细颗粒泥沙净冲刷和输移的大涡模拟研究

在传统水沙输移数值模拟研究中一般采用雷诺时均模拟技术(Reynolds-averaged simulation,RANS).与RANS相比,大涡模拟技术(large eddy simulation,LES)能够更加精确反映细部流动结构,计算机的发展使得采用LES探讨水流和泥沙运动规律成为可能.本文尝试给出净冲刷条件下悬沙计算的边界条件,采用动态亚格子模式对循环槽道和长槽道中的水流运动和泥沙输移进行了三维大涡模拟研究.利用直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation,DNS)结果对LES模型进行了率定,计算结果符合良好,在此基础上初步探讨了泥沙浓度、湍动强度和湍动通量等的分布特征.结果表明,净冲刷条件下输沙平衡时泥沙浓度符合Rouse公式分布,单向流动中泥沙浓度沿着流向逐渐增大.泥沙浓度湍动强度和湍动通量都在近底部达到最大值,沿着垂向迅速减小.湍动黏性系数和扩散系数基本上在水深中间处达到最大.湍动Schmidt数沿着水深方向不是常数,在近底部和自由水面附近较大,在水深中间处较小.     

圆柱绕流局部冲刷机制的实验研究

采用粒子图像测速技术和粒子图像识别技术研究了冲刷坑的演化过程及局部冲刷的流体动力机制。首先研究了动床条件下圆柱周围的床面演化过程，给出垂直对称面输沙率随时间变化以及圆柱下游垂直对称面的沙颗粒浓度和泥沙分布规律；其次针对典型冲刷坑形状固定底床，测量了圆柱下游的瞬时流场，并给出平均流场。结果表明尾流区平均剪应力较低，但垂向涡量和湍流强度较高。分析指出平均剪应力较低的尾流区域，局部冲刷的主要动力机制是尾涡和湍流的综合作用。     

圆角化对方柱气动性能影响的流场机理

方形截面柱体的圆角化处理是常用的流动控制方法,但其流场作用机理尚未被澄清.采用大涡模拟方法,在雷诺数为2.2×104时,考虑风攻角的影响,对均匀流作用下的标准方柱和圆角方柱的气动性能和流场特性进行了研究,定量分析了圆角化气动措施和风攻角变化对分离泡特性的影响规律,从流场角度澄清了圆角化气动措施对方柱气动性能的影响机理.研究表明:与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的表面风压、气动力和涡脱强度呈整体下降的趋势,但圆角方柱的斯特劳哈尔数更高;圆角方柱的"分离泡流态"发生在更小的风攻角范围内,分离泡的出现会进一步造成方柱的尾流变窄,涡脱强度减弱;随着风攻角的增大,分离泡的长度会逐渐减小直至消失,分离泡的中心会逐渐向方柱前角(迎风向)和方柱壁面移动;与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的气流发生初次分离的位置向下游移动,分离后的剪切层更贴近方柱,因而更易发生再附现象;方柱尾流宽度的减小和涡脱强度的减弱是导致圆角方柱气动力减小和斯特劳哈尔数增大的主要原因.     

圆角化对方柱气动性能影响的流场机理

方形截面柱体的圆角化处理是常用的流动控制方法,但其流场作用机理尚未被澄清.采用大涡模拟方法,在雷诺数为2.2$\times$10$^{4}$时,考虑风攻角的影响,对均匀流作用下的标准方柱和圆角方柱的气动性能和流场特性进行了研究,定量分析了圆角化气动措施和风攻角变化对分离泡特性的影响规律,从流场角度澄清了圆角化气动措施对方柱气动性能的影响机理.研究表明:与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的表面风压、气动力和涡脱强度呈整体下降的趋势,但圆角方柱的斯特劳哈尔数更高;圆角方柱的"分离泡流态'发生在更小的风攻角范围内,分离泡的出现会进一步造成方柱的尾流变窄,涡脱强度减弱;随着风攻角的增大,分离泡的长度会逐渐减小直至消失,分离泡的中心会逐渐向方柱前角(迎风向)和方柱壁面移动;与标准方柱相比,圆角方柱的气流发生初次分离的位置向下游移动,分离后的剪切层更贴近方柱,因而更易发生再附现象;方柱尾流宽度的减小和涡脱强度的减弱是导致圆角方柱气动力减小和斯特劳哈尔数增大的主要原因.      

床面上直立圆柱的三维湍流数值模拟

从数值预报桥墩等结构物床面局部冲刷的角度发展绕直立圆柱的三维湍流的数值模拟技术. 基于Wilcox的k-ω两方程湍流模式，采用基于有限体积法的压力修正SIMPLE算法, 计算了绕床面直立圆柱的三维湍流流场，分析了光滑和粗糙床面两种情况下的流动情况. 通过系列的验证计算，表明该计算模型能够比较准确地反映不同外来流条件下绕直立圆柱的流场. 计算结果揭示了床面粗糙度对绕圆柱的湍流流动的影响.     

基于有限体积法的三维局部冲刷数值模型研究及应用

局部冲刷的三维数值模拟可预测水力冲刷的破坏程度和破坏机制,进而提供更加合理的工程措施以减轻或避免局部冲刷造成的工程破坏。基于有限体积法和非结构化的计算网格构建了以水动力学模型、泥沙冲淤和河床变形方程为基础的三维局部冲刷数值模型。水动力学模型中的湍流模型为剪切应力SST k-ω输运模型,泥沙冲淤以底床切应力大小和分布为基础,水沙模型的耦合采用单向弱耦合方式。首先,通过ANSYS-FLUENT软件数值计算水动力学模型后,将水力特性数据单向传递至泥沙模块,并应用UDF函数二次开发实现泥沙模型的数值计算。利用动网格技术重构因河床地形更新引起的变形网格。与动床圆柱冲刷和丁坝局部冲刷的试验结果进行比较,验证了局部冲刷数值模型的可靠性。从平衡冲深时的冲刷深度和冲坑内水流特性等结果的对比可以看出,该数值模型成功地模拟出最终冲刷地形和形态,并能捕捉不同时刻的三维地形变化。根据数值模型的建立及应用结果分析主要得到以下结论,以切应力观点为基础开发该模型时,具有简易性和较强的可靠性;单元体泥沙通量的重构和床面坡度等因素均影响模型的精度;FLUENT软件提供的动网格技术能较好重构小变形网格,但是重构因地形变化引起的大变形网格时略显不足。     

虚拟边界法研究正交双圆柱及串列双圆球绕流

把Goldstein等人提出的虚拟边界法推广到三维情况，研究了 Re=150时不同间距下正交双圆柱绕流，和Re=250时不同间距下串列双 圆球绕流流场. 对于正交双圆柱绕流，当间距比大于3，下游圆柱对上游圆柱尾流的影响只 限定在下游圆柱的尾流所扫过的范围之内；当间距比小于等于3，下游圆柱对上游圆柱尾流 的影响扩大，下游圆柱尾流扫过区上下出现两排三维流向二次涡结构. 对于串列圆球绕流， 研究发现，在小间距比(L/D≈ 1.5)的情况下，由于上下游圆球尾流区的相互抑 制消除了压力不稳定性，整个流场呈现稳 态轴对称特征；间距比为2.0时，周向压力梯度诱发出流体的周向输运，流场呈现稳态非对 称性，但流场中存在特定的对称面；间距比增大到2.5后，绕流场开始周期振荡，原有的对 称面依旧存在；在间距比3.5时下游圆球下表面的涡结构强度有所减弱，导致占优频率发生 交替；间距比增至7.0时，整个流场恢复稳态特征，两圆球尾部同时出现双线涡，这时流场 对称面的位置发生了变动.     

近床面水平圆柱局部冲刷二维数值模拟

为研究近床面水平圆柱的局部冲刷问题,基于N-S方程和有限体积法,在FLUENT中通过二次开发建立了局部冲刷二维数值模型。模型采用标准κ-ε紊流模型来计算水平圆柱周围的流场,同时借助FLUENT软件中的自定义函数功能提取床面剪应力参数来计算该时刻的推移质输沙率及床面节点位移变化值,然后运用动网格技术来模拟床面地形的变化,通过物理模型试验来进行模型验证。结果表明,计算结果与试验结果基本一致,从而证实了冲刷模型的准确性。     

圆角化对受迫振动方柱绕流特性影响机理分析

为分析圆角化对低雷诺数下受迫振动方柱绕流特性的影响机理, 对Ansys Fluent软件进行二次开发, 即通过用户自定义函数中的DEFINE_ CG_MOTION宏对柱体周期性受迫振动的函数进行编程, 并对流场计算域进行区域划分以便利用动网格技术中动态层法实现柱体受迫振动, 从而实现对受迫振动柱体绕流流场的流固耦合模拟.在雷诺数Re = 200时, 考虑方柱截面不同圆角的影响, 对均匀流作用下5种圆角化r/D = 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, 1/8和0受迫振动方柱的绕流进行数值模拟, 分析了这5种参数下受迫振动方柱的升阻力系数、尾流涡量和锁定区间的变化规律, 澄清了圆角化对受迫振动方柱稳定性的影响机理.研究表明: 与尖角方柱相比, 圆角化方柱升阻力系数有了明显的减小, 且升力、阻力系数随圆角增大而减小; 低振幅比下圆角方柱的涡旋脱落模式均为2S模态, 涡旋尾迹变窄; 锁定区间范围基本关于F = 1对称, 锁定区间的变化趋势与圆柱类似.      

圆柱绕流流场结构的大涡模拟研究

为进一步揭示绕流现象的形成机理,本文分别对处于层流稳态区、尾流过渡区、剪切层转换区Re分别为26、200、1.4×105的三种典型流态下的单圆柱绕流进行了二维数值模拟研究。Re为26时应用层流模型直接求解N-S方程,而Re分别为200、1.4×105时使用大涡模拟的方法进行计算。数值模拟很好地再现了稳定的涡旋结构、周期性交替脱落的卡门涡街结构、不规则的涡旋结构,在此基础上分析了尾流结构的基本特征及其压强分布规律、平均的流场特性、积分参数(如升力系数、阻力系数、斯特劳哈尔等),并与有关研究成果进行了对比。研究发现,采用不同流动介质时流场特性有所差异,空气为介质时的计算结果更符合实验的成果,而水为介质时计算结果偏差较大,这主要是由尾流涡旋产生的不合理负压造成的。     

Influence of the orientation of a square cylinder on the wake properties

An experimental investigation of flow around a square cylinder placed at various angles with respect to the approach fluid velocity is reported. The focus of the study is toward examining the sensitivity of the wake properties to the cylinder orientation and Reynolds number. Angles of incidence in the range of 0-60° and Reynolds numbers of 1340, 4990, and 9980 have been considered. Velocity measurements have been carried out using an X-wire hotwire anemometer. The Strouhal number and the drag coefficient of the cylinder have been computed from the wake measurements. Utilizing the velocity traces at distinct probe locations in the near and the far wake, statistical properties such as the RMS velocities and the spectra have been obtained. Results obtained in the present work revealed that for a cylinder with zero inclination, flow separates from the corners on the face exposed to the incoming flow. For inclinations greater than zero, the points of separation on the cylinder move downstream and the wake size increases, but the separated shear layer rolls up over a shorter distance. These factors lead to a reduced drag coefficient and a higher Strouhal number. The center-line recovery of the time-averaged velocity and the decay rates of velocity fluctuations depend on the Reynolds number. A marginal effect of the cylinder orientation is also seen.     

Numerical solution for the flow of viscoelastic fluids around an inclined circular cylinder.

Finite difference solutions have been obtained by the perturbation method to investigate the influence of shear thinning and elasticity on the flow around an inclined circular cylinder of finite length in a uniform flow. In this numerical analysis a generalized upper-convected Maxwell model, in which the viscosity changes according to the Cross model, has been used.The local flow over the cylinder is only slightly deflected. However, in the wake flow behind the cylinder the particle path is remarkably influenced by the axial flow and rapidly flows up parallel to the cylinder's axis. Then it gradually rejoins direction of the incoming flow. It is found that viscoelastic fluids are prone to flow axially in the vicinity of the cylinder. The numerical predictions generally agree with the flow visualization results.The numerical solutions also demonstrate that elasticity has a strong effect on the velocity profile especially around both ends of the cylinder; elasticity increases the asymmetric profiles of both circumferential velocity and axial velocity with respect to equal to 90° and decreases a difference in the circumferential velocity between the windward end and the leeward end.For non-Newtonian fluids, the length of the wake flow is influenced by not only the Reynolds number but also the cylinder diameter and it is larger for the cylinder with the smaller diameter at the same Reynolds number.Partly presented at the 9th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, University of Auckland, New Zealand, 8–12 December, 1986     

Application of wake oscillators to two-dimensional vortex-induced vibrations of circular cylinders in oscillatory flows

A nonlinear time-domain simulation model for predicting two-dimensional vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a flexibly mounted circular cylinder in planar and oscillatory flow is presented. This model is based on the utilization of van der Pol wake oscillators, being unconventional since wake oscillators have typically been applied to steady flow VIV predictions. The time-varying relative flow–cylinder velocities and accelerations are accounted for in deriving the coupled hydrodynamic lift, drag and inertia forces leading to the cylinder cross-flow and in-line oscillations. The system fluid–structure interaction equations explicitly contain the time-dependent and hybrid trigonometric terms. Depending on the Keulegan–Carpenter number (KC) incorporating the flow maximum velocity and excitation frequency, the model calibration is performed, entailing a set of empirical coefficients and expressions as a function of KC and mass ratio. Parametric investigations in cases of varying KC, reduced flow velocity, cylinder-to-flow frequency ratio and mass ratio are carried out, capturing some qualitative features of oscillatory flow VIV and exploring the effects of system parameters on response prediction characteristics. The model dependence of hydrodynamic coefficients on the Reynolds number is studied. Discrepancies and limitations versus advantages of the present model with different feasible solution scenarios are illuminated to inform the implementation of wake oscillators as a computationally efficient prediction model for VIV in oscillatory flows.     

Studies on gas turbulence and particle fluctuation in dense gas-particle flows

Particle fluctuation and gas turbulence in dense gas-particle flows are less studied due to complexity of the phenomena. In the present study, simulations of gas turbulent flows passing over a single particle are carried out first by using RANS modeling with a Reynolds stress equation turbulence model and sufficiently fine grids, and then by using LES. The turbulence enhancement by the particle wake effect is studied under various particle sizes and relative gas velocities, and the turbulence enhancement is found proportional to the particle diameter and the square of velocity. Based on the above results, a turbulence enhancement model for the particle-wake effect is proposed and is incorporated as a sub-model into a comprehensive two-phase flow model, which is then used to simulate dilute gas-particle flows in a horizontal channel. The simulation results show that the predicted gas turbulence by using the present model accounting for the particle wake effect is obviously in better agreement with the experimental results than the prediction given by the model not accounting for the wake effect. Finally, the proposed model is incorporated into another two-phase flow model to simulate dense gasparticle flows in a downer. The results show that the particle wake effect not only enhances the gas turbulence, but also amplifies the particle fluctuation.     

Time-averaged topological flow patterns and their influence on vortex shedding of a square cylinder in crossflow at incidence

Flow characteristics around the square cylinder and their influence on the wake properties are studied. Time-averaged flow patterns on the surfaces of square cylinder in a cross-stream at incidence are experimentally probed by surface-oil flow technique and analyzed by flow topology for Reynolds numbers between 3.9×10⁴ and 9.4×10⁴ as the incidence angle changes from 0° to 45°. Vortex shedding characteristics are measured by a single-wire hot-wire anemometer for Reynolds numbers between 5×10³ and 1.2×10⁵. The effects of topological flow patterns on the wake properties then are revealed and discussed. Flows around the square cylinder are identified as three categories: the subcritical, supercritical, and wedge flows according to the prominently different features of the topological flow patterns. The Strouhal number of vortex shedding, turbulence in the wake, and wake width present drastically different behaviors in different characteristic flow regimes. A critical incidence angle of 15° separates the subcritical and supercritical regimes. At the critical incidence angle the wake width and shear-layer turbulence present minimum values. The minimum wake width appearing at the critical incidence angle, which leads to the maximum Strouhal number, is due to the reattachment of one of the separated boundary layer to the lateral face of the square cylinder. If the Strouhal numbers are calculated based on the wake width instead of the cross-stream projection width of cylinder, the data in the subcritical and supercritical regimes are well correlated into two groups, which would approach constants at high Reynolds numbers.     

壁面温度在多参数下对平板边界层的影响研究

为了得到壁面温度在不同来流速度、不同湍流强度条件下对边界层转捩与减阻的影响规律,本文采用Transitionk-kl-ω模型对低来流速度下无压力梯度的光滑平板进行了数值模拟。结果表明,随着来流速度的升高,壁温升高所起到的减阻效果更好,即高来流速度对壁面温度更为敏感。当来流处于中高湍流强度下时,壁温升高能起到推迟转捩的作用,且随着湍流强度的升高,转捩推迟的效果越好,但减阻效果正好相反;当来流处于低湍流强度下时,壁温升高会使得转捩提前发生。壁温升高抑制了边界层内流体的脉动程度,使得层流的稳态不易被破坏,流动更加稳定;同时,壁温升高使得边界层内流体的速度梯度减小,从而降低了壁面摩擦系数,故壁温升高能起到推迟边界层转捩与减阻的作用。     

倾斜圆柱结构涡激振动研究进展

圆柱结构涡激振动现象在生活中十分常见, 如海洋工程中的管道、土木工程中的高耸建筑、桥梁斜拉索, 核工程中的热交换器等频繁受到涡激振动影响, 诱发结构的疲劳损伤, 甚至破坏失效. 现阶段, 人们对垂直来流作用下圆柱结构涡激振动机理已有较为全面的认识. 然而, 当圆柱倾斜置于流场中, 结构后缘的尾流形态与垂直放置差异显著, 结构与流体的耦合作用机理更为复杂. 为简化倾斜圆柱涡激振动问题, 提出了不相关原则, 来流速度被分解为垂直圆柱结构轴向和平行圆柱结构轴向的两个速度分量, 仅考虑垂直结构轴向速度分量的影响, 忽略平行结构轴向速度分量的影响. 近年来, 针对倾斜圆柱涡激振动及不相关原则的适用性, 出现了大量实验和数值模拟研究成果. 为了深化对倾斜圆柱结构涡激振动相关机理的认知, 本文全面阐述了倾斜圆柱结构涡激振动响应规律、尾迹流场模式和流体力特性等方面的研究进展, 分析了不相关原则的适用范围, 探讨了倾斜圆柱结构涡激振动抑制措施, 并对今后该领域的研究进行了力所能及的展望.      

Nonreflecting boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics

Nonlinear characteristic boundary conditions based on nonlinear multidimensional characteristics are proposed for 2‐ and 3‐D compressible Navier–Stokes equations with/without scalar transport equations. This approach is consistent with the flow physics and transport properties. Based on the theory of characteristics, which is a rigorous mathematical technique, multidimensional flows can be decomposed into acoustic, entropy, and vorticity waves. Nonreflecting boundary conditions are derived by setting corresponding characteristic variables of incoming waves to zero and by partially damping the source terms of the incoming acoustic waves. In order to obtain the resulting optimal damping coefficient, analysis is performed for problems of pure acoustic plane wave propagation and arbitrary flows. The proposed boundary conditions are tested on two benchmark problems: cylindrical acoustic wave propagation and the wake flow behind a cylinder with strong periodic vortex convected out of the computational domain. This new approach substantially minimizes the spurious wave reflections of pressure, density, temperature, and velocity as well as vorticity from the artificial boundaries, where strong multidimensional flow effects exist. The numerical simulations yield accurate results, confirm the optimal damping coefficient obtained from analysis, and verify that the method substantially improves the 1‐D characteristics‐based nonreflecting boundary conditions for complex multidimensional flows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of ordered structures in open turbulent flows

Extensive experimental material [1–4] indicates that ordered (coherent) structures play an important part in determining the nature of the flow, the generation of Reynolds stresses and turbulence energy, and the transport of heat, momentum, and passive admixtures in a turbulent flow. In the present paper, a model is constructed for describing coherent structures in which, given the profile of the mean velocity, one can determine the characteristic sizes, the propagation velocities, and also the frequency and amplitude characteristics of these ordered motions. The model is based on the analogy between the ordered formations and secondary flows in a subsidiary laminar flow whose velocity profile is the same as the turbulent profile of the mean velocity. The influence of small-scale pulsations is described by the introduction of the coefficient of turbulent viscosity. In the framework of the model, numerical calculations are made for two-dimensional turbulent flows in a mixing layer, a jet, and a wake behind a cylinder. The results of the calculations are compared with experimental data.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 45–52, July–August, 1981.     

PIV analysis of flow around a container ship model with a rotating propeller

The flow characteristics of the propeller wake behind a container ship model with a rotating propeller were investigated using a two-frame PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique. Ensemble-averaged mean velocity fields were measured at four different blade phases and ensemble-averaged to investigate the flow structure in the near-wake region. The mean velocity fields in longitudinal planes show that a velocity deficit is formed in the regions near the blade tips and hub. As the flow develops in the downstream direction, the trailing vortices formed behind the propeller hub move upward slightly due to the presence of the hull wake and free surface. Interaction between the bilge vortices and the incoming flow around the hull causes the flow structure to be asymmetric. Contour plots of the vorticity give information on the radial distribution of the loading on the blades. The radial velocity profiles fluctuate to a greater extent under the heavy (J=0.59) and light loading (J=0.88) conditions than under the design loading condition (J=0.72). The turbulence intensity has large values around the tip and trailing vortices. As the wake develops in the downstream direction, the strength of the vorticity diminishes and the turbulence intensity increases due to turbulent diffusion and active mixing between the tip vortices and the adjacent wake flow.