圆柱型各向异性弹性力学平面问题

本文对圆柱型各向异性弹性力学平面问题的基本方程进行了改写。在此基础上，导出了应力函数Ｇ和位移函数φ，它们满足相同的控制方程，比文〔１〕的应力函数Ｆ的控制方程要简单，便于求得特解，并有Ｆ＝ｒＧ的关系。还对若干经典问题进行了求解。     

板弯曲求解新体系及其应用

建立平面弹性与板弯曲的相似性理论,给出了板弯曲经典理论的另一套基本方程与求解方法,然后进入哈密顿体系用直接法研究板弯曲问题．新方法论应用分离变量、本征函数展开方法给出了条形板问题的分析解,突破了传统半逆解法的限制．结果表明新方法论有广阔的应用前景．     

构造极坐标中Airy应力函数的观察法

通过引入Airy应力函数，平面问题可以归结为在给定的边界条件下求解一个双调和方程．因此对双调和函数性质的研究将有利于平面问题的求解．首先给出一个有关双调和函数的引理，并分别从复变和微分两种角度提供该引理的证明．借助这个引理，提出了一种构造极坐标中Airy应力函数的观察法．最后，举例说明了该观察法在几个经典平面问题中的应用．这些例子说明，利用本的观察法可以将某些平面问题应力函数构造的过程简单化。     

插值矩阵法分析与复合材料界面相交的平面裂纹奇异应力场

提出了用插值矩阵法分析与各向异性材料界面相交的平面裂纹应力奇异性。基于V形切口尖端附近区域位移场渐近展开,将位移场的渐近展开式的典型项代入线弹性力学基本方程,得到关于平面内与复合材料界面相交的裂纹应力奇异性指数的一组非线性常微分方程的特征值问题,运用插值矩阵法求解,获得了平面内各向异性结合材料中与界面以任意角相交的裂纹尖端的应力奇异性指数随裂纹角的变化规律,数值计算结果与已有结果比较表明,本文方法具有很高的精度和效率。     

ANALYSIS OF TWO DISSIMILAR FUNCTIONALLY GRADED STRIPS CONTAINING INTERFACE CRACK UNDER PLANE DEFORMATION

In this paper the plane elasticity problem of two bonded dissimilar functionally graded strips containing an interface crack is studied.The governing equation in terms of Airy stress function is formulated and exact solutions are obtained for several special variations of material properties in Fourier transformation domain.The mixed boundary problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations that are solved numerically.Numerical results show that fracture toughness of materials can be greatly improved by graded variation of elastic modulus and the influence of the specific form of elastic modulus on the fracture behavior of FGM is limited.     

A refined state space formalism for piezothermoelasticity

The state space formalism for piezothermoelasticity [Tarn, J.Q., 2002c. A state space formalism for piezothermoelasticity. International Journal of Solids and Structures 39, 5173–5184.] is refined by introducing the generalized displacement vector and generalized stress vectors as the fundamental variables in which appropriate electrical variables are included. The basic equations of piezoelectricity with temperature change are formulated neatly into a state equation and an output equation in terms of the generalized displacement vector and generalized stress vectors. The formalism bears a remarkable resemblance to its elastic counterpart. Various problems of piezothermoelasticity can be solved by simple extension of the corresponding solutions of anisotropic elasticity. For illustration, some fundamental problems are studied within the context and exact solutions are obtained in a systematic and self-contained manner.     

Singular loadings in elasticity problems and singular solutions of the corresponding integral equations

The method of singular integral equations is an efficient method for the formulation and numerical solution of plane and antiplane, static and dynamic, isotropic and anisotropic elasticity problems. Here we consider three cases of singular loadings of the elastic medium: by a force, by a moment and by a loading distribution with a simple pole. These loadings cause corresponding singularities in the right-hand side function and in the unknown function of the integral equation. A method for the numerical solution of the singular integral equation under the above singular loadings is proposed and the validity of this equation at the singular points is investigated.     

Elasticity solutions for plane anisotropic functionally graded beams

This paper considers the plane stress problem of generally anisotropic beams with elastic compliance parameters being arbitrary functions of the thickness coordinate. Firstly, the partial differential equation, which is satisfied by the Airy stress function for the plane problem of anisotropic functionally graded materials and involves the effect of body force, is derived. Secondly, a unified method is developed to obtain the stress function. The analytical expressions of axial force, bending moment, shear force and displacements are then deduced through integration. Thirdly, the stress function is employed to solve problems of anisotropic functionally graded plane beams, with the integral constants completely determined from boundary conditions. A series of elasticity solutions are thus obtained, including the solution for beams under tension and pure bending, the solution for cantilever beams subjected to shear force applied at the free end, the solution for cantilever beams or simply supported beams subjected to uniform load, the solution for fixed–fixed beams subjected to uniform load, and the one for beams subjected to body force, etc. These solutions can be easily degenerated into the elasticity solutions for homogeneous beams. Some of them are absolutely new to literature, and some coincide with the available solutions. It is also found that there are certain errors in several available solutions. A numerical example is finally presented to show the effect of material inhomogeneity on the elastic field in a functionally graded anisotropic cantilever beam.     

A FE formulation for elasto-plastic materials with planar anisotropic yield functions and plastic spin

In this article a stress integration algorithm for shell problems with planar anisotropic yield functions is derived. The evolution of the anisotropy directions is determined on the basis of the plastic and material spin. It is assumed that the strains inducing the anisotropy of the pre-existing preferred orientation are much larger than subsequent strains due to further deformations. The change of the locally preferred orientations to each other during further deformations is considered to be neglectable. Sheet forming processes are typical applications for such material assumptions. Thus the shape of the yield function remains unchanged. The size of the yield locus and its orientation is described with isotropic hardening and plastic and material spin.The numerical treatment is derived from the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient and thermodynamic considerations in the intermediate configuration. A common formulation of the plastic spin completes the governing equations in the intermediate configuration. These equations are then pushed forward into the current configuration and the elastic deformation is restricted to small strains to obtain a simple set of constitutive equations. Based on these equations the algorithmic treatment is derived for planar anisotropic shell formulations incorporating large rotations and finite strains. The numerical approach is completed by generalizing the Return Mapping algorithm to problems with plastic spin applying Hill’s anisotropic yield function. Results of numerical simulations are presented to assess the proposed approach and the significance of the plastic spin in the deformation process.     

一种特殊梯度分布的功能梯度圆柱壳的二维分析

功能梯度材料是一种新型材料,其结构分析已成为当今力学研究的热点。本文对一种特殊梯度分布的功能梯度材料圆柱壳进行了二维精确分析。从弹性力学平面应变问题的基本方程出发,引入应力函数,导出功能梯度材料圆柱壳受静载作用下的控制微分方程。假设材料的杨氏模量沿半径方向呈幂函数分布,泊松比为常数,利用分离变量法,导出了简支边界情况下功能梯度圆柱壳的精确解。通过算例分析了不同梯度变化时,功能梯度圆柱壳内的应力和位移变化规律。计算结果表明不同梯度分布的圆柱壳结构中的应力、位移沿厚度方向的变化规律是不同的,有时甚至差别很大。因此对于材料性质梯度变化的功能梯度材料圆柱壳,必须针对其自身特点,建立相应的理论分析模型。     

球面各向同性弹性力学的位移解法

本文引入三个位移函数（ｗ，Ｇ，ψ），将球面各向同性弹性力学运动方程，简化为关于ψ的二阶偏微分方程，和关于Ｗ和Ｇ的联立方程。在静力学问题中，联立方程可进一步简化，ｗ和Ｇ可用另一位移函数Ｆ表示，而Ｆ满足一个四阶偏微分方程。在球壳固有振动问题中，则简化为一个独立的二阶常微分方程，和另两个二阶的联立的常微分方程，证明了在多层球壳中，它们分别对应独立的两类振动。改进了常微分方程的解法，并计算了一个二层球壳的频率。     

A finite element implementation of the stress gradient theory

In this contribution, a finite element implementation of the stress gradient theory is proposed. The implementation relies on a reformulation of the governing set of partial differential equations in terms of one primary tensor-valued field variable of third order, the so-called generalised displacement field. Whereas the volumetric part of the generalised displacement field is closely related to the classic displacement field, the deviatoric part can be interpreted in terms of micro-displacements. The associated weak formulation moreover stipulates boundary conditions in terms of the normal projection of the generalised displacement field or of the (complete) stress tensor. A detailed study of representative boundary value problems of stress gradient elasticity shows the applicability of the proposed formulation. In particular, the finite element implementation is validated based on the analytical solutions for a cylindrical bar under tension and torsion derived by means of Bessel functions. In both tension and torsion cases, a smaller is softer size effect is evidenced in striking contrast to the corresponding strain gradient elasticity solutions.

     

Static analysis for multi-layered piezoelectric cantilevers

Taking the bonding layers and electrodes into account, the multi-layered piezoelectric cantilevers are studied based on the theory of elasticity. Different from the traditional investigations based on the elementary theory of elasticity, the Airy stress function method is used in the present paper. The stress function and induction function are proposed and determined, and then the exact solutions of the static governing equations are found. The material properties and thickness of different layers may be different in the present investigations. As two special cases, the exact static solutions for both unimorph and bimorph are directly obtained by using the present general solutions. The exact solutions obtained in the present paper are compared with the numerical results and others’ investigations, and good agreements are found. In addition, the effects of the properties of both bonding layers and electrodes are discussed. Moreover, the present solution can be used for function graded piezoelectric cantilever beams when the thickness of each bonding layer is taken as zero.     

A state space formalism for anisotropic elasticity. Part I: Rectilinear anisotropy

A state space formalism for anisotropic elasticity including the thermal effect is developed. A salient feature of the formalism is that it bridges the compliance-based and stiffness-based formalisms in a natural way. The displacement and stress components and the thermoelastic constants of a general anisotropic elastic material appear explicitly in the formulation, yet it is simple and clear. This is achieved by using the matrix notation to express the basic equations and grouping the stress in such a way that it enables us to cast neatly the three-dimensional equations of anisotropic elasticity into a compact state equation and an output equation. The homogeneous solution to the state equation for the generalized plane problem leads naturally to the eigen relation and the sextic equation of Stroh. Extension, twisting, bending, temperature change and body forces are accounted for through the particular solution. Based on the formalism the general solution for generalized plane strain and generalized torsion of an anisotropic elastic body are determined in an elegant manner.     

Contact problems for a circular plate with sliding fixation at the end face

Two mixed elasticity problems of punch indentation into a circular plate placed without clearance in a rigid cylindrical holder with smooth walls are considered. In the first problem, the plate lies without friction on a rigid base, and in the second problem, the plate is rigidly fixed to the base. The problems are solved by a method that was developed for bodies of finite dimensions and is based on the properties of closed systems of orthogonal functions. Each of the problems is reduced to two integral equations, namely, a Volterra integral equation of the first kind for the contact pressure function and a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind for the derivatives of the displacement of the plate upper surface outside the punch. The displacement function is sought as the sum of a trigonometric series and a power function with a root singularity. After truncation, the obtained illposed system of linear algebraic equation has a stable solution. A method for solving Volterra integral equations is given. The contact pressure distribution function and the dimensionless indentation force are determined. Examples of calculation of the plate interaction with the plane punch are given. Contact problems were earlier studied for a rectangle and a circular plate with a stress-free end both without taking account of their fixation [1, 2] and with regard for their fixation [3, 4]. The solution method described here was used to study the interaction of elastic hollow cylinder of finite length with a rigid bandage and a rigid insert [5, 6]. Other papers dealing with contact problems for bodies of finite dimensions, in particular, for a circular plate, should also be mentioned. In these papers, the problems under study were solved by the method of homogeneous solutions [7, 8] and by the method of coupled series-equations [9].     

一维渗透力与浮力

为简化分析,针对一维渗流问题,研究提出了土力学中渗透力和浮力的两种推导方法,作为传统的宏观尺度孔隙水隔离体法的有益补充.弹性力学平衡微分方程、土力学Terzaghi有效应力方程和流体力学简化Bernoulli方程构成本文分析渗透力和浮力的3个基本方程.在基本方程基础上,容易推导出相应的骨架和孔隙水两种隔离体的平衡微分方程,从而在静力平衡范畴内揭示渗透力和浮力的内涵.单位体积饱和土体的渗透力,源于总水头压力的梯度,而浮力则源于位置水头压力在竖向的梯度,这两者统一于骨架或孔隙水的平衡微分方程.实际工程关注的有效应力计算问题,一般可以直接应用3个基本方程来确定;只有在简化条件下可按渗透力和浮力计算土体中有效应力分布规律.还讨论了若干研究热点问题,重点探讨了当前一种渗透力新定义j=nγ_wi在形式上的合理性以及在实际应用中可能存在的风险,并验证了一维渗透力的一种经典精细化表述结果中考虑渗流速度时间导数的严谨性.在土力学渗透力和浮力问题研究中应重视和正确应用Terzaghi有效应力方程.     

Fracture analysis of a functionally graded strip with arbitrary distributed material properties

In this paper, the plane elasticity problem for a crack in a functionally graded strip with material properties varying arbitrarily is studied. The governing equation in terms of Airy stress function is formulated and exact solutions are obtained for several special variations of material properties in Fourier transformation domain. A multi-layered model is employed to model arbitrary variations of material properties based on two linear-distributed material softness parameters. The mixed boundary problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations that are solved numerically. Comparisons with other two existing multi-layered models have been made. Some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and versatility of the model. Numerical results show that fracture toughness of materials can be greatly improved by graded variation of elastic modulus and the influence of the specific form of elastic modulus on the fracture behavior of FGM is limited.     

Finite and transversely isotropic elastic cylinders under compression with end constraint induced by friction

This paper derives an exact solution for the non-uniform stress and displacement fields within a finite, transversely isotropic, and linear elastic cylinder under compression with a kind of radial constraint induced by friction between the end surfaces of the cylinder and the loading platens. The main feature of the present work is the introduction of a general solution form for Lekhnitskii’s stress function such that the governing equation and all end and curved boundary conditions of the cylinder are satisfied exactly. Two different solutions were obtained corresponding to the real or complex characteristic roots of the governing equation, depending on the combination of the elastic material constants. The solution by Watanabe [Watanabe, S., 1996. Elastic analysis of axi-symmetric finite cylinder constrained radial displacement on the loading end. Structural Engineering/Earthquake Engineering JSCE 13, 175s–185s] for isotropic cylinders under compression test can be recovered as a special case. Our numerical results show that both the non-uniform stress distribution and the difference between the apparent and the true Young’s moduli of the cylinder are very sensitive to the anisotropy of Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratios and shear moduli. A more distinct bulging shape of the cylinder is expected when anisotropy in shear modulus is strong, the cylinder is relatively short, and the end constraint is large. The bulging shape, however, does not depend strongly on anisotropy of either Poisson’s ratio or Young’s modulus.     

The method of caustics for static plane elasticity problems

By use of the complex stress function analysis of Muskhelishvili-Kolosov and conformal mapping procedures the general governing equations of the method of caustics or shadow spot technique have been developed for optically isotropic and anisotropic materials in static plane elasticity theory. Special cases of caustics formed about cutouts, cracks, and various singular regions in static elastic stress fields are obtained upon specialization.