表面活性剂减阻溶液湍流流动研究进展

与聚合物添加剂相比,表面活性剂具有寿命长,不受机械力和高温影响发生降解的特点,目前被认为是最具有适用价值的减阻添加剂.针对表面活性剂湍流减阻机理,尽管已经开展了大量的实验研究、理论分析和数值模拟,但仍处于探索阶段,尚未定论.文中对目前国内外有关表面活性剂减阻溶液湍流流动的研究如平均速度、湍流强度、雷诺应力和相关系数等湍流统计量以及取得的成果进行了归纳和总结.目前普遍认为阻力减小是由流动垂直方向的湍流强度受抑和脉动速度分量解耦导致雷诺应力极大降低引起的.分析了目前研究存在的问题,对今后继续开展研究提出了自己的观点.     

减阻用表面活性剂溶液分子动力学模拟研究进展

减阻用表面活性剂在能源动力及化工领域有着广泛应用,在管道流体中加入少量表面活性剂可以使流动阻力大大降低从而节约能源,对于表面活性剂减阻机理的讨论也是近些年学者关注的热点之一.本文不仅对课题组前些年在表面活性剂溶液流变性、湍流减阻、减阻与传热的相关性、布朗动力学模拟方面的工作进行了概述,而且详细介绍了近三年来在表面活性剂粗粒化分子动力学模拟方面的研究成果.粗粒化模拟是近年来发展起来的方法,目前已广泛应用于化学、生物等诸多领域.在粗粒化分子动力学模拟方面的工作包括:表面活性剂溶液的流变性能与微观结构、表面活性剂溶液湍流减阻机理研究、湍流减阻失效分析三个部分.通过对表面活性剂溶液分子动力学模拟研究进展的回顾,作者认为,利用粗粒化分子动力学模拟方法可以合理揭示表面活性剂胶束的结构与流变性的对应关系,对胶束的断裂与再连接能力进行多维度的评价,如胶束的拉伸能、断裂能、最大拉伸长度、结合能、ζ电势、疏水基驱动作用等方面.并对"黏弹说"减阻机理进行分子模拟层面的验证,对实际应用中的湍流减阻失效原理进行初步分析.最后,根据对近几年分子动力学模拟工作的总结,展望了未来粗粒化分子动力学模拟在表面活性剂方面的研究方向.     

减阻用表面活性剂溶液分子动力学模拟研究进展

减阻用表面活性剂在能源动力及化工领域有着广泛应用,在管道流体中加入少量表面活性剂可以使流动阻力大大降低从而节约能源,对于表面活性剂减阻机理的讨论也是近些年学者关注的热点之一.本文不仅对课题组前些年在表面活性剂溶液流变性、湍流减阻、减阻与传热的相关性、布朗动力学模拟方面的工作进行了概述,而且详细介绍了近三年来在表面活性剂粗粒化分子动力学模拟方面的研究成果.粗粒化模拟是近年来发展起来的方法,目前已广泛应用于化学、生物等诸多领域.在粗粒化分子动力学模拟方面的工作包括:表面活性剂溶液的流变性能与微观结构、表面活性剂溶液湍流减阻机理研究、湍流减阻失效分析三个部分.通过对表面活性剂溶液分子动力学模拟研究进展的回顾,作者认为,利用粗粒化分子动力学模拟方法可以合理揭示表面活性剂胶束的结构与流变性的对应关系,对胶束的断裂与再连接能力进行多维度的评价,如胶束的拉伸能、断裂能、最大拉伸长度、结合能、$\zeta$电势、疏水基驱动作用等方面.并对"黏弹说"减阻机理进行分子模拟层面的验证,对实际应用中的湍流减阻失效原理进行初步分析.最后,根据对近几年分子动力学模拟工作的总结,展望了未来粗粒化分子动力学模拟在表面活性剂方面的研究方向.      

湍流流动中鲨鱼皮表面流体减阻研究进展

快速游动的鲨鱼, 其皮肤表面沿流动方向有序地排列着沟槽状结构, 人们认为这种结构能在湍流流动 中减小表面摩擦阻力. 人们仿真这种生物结构来进行实验研究和应用, 通过复制和改善鲨鱼皮肤表面沟槽状 结构, 使得摩擦阻力最大减小了近10%. 在实验和模拟仿真中, 人们不断讨论和研究湍流流动阻力的形成机制 和沟槽减阻的理论特性. 本文综述了沟槽减阻理论特性的一些研究方法, 并且归纳定义了沟槽减阻最优几何 形状及其尺寸; 详细考虑流体流动的特点, 给出了一种用来选择最优沟槽形状及其尺寸的方法; 综述了目前的 沟槽加工制造技术. 由于鲨鱼皮肤表面存在少量黏液, 从仿生学的角度, 文章最后综述并展望了通过局部应用 疏水性材料来改变沟槽附近流场属性, 从而达到更大程度上减小阻力的目标.      

矩形槽道内表面活性剂减阻流体场特性

采用粒子图像测速仪对矩形槽道内表面活性减阻流体在流动方向(x方向)与壁 面垂直方向(y方向)所在平面的流场进行了测量，分析了速度、涡量、速度脉 动相关量在流场内的瞬态分布，以及对500幅相同工况的流场进行了统计平均. 结 果显示: 与牛顿流体相比, 表面活性剂减阻流体接近于层流流动，横向速度脉动被大幅 减弱，导致湍流输运减弱，雷诺应力远远小于水. 减阻流体流向速度脉动呈条带 特征，沿流动方向发展，反映了减阻流体不同于水的湍流输运特征.     

矩形槽道内表面活性剂减阻流体流场特性

采用粒子图像测速仪对矩形槽道内表面活性减阻流体在流动方向(x方向)与壁面垂直方向(y方向)所在平面的流场进行了测量,分析了速度、涡量、速度脉动相关量在流场内的瞬态分布,以及对500幅相同工况的流场进行了统计平均.结果显示:与牛顿流体相比,表面活性剂减阻流体接近于层流流动,横向速度脉动被大幅减弱,导致湍流输运减弱,雷诺应力远远小于水.减阻流体流向速度脉动呈条带特征,沿流动方向发展,反映了减阻流体不同于水的湍流输运特征.     

水下减阻技术研究综述

在简要回顾早期减阻研究的基础上, 对现有典型水下湍流减阻技术进行了较深入地分析. 重点介绍了脊状表面减阻、微气泡减阻和疏水/超疏水表面减阻的研究现状. 分别从实验研究和理论研究两方面对其进行了阐述, 并着重强调了各自的减阻机理. 此外, 还简要介绍了柔顺壁面减阻、壁面振动减阻等其它减阻技术. 展望了水下减阻技术今后的研究重点及其应用前景.     

脊状表面航行器模型减阻特性的风洞实验研究

针对航行器提高航程和航速的需要,开展脊状表面湍流边界层减阻的实验和数值仿真研究。在航行器模型的外表面加工具有特定形状、尺寸的脊状结构,导致湍流边界层的流动稳定性增强,壁面摩擦阻力降低。在风洞中对具有光滑表面和脊状表面的航行器模型在不同风速和攻角下进行阻力测试,得到其减阻特性曲线。实验结果表明,具有横向脊状表面的航行器模型在一定来流速度范围内具有很好的减阻效果,实验获得的最大减阻量为23.5%。数值仿真结果则发现,在脊状结构内形成了稳定的"二次涡",边界层内湍动能和湍流猝发强度降低,很好地揭示了减阻机理。     

新型水溶性润滑添加剂的研究进展

在工业润滑领域中,水溶性润滑添加剂决定着水基润滑体系的性能.近年来一些具有特殊结构与组成的新型水基润滑添加剂表现出了优异的使用性能和广阔的应用前景.本文作者从摩擦学特性和润滑机理出发,分别综述了国内外关于纳米微粒、含氮杂环化合物、高分子聚合物和离子液体等材料作为水溶性润滑添加剂的研究进展,分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对其发展趋势进行了展望.     

定优胶溶液狭缝喷射减阻实验研究

定优胶具有比柔性聚合物更优越的抗剪切效果, 是一种新型高分子聚合物减阻添加剂, 目前对其研究仍相对缺乏. 这里通过开展定优胶流变和管内狭缝喷射减阻实验, 分析了流变特性与减阻行为之间的联系, 并从其喷射扩散角度解释了其减阻规律变化的原因. 实验结果表明, 定优胶溶液为剪切变稀流体, 会发生黏性到弹性转变, 且转变点与温度无关, 仅随浓度增加而前移; 定优胶减阻率随水流速度(雷诺数)呈先增后降趋势, 但随喷射速率单调递增; 相较于喷射纯水, 定优胶溶液在流场中扩散缓慢, 且喷射速率越高, 壁面附近集聚越明显. 同时, 定优胶溶液喷射减阻的变化与其扩散规律相吻合: 当流速较小时, 定优胶溶液扩散不充分, 呈非均匀聚集态, 未能充分发挥其湍流抑制效果, 减阻较弱; 随流速增加, 水流的剪切拖拽作用增强了定优胶的扩散均匀程度, 进而提升湍流抑制效果, 减阻率上升; 但当流速过大时, 定优胶的快速扩散造成其浓度被大幅稀释, 且近壁区过大剪切率可能已造成部分长链分子断裂, 致使减阻效果下降.      

Experimental study on the effects of shear induced structure in a drag-reducing surfactant solution flow

In this paper, The drag reduction characteristics of surfactant solutions have been experimentally studied, as well as, the shear viscosities of turbulent drag-reducing surfactant solution have been measured as a function of concentration, shear rate and temperature by using AG-G2 (TA Instruments, New Castle, USA) rheometer. In comparison the rheological property with the macroscopic behavior of the solutions in turbulent channel flow, a deeper insight into the mechanisms of drag-reducing surfactant solution has been obtained. For no shear induced structure of surfactant solutions they just show features shear thinning, but the drag reduction is very significant phenomenon. Surfactant solution of the shear induced structure is not a surfactant fluid drag reduction of the necessary elements.     

Friction and heat transfer in drag-reducing surfactant solution flow through curved pipes and elbows

A study of drag-reducing flow in curved pipes was conducted. In contrast to earlier studies we show that if we use a modified definition of drag reduction that includes only the turbulence effects, we observe indeed the same level of drag reduction in both coiled and straight pipes. More complex results showing reduced drag reduction compared to curved pipes were achieved with elbows. Two elbows of different size and type were tested in turbulent flow of both water and drag-reducing surfactant solution. A more elaborate analysis was conducted for a half-inch threaded elbow with a ratio of curvature radius to diameter of 1.2. The pressure drop and heat transfer were measured in a section downstream from the elbow over a distance of x/D = 130 in order to investigate the hydrodynamic and thermal developments of the flow. The pressure drop coefficient of the elbow was calculated for water and a surfactant solution, based on the total increase in pressure drop in the system due to the presence of the elbow. For a larger welded elbow of 6″ diameter some drag reduction was measured for the surfactant solution.     

Rheology and flow studies of drag-reducing gravel packing fluids

Viscoelastic additives are widely used as drag reducers in the oil and gas industry, and both polymeric additives and micellar surfactants are commonly used in well gravel packing applications. While the behaviour of polymeric additives such as the polysaccharide xanthan gum is well characterized in the literature, much less is known about how the rheology of the viscoelastic surfactants affects drag reduction, despite widespread use. In this study, we performed a number of rheological tests as well as flow loop experiments on solutions of a zwitterionic surfactant to understand the structural characteristics of the fluids in order to make better process predictions. Unlike xanthan, which displays typical viscoelastic liquid characteristics, zwitterionic surfactant-based fluids display elastic gel-like behaviour. The gel-like behaviour suggests long and relatively unbreakable chain lengths of the wormlike micelles in the viscoelastic surfactant solution at room temperature leading to gelation by entanglement. Also, a shear-thickening behaviour of viscoelastic surfactant samples at higher shear rates is observed, possibly as a result of shear-induced structures. Finally, we present a novel representation scheme to depict the flow loop results for drag in the laminar and turbulent regime, and relate this data to the rheological characterization.     

Numerical and experimental investigation of turbulent characteristics in a drag-reducing flow with surfactant additives

Cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC) surfactant additives, because of their long-life characteristics, can be used as promising drag-reducers in district heating and cooling systems. In the present study we performed both numerical and experimental tests for a 75 ppm CTAC surfactant drag-reducing channel flow. A two-component PIV system was used to measure the instantaneous streamwise and wall-normal velocity components. A Giesekus constitutive equation was adopted to model the extra stress due to the surfactant additives, with the constitutive parameters being determined by well-fitting apparent shear viscosities, as measured by an Advanced Rheometric Expansion System (ARES) rheometer. In the numerical study, we connected the realistic rheological properties with the drag-reduction rate. This is different from previous numerical studies in which the model parameters were set artificially. By performing consistent comparisons between numerical and experimental results, we have obtained an insight into the mechanism of the additive-induced drag-reduction phenomena.

Our simulation showed that the addition of surfactant additives introduces several changes in turbulent flow characteristics: (1) In the viscous sublayer, the mean velocity gradient becomes gentler due to the viscoelastic forces introduced by the additives. The buffer layer becomes expanded and the slope of the velocity profile in the logarithmic layer increases. (2) The locations where the streamwise velocity fluctuation and Reynolds shear stress attain their maximum value shifted from the wall region to the bulk flow region. (3) The root-mean-square velocity fluctuations in the wall-normal direction decrease for the drag-reducing flow. (4) The Reynolds shear stress decreases dramatically and the deficit of the Reynolds shear stress is mainly compensated by the viscoelastic shear stress. (5) The turbulent production becomes much smaller and its peak-value position moves toward the bulk flow region. All of these findings agree qualitatively with experimental measurements.

Regarding flow visualization, the violent streamwise vortices in the near wall region become dramatically suppressed, indicating that the additives weaken the ejection and sweeping motion, and thereby inhibit the generation of turbulence. The reduction in turbulence is accomplished by additive-introduced viscoelastic stress. Surfactant additives have dual effects on frictional drag: (1) introduce viscoelastic shear stress, which increases frictional drag; and (2) dampen the turbulent vortical structures, decrease the turbulent shear stress, and then decrease the frictional drag. Since the second effect is greater than the first one, drag-reduction occurs.     

Flow and heat transfer characteristics of drag reducing surfactant solution in a helically coiled pipe

The reduction characteristic of turbulent drag and heat transfer of drag reduction surfactant solution flowing in a helically coiled pipe were experimentally investigated. The drag reduction surfactant used in the present study was the amine oxide type nonionic surfactant of oleyldihydroxyethylamineoxide (ODEAO, C₂₂H₄₅NO₃=371). The zwitterion surfactant of cetyldimethylaminoaciticacidbetaine (CDMB, C₂₀H₄₁NO₂=327) was added by 10% to the ODEAO solution in order to avoid the chemical degradation of ODEAO by ionic impurities in a test tape water. The experiments of flow drag and heat transfer reduction were carried out in the helically coiled pipe of coil to pipe diameter ratio of 37.5 and the helically coiled pipe length to pipe diameter of 1180.5 (pipe diameter of 14.4 mm) at various concentrations, temperatures and flow velocities of the ODEAO surfactant solution. The ODEAO solution showed a non-Newtonian behavior at high concentration of the ODEAO. From the experimental results, it was observed that the friction factor of the ODEAO surfactant solution flowing through the coiled pipe was decreased to a great extent in comparison with water as a Newtonian fluid in the turbulent flow region. Heat transfer measurements for water and the ODEAO solution were performed in both laminar and turbulent flow regions under the uniform heat flux boundary condition. The heat transfer coefficients for the ODEAO solution flow were the same as water flow in the laminar region. On the other hand, heat transfer reduction of the ODEAO solution flow was remarkedly reduced as compared with that of the water flow in the turbulent flow region.     

On pipe diameter effects in surfactant drag-reducing pipe flows

Remarkable power saving in a fluid transport system is possible if the surfactant drag reduction technology is used. Application of surfactant drag reduction to district heating and cooling systems has been investigated in the past. The establishment of the scale-up law in drag-reducing pipe flows is one of the most important problems in this application. Main purpose of this study is aimed to develop a reliable scale-up law in surfactant drag-reducing flows. As the basic data of surfactant solutions, both non-Newtonian viscosity and viscoelasticity were experimentally determined. A turbulent eddy diffusivity model based on the Maxwell model was employed to estimate the drag reduction of surfactant solutions. The predictions by the turbulence model developed in this study with proper rheological characteristics of surfactant solutions has resulted in a reliable estimation of the pipe diameter effect in surfactant drag-reducing flows over the pipe diameter range from 11 to 150mm. Received: 30 June 1997 Accepted: 29 December 1997     

Drag reduction in aqueous cationic soap solutions

The pipe flow drag-reducing properties of mixtures of alkyltrimethylammonium halides with 1-naphthol in aqueous solution have been investigated. The effects of solution concentration, soap-naphthol ratio, soap molecular weight and solution temperature upon drag reduction and swirl decay time are reported. The critical wall shear stresses above which the drag-reducing properties cease correlate well with swirl decay time. At low soap concentrations greater than equimolar proportions of 1-naphthol with the soap are required for maximum drag reduction. The drag-reducing properties of these solutions are greatest at and around the Krafft point of the pure soap. A phenomenon similar to onset for polymer solution drag reduction is reported for these soap solutions.     

Visual study of bursting using infrared technique

The turbulent flow of water and high drag-reducing surfactant solution in a flume was studied experimentally. We used a new method of burst frequency detection based on visual observation of the thermal spots on the free fluid surface. An analysis and comparison with results of previous investigations is presented in this study, with a special emphasis on the connection between the bursting frequency in drag-reducing solutions and onset of drag reduction. The effect of burst damping is discussed.