型, 克服了3 参量广义Kelvin模型收敛过快的缺陷. 基于弹性力学中的布辛涅斯克问题, 通过黏弹性理论中的拉普拉斯变换及逆变换, 推导出了刚性承压板下部岩体的5参量广义Kelvin模型表示的黏弹性变形公式, 并以此为基础反演得到流变参数.     

热环境中黏弹性功能梯度材料及其结构的蠕变

基于经典的对应原理, 将 Mori-Tanaka 方法等细观力学结果推广于定常温度环境下的黏弹性情形. 根据泊松比与时间呈弱相关的特点, 给出 Laplace 象空间中功能梯度材料的松弛模量和热膨胀系数, 并直接建立耦合热应变的多维黏弹性本构关系. 在此基础上, 求解黏弹性功能梯度圆柱薄壳在热环境中的轴对称弯曲蠕变变形问题. 考虑材料热物参数的温度相关性, 首先确定稳态温度场, 导出相空间中轴对称弯曲变形的解析解, 采用数值反演得到蠕变变形. 算例表明, 蠕变初期, 热环境的影响明显, 随着时间增加, 热应力松弛, 影响逐渐消失. 当圆柱薄壳受轴压时, 相比于两端固支, 两端简支的端部变形更加明显. 通过圆柱薄壳的轴对称弯曲求解, 给出体积含量呈任意分布的黏弹性功能梯度结构在热机载荷下的蠕变分析途径.      

岩体原位流变荷载试验的力学参数与模型反演

根据现场岩体原位测试的60m和70m处两试验点的流变变形曲线,首先通过曲线特征筛选出了能够描述其变形特性的流变模型(三参量固体模型,Burgers模型),基于粘弹性分析理论及两步反分析法思路,建立了荷载试验的三参量固体模型、Burgers模型的位移优化反演格式,利用分级加载所获得的瞬时弹性位移,反算出了两试验点处的岩体弹性体积模量K、剪切模量G0和变形模量E0,并由优化反演方法获得了两模型的所有流变参数G1,η1,η2和E1以及长期弹性模量E∞。利用所获得的粘弹性参数分别计算出了在不同载荷下两种模型的理论解析曲线,并与实测曲线进行了分析对比,最终获得了能够较真实地描述试验区域岩体流变变形特性的最佳模型,即三参量固体模型。通过对比分析验证了所用思路及方法的正确性和实用性,文中方法虽然应用于流变荷载实验情况,但其具有一定的普遍意义,可应用于不同状况的流变实验的参数确定和模型反演。     

基于西原模型的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型

在西原模型的基础上,引入能反映加速蠕变起始点的非线性黏塑性元件和瞬时塑性变形的塑性元件,建立了一个能完整反映蠕变全过程的非线性黏弹塑性流变模型. 在其一维流变模型结构的基础上建立三维的流变模型,推导三维流变方程,接着探讨了在三轴压缩试验中确定三维蠕变参数的方法,并对参数进行了敏感性分析. 用三轴压缩试验结果验证模型的有效性,结果表明模型能很好地模拟蠕变的三阶段,并且在多级偏应力水平下可以采用同一组蠕变参数.     

一种新的岩石非线性损伤蠕变模型

为描述岩石加速蠕变阶段的非线性变形规律,在广义开尔文体基础上串联一个村山体,基于Kachanov损伤率理论,建立了损伤变量D与蠕变时间的函数关系,并根据Lemaitre应变等效原理将村山体中的无损模型参数p用有效模型参数p(1-D)代替,以此来表征岩石加速蠕变阶段的非线性,建立了一种新的非线性损伤蠕变模型;根据广义塑性力学理论给出了该模型的三维蠕变方程;采用Levenberg-Marquardt非线性优化最小二乘法对红砂岩和绿片岩常规三轴压缩蠕变试验数据进行拟合,反演得到这两种岩石的蠕变模型参数。拟合结果表明:拟合曲线与试验曲线的拟合相关系数R2分别为0.999和0.992,说明该蠕变模型能较好地反映这两种岩石各阶段的蠕变曲线特征。     

改进的Bingham岩石蠕变模型研究

传统Bingham模型只能模拟岩石的瞬时弹性变形和稳态蠕变变形,不能模拟岩石蠕变全过程。为了克服这方面的不足,首先定义一个非线性函数来模拟岩石的衰减蠕变变形,基于Harris函数建立一个带时间触发的非线性损伤黏性体,与传统Bingham模型进行串联,从而建立一个新的非线性蠕变模型,根据塑性力学原理推导了一维和三维蠕变方程。利用1stOpt通用的全局优化算法,对前人所做的蠕变试验数据进行模型验证和参数辨识,同时基于理论曲线对模型参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明,该模型曲线与蠕变试验曲线具有较高的吻合度,在相同时刻,岩石蠕变变形量均随参数的增大而增大;模型曲线对参数n的敏感性要高于对参数m。该模型可为开展类似研究工作提供一定的参考。     

高地应力围岩流变特性及竖井长期稳定性分析

基于自行研制的重力加载流变仪,采用多级加载对4种典型矿岩开展了三点弯曲蠕变试验研究,获得了蠕变试验曲线. 将Burger's模型与Mohr-Coulomb准则相结合,形成改进的Burger's模型. 并通过最小二乘法对均质混合岩进行蠕变参数拟合,获得了与蠕变试验曲线相吻合的蠕变理论曲线. 结果表明改进的Burger's模型能较好地描述均质混合岩的蠕变特性. 在此基础上,采用该流变模型,对返修后的竖井工程进行三维流变数值模拟和稳定分析,为竖井工程的长期稳定预测和失稳风险预测提供了理论依据.      

一种新的岩石非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型研究

为了克服传统元件组合模型不能描述岩石蠕变过程中非线性特征的缺陷，首先根据加速蠕变阶段的应变和应变率随蠕变时间急剧增大的特点，建立黏塑性应变与蠕变时间的指数函数关系并提出非线性黏塑性体．将该非线性黏塑性体与广义Burgers蠕变模型串联，建立可以描述岩石全蠕变过程的非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型，根据叠加原理得到一维应力状态下的轴向蠕变方程．然后基于塑性力学理论指出岩石三维蠕变本构方程建立过程中的不足之处，并给出非线性黏弹塑性蠕变模型合理的三维蠕变方程．最后采用不同应力水平下砂岩轴向蠕变试验对模型合理性进行验证，结果表明：拟合曲线与试验曲线吻合度较高，所建蠕变模型能够很好地描述砂岩在不同应力水平下的蠕变变形规律，尤其对加速蠕变阶段的非线性特征描述效果很好，验证了模型的合理性．     

Creep response of bituminous mixtures—rheological model and microstructural interpretation

The main failure mechanisms of flexible pavements, such as low-temperature cracking, fatigue failure, and rutting are strongly influenced by the viscoelastic properties of asphalt. These viscoelastic properties originate from the thermorheological behavior of bitumen, the binder material of asphalt. In this paper, the bitumen behavior is studied by means of a comprehensive experimental program, allowing the identification of viscoelastic parameters of a power-law type creep model, indicating two time scales (short-term and long-term) within the creep deformation history of bitumen. Moreover, these characteristics of the creep deformation transfer towards bitumen-inclusion mixtures, as illustrated for mastic, consisting of bitumen and filler. For this purpose, the aforementioned power-law creep model is implemented into a micromechanical framework. Finally, the activation of the different creep mechanisms as a function of the loading rate is discussed, using viscoelastic properties obtained from both static and cyclic creep tests.     

Finite ramp time correction method for non-linear viscoelastic material model

In this paper, a simple formula for the prediction of stress (strain) in the relaxation (creep) period is derived for a non-linear viscoelastic material model which takes into account the finite ramp time. Usually, it is assumed that the ramp time is small and, therefore, loading can be described via Heaviside step function. This assumption, when applied to the material parameters identification process, can lead to a large errors in the values of the approximated material parameters. Especially, for the materials which undergo significant stress decay in the beginning of relaxation the assumption of infinite small ramp time can induce severe errors. With the help of the derived formula more reliable material parameter identification can be accomplished. The proposed method is tested with numerical simulations and compared with analytical results, Heaviside step loading case and method described by Nordin and Varna. Simulations show good agreement with analytical results.     

Identification of viscoelastic properties by means of nanoindentation taking the real tip geometry into account

Motivated by recent progress in viscoelastic indentation analysis, the identification of viscoelastic properties from nanoindentation test data taking the real tip geometry into account is presented in this paper. Based on the elastic solution of the indentation problem, the corresponding viscoelastic solution is obtained by the application of the method of functional equations. This general solution, which accounts for the real geometric properties of the indenter tip, is specialized for the case of a trapezoidal load history, commonly employed in nanoindentation testing. Three deviatoric creep models, the single dash-pot, the Maxwell, and the three-parameter model are considered. The so-obtained expressions allow us to determine viscoelastic model parameters via back calculation from the measured load–penetration history. The presented approach is illustrated by the identification of short-term viscoelastic properties of bitumen. Hereby, the influence of loading rate, maximum load, and temperature on the model parameters is investigated.     

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN CLAY AND MODIFIED S-M CREEP MODEL1)

为合理描述人工冻结法施工的矿井土层力学特性,对某矿井土样的重塑土进行单轴抗压强度实验和单轴压缩蠕变实验,得到重塑冻结黏土在不同温度及载荷加载等级下的应力-应变曲线和蠕变曲线。实验结果表明：冻结温度越低,土样的单轴强度越大;相同冻结温度下,土样的蠕变变形随着应力水平的升高而增大。单轴压缩蠕变的等时应力-应变曲线随时间发展向应变轴靠拢;土样经历初始蠕变和等速蠕变两个阶段,在较高应力水平下有进入加速蠕变的趋势;对S-M模型中各参数的意义进行修正并考虑温度的影响,得到人工冻结黏土改进S-M蠕变显式模型,然后采用粒子群算法对人工冻结黏土S-M蠕变模型参数进行优化。改进S-M蠕变显式模型理论计算值与实验值吻合良好,表明改进S-M蠕变显式模型能较好模拟人工冻结黏土的蠕变特性。改进S-M蠕变显式模型为人工冻土蠕变计算提供一种新方法。     

QUASI-STATIC ANALYSIS FOR VISCOELASTIC TIMOSHENKO BEAMS WITH DAMAGE

Based on convolution-type constitutive equations for linear viscoelastic materials with damage and the hypotheses of Timoshenko beams, the equations governing quasi-static and dynamical behavior of Timoshenko beams with damage were first derived. The quasi-static behavior of the viscoelastic Timoshenko beam under step loading was analyzed and the analytical solution was obtained in the Laplace transformation domain. The deflection and damage curves at different time were obtained by using the numerical inverse transform and the influences of material parameters on the quasi-static behavior of the beam were investigated in detail.     

An Approach to Constructing a Rheological Model of a Strain-Hardening Medium

The one-dimensional constitutive equations of strain-hardening materials subject to nonlinear creep are derived. The solution is found using the hypothesis of unified deformation curve based on the similarity of the tensile and isochronic creep curves. A generalized rheological model is constructed which accounts for the instantaneous strain rate, loading rate, and the mode of strain hardening. This model is used to derive one-dimensional constitutive equations for linear viscoelastic, nonlinear viscoelastic, and linear- and nonlinear-hardening viscoelastoplastic materials. It is shown that the creep of linear viscoelastic and linear-hardening viscoelastoplastic materials is transient. For nonlinear viscoelastic and nonlinear-hardening viscoelastoplastic materials, all the characteristic stages of creep are present     

黏弹性界面断裂分析的增量“加料”有限元法

提出了一种适用于黏弹性界面裂纹问题的增量“加料” 有限元方法. 利用弹性界面裂纹尖端位移场的解答,通过对应原理和拉普拉斯逆变换近似方法,得到了黏弹性界面裂纹的尖端位移场. 用该位移场构造了黏弹性界面裂纹“加料” 单元和过渡单元位移模式,推导了增量“加料” 有限元方程,求解有限元方程可获得应力强度因子和应变能释放率等断裂参量. 建立了典型黏弹性界面裂纹平面问题“加料” 有限元模型,计算结果表明,对于弹性/黏弹性界面裂纹和黏弹性/黏弹性界面裂纹,该方法都能得到相当精确地断裂参量,并能很好地反映蠕变和松弛特性,可推广应用于黏弹性界面断裂问题的计算分析.      

黏弹性板的大挠度蠕变屈曲

研究了具有初始小挠度受轴向压载黏弹性板的蠕变屈曲问题，在建立控制方程时，利用了von Karman非线性应变-位移关系，并考虑了初始挠度，用标准线性固体模型描述材料的黏弹性特性，在求解非线性积分方程时，利用梯形公式计算记忆积分式，将非线性积分方程化为非线性代数方程进行数值求解，得到了结构的蠕变变形过程，又将问题退化到小挠度情况进行研究，得到了挠度随时间扩展的解析解，分析了瞬时失稳临界载荷、持久临界载荷的物理意义，讨论了考虑几何非线性对黏弹性板蠕变屈曲的影响。     

A method for determining the parameters of the hereditary kernels in the nonlinear theory of viscoelasticity

The analytical and experimental procedures of the method for determining the parameters of the hereditary kernels in the modified Rabotnov’s nonlinear viscoelastic model are outlined. The method is based on the similarity of the isochronous creep curves to the instantaneous-deformation curve. The parameters of the kernels are determined by fitting the discrete values of the kernels that are found by differentiating the average similarity function. The discrete values of the kernels in the domain of singularity are calculated using weight functions