Effect of quadratic pressure gradient term on a one-dimensional moving boundary problem based on modified Darcy’s law

A relatively high formation pressure gradient can exist in seepage flow in low-permeable porous media with a threshold pressure gradient, and a significant error may then be caused in the model computation by neglecting the quadratic pressure gradient term in the governing equations. Based on these concerns, in consideration of the quadratic pressure gradient term, a basic moving boundary model is constructed for a one-dimensional seepage flow problem with a threshold pressure gradient. Owing to a strong nonlinearity and the existing moving boundary in the mathematical model, a corresponding numerical solution method is presented. First, a spatial coordinate transformation method is adopted in order to transform the system of partial differential equations with moving boundary conditions into a closed system with fixed boundary conditions; then the solution can be stably numerically obtained by a fully implicit finite-difference method. The validity of the numerical method is verified by a published exact analytical solution. Furthermore, to compare with Darcy’s flow problem, the exact analytical solution for the case of Darcy’s flow considering the quadratic pressure gradient term is also derived by an inverse Laplace transform. A comparison of these model solutions leads to the conclusion that such moving boundary problems must incorporate the quadratic pressure gradient term in their governing equations; the sensitive effects of the quadratic pressure gradient term tend to diminish, with the dimensionless threshold pressure gradient increasing for the one-dimensional problem.     

On simulation of outflow boundary conditions in finite difference calculations for incompressible fluid

For incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in primitive variables, a method of setting absorbing outflow boundary conditions on an artificial boundary is considered. The advection equations used on the outflow boundary are convenient for finite difference (FD) methods, where a weak formulation of a problem is inapplicable. An unsteady viscous incompressible Navier–Stokes flow in a channel with a moving damper is modeled. An accurate comparison and analysis of numerical and mechanical situations are carried out for a variety of boundary conditions and Reynolds numbers. The proposed outflow conditions provide that the problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions should be solved on each time step.     

Boundary conditions for flows of multiatomic gases

We consider the problem of obtaining macroscopic boundary conditions for the equations of a strongly nonuniform, multitemperature boundary later in a gas with translational, rotational, and vibrational degrees of freedom and for arbitrary catalyticity of the solid surface with respect to various vibrational modes. The boundary conditions are analyzed on surfaces with properties favorable to flow modes with population inversion in the quantum equations.     

Wave equations and reaction-diffusion equations with several nonlinear source terms

The initial boundary value problem of wave equations and reaction-diffusion equations with several nonlinear source terms in a bounded domain is studied by potential well method.The invariance of some sets under the flow of these problems and the vac- uum isolation of solutions are obtained by introducing a family of potential wells.Then the threshold result of global existence and nonexistence of solutions are given.Finally, the problem with critical initial conditions are discussed.     

Uniqueness of the self-similar solutions of three-dimensional laminar boundary-layer equations

The equations of the three-dimensional laminar boundary layer on lines of flow outflow and inflow are studied for conical outer flow under the assumption that the Prandtl number and the productρμ are constant. It is shown that in the case of a positive velocity gradient of the secondary flow (α₁>0) the additional conditions which result from the physical flow pattern determine a unique solution of the system of boundary-layer equations. For a negative velocity gradient of the secondary flow (α₁≤0) these conditions are satisfied by two solutions. An approximate solution is obtained for the boundary layer equations which is in rather good agreement with the numerical integration results. Compressible gas flow in a three-dimensional laminar boundary layer is described by a system of nonlinear differential equations whose solution is not unique for given boundary conditions. Therefore additional conditions resulting from the physical pattern of the gas flow are imposed on the resulting solution. In the solution of problems with a negative pressure gradient these additional conditions are sufficient for a unique selection of the solution of the boundary-layer equations. However, in the case of a positive pressure gradient the solution of the boundary-layer equations satisfying the boundary and additional conditions may not be unique. In particular, in [1] in a study of a three-dimensional laminar boundary layer in the vicinity of the stagnation point it was shown that for $$c = {{\frac{{\partial v_e }}{{\partial y}}} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\frac{{\partial v_e }}{{\partial y}}} {\frac{{\partial u_e }}{{\partial x}}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\frac{{\partial u_e }}{{\partial x}}}} > 0$$ the solution is unique, while for c<0 there are two solutions. In the present paper we study the question of the uniqueness of the self-similar solution of the three-dimensional laminar boundary-layer equations on lines of flow outflow and inflow for a conical outer flow.     

Exact solutions for extended boundary value problems

Summary Extended definition of a stress tensor for a non-Newtonian fluid brings in higher degree derivatives with coefficients as powers of non-Newtonian parameter in the differential equations of motion. Yet, these differential equations need to be solved subject to the same boundary conditions as in the corresponding Newtonian flow problem. A technique is developed to obtain exact solutions for such an extended boundary value problem. Some flow problems forWalters liquidB are considered.     

Tractions, Balances, and Boundary Conditions for Nonsimple Materials with Application to Liquid Flow at Small-Length Scales

Using a nonstandard version of the principle of virtual power, we develop general balance equations and boundary conditions for second-grade materials. Our results apply to both solids and fluids as they are independent of constitutive equations. As an application of our results, we discuss flows of incompressible fluids at small-length scales. In addition to giving a generalization of the Navier–Stokes equations involving higher-order spatial derivatives, our theory provides conditions on free and fixed boundaries. The free boundary conditions involve the curvature of the free surface; among the conditions for a fixed boundary are generalized adherence and slip conditions, each of which involves a material length scale. We reconsider the classical problem of plane Poiseuille flow for generalized adherence and slip conditions.     

Transient natural convection flow of a particulate suspension through a vertical channel

Continuum equations governing transient, laminar, fully-developed natural convection flow of a particulate suspension through an infinitely long vertical channel are developed. The equations account for particulate viscous effects which are absent from the original dusty-gas model. The walls of the channel are maintained at constant but different temperatures. No-slip boundary conditions are employed for the particle phase at the channel walls. The general transient problem is solved analytically using trigonometric Fourier series and the Laplace transform method. A parametric study of some physical parameters involved in the problem is performed to illustrate the influence of these parameters on the flow and thermal aspects of the problem.     

Algorithm for analysis of flows in ribbed annuli

Spectral methods for analyses of steady flows in annuli bounded by walls with either axi‐symmetric or longitudinal ribs are developed. The physical boundary conditions are enforced using the immersed boundary conditions concept. In the former case, the Stokes stream function is used to eliminate pressure and to reduce system of field equations to a single fourth‐order partial differential equation. The ribs are assumed to be periodic in the axial direction and this permits representation of the solution in terms of the Fourier expansion. In the latter case, the problem is reduced to the Laplace equations for the flow modifications that can be expressed in terms of the Fourier expansions. The modal functions, which are functions of the radial coordinate, are discretized using Chebyshev polynomials. The problem formulations are closed using either the fixed volume flow rate constraint or the fixed pressure gradient constraint. Various tests have been carried out in order to demonstrate the spectral accuracy of the discretizations, as well as the spectral accuracy of the enforcement of the flow boundary conditions at the ribbed walls using the immersed boundary conditions concept. Special linear solver that takes advantage of the matrix structure has been implemented in order to reduce computational time and memory requirements. It is shown that the algorithm has superior performance when one is interested in the analysis of a large number of geometries, as part of the coefficient matrix that corresponds to the field equation is always the same and one needs to change only the part of the matrix that corresponds to the boundary relations when changing geometry of the flow domain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of normal flow boundary conditions on spurious modes in finite element solutions to the shallow water equations

Finite element solutions of the primitive equation (PE) form of the shallow water equations are notorious for the severe spurious 2Δx modes which appear. Wave equation (WE) solutions do not exhibit these numerical modes. In this paper we show that the severe spurious modes in PE solutions are strongly influenced by essential normal flow boundary conditions in the coupled continuity-momentum system of equations. This is demonstrated through numerical examples that avoid the use of essential normal flow boundary conditions either by specifying elevation values over the entire boundary or by implementing natural flow boundary conditions in the weak weighted residual form of the continuity equation. Results from a series of convergence tests show that PE solutions are of nearly the same quality as WE solutions when spurious modes are suppressed by alternative specification of the boundary conditions. Network intercomparisons indicate that varying nodal support does not excite spurious modes in a solution, although it does enhance the spurious modes introduced when an essential normal flow boundary condition is used. Dispersion analysis of discrete equations for interior and boundary nodes offers an explanation of the observed solution behaviour. For certain PE algorithms a mixed situation can arise where the boundary nodes exhibit a monotonic (noise-free) dispersion relationship and the interior nodes exhibit a folded (noisy) dispersion relationship. We have found that the mixed situation occurs when all boundary nodes are specified elevation nodes (which are enforced as essential conditions in the continuity equation) or when specified flow boundary nodes are treated as natural boundary conditions in the continuity equation. In either case the effect is to generate a solution that is essentially free of noise. Apparently, the monotonic dispersion behaviour at the boundaries suppresses the otherwise noisy behaviour caused by the folded dispersion relation on the interior.     

Finite analytic boundary condition for a higher‐order finite analytic scheme

A higher‐order finite analytic scheme based on one‐dimensional finite analytic solutions is used to discretize three‐dimensional equations governing turbulent incompressible free surface flow. In order to preserve the accuracy of the numerical scheme, a new, finite analytic boundary condition is proposed for an accurate numerical solution of the partial differential equation. This condition has higher‐order accuracy. Thus, the same order of accuracy is used for the boundary. Boundary conditions were formulated and derived for fluid inflow, outflow, impermeable surfaces and symmetry planes. The derived boundary conditions are treated implicitly and updated with the solution of the problem. The basic idea for the derivation of boundary conditions was to use the discretized form of the governing equations for the fluid flow simplified on the boundaries and flow information. To illustrate the influence of the higher‐order effects at the boundaries, another, lower‐order finite analytic boundary condition, is suggested. The simulations are performed to demonstrate the validity of the present scheme and boundary conditions for a Wigley hull advancing in calm water. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time‐domain BEM solution of convection–diffusion‐type MHD equations

The two‐dimensional convection–diffusion‐type equations are solved by using the boundary element method (BEM) based on the time‐dependent fundamental solution. The emphasis is given on the solution of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) duct flow problems with arbitrary wall conductivity. The boundary and time integrals in the BEM formulation are computed numerically assuming constant variations of the unknowns on both the boundary elements and the time intervals. Then, the solution is advanced to the steady‐state iteratively. Thus, it is possible to use quite large time increments and stability problems are not encountered. The time‐domain BEM solution procedure is tested on some convection–diffusion problems and the MHD duct flow problem with insulated walls to establish the validity of the approach. The numerical results for these sample problems compare very well to analytical results. Then, the BEM formulation of the MHD duct flow problem with arbitrary wall conductivity is obtained for the first time in such a way that the equations are solved together with the coupled boundary conditions. The use of time‐dependent fundamental solution enables us to obtain numerical solutions for this problem for the Hartmann number values up to 300 and for several values of conductivity parameter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions for the pressure poisson equation of incompressible flow

In a recent paper Gresho and Sani showed that Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions for the pressure Poisson equation give the same solution. The purpose of this paper is to confirm this (for one case at least) by numerically solving the pressure equation with Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions for the inviscid stagnation point flow problem. The Dirichlet boundary condition is obtained by integrating the tangential component of the momentum equation along the boundary. The Neumann boundary condition is obtained by applying the normal component of the momentum equation at the boundary. In this work solutions for the Neumann problem exist only if a compatibility condition is satisfied. A consistent finite difference procedure which satisfies this condition on non-staggered grids is used for the solution of the pressure equation with Neumann conditions. Two test cases are computed. In the first case the velocity field is given from the analytical solution and the pressure is recovered from the solution of the associated Poisson equation. The computed results are identical for both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. However, the Dirichlet problem converges faster than the Neumann case. In the second test case the velocity field is computed from the momentum equations, which are solved iteratively with the pressure Poisson equation. In this case the Neumann problem converges faster than the Dirichlet problem.     

Soret and dufour effects on MHD free convective heat and mass transfer with thermophoresis and chemical reaction over a porous stretching surface: Group theory transformation

The group theoretic method is applied for solving the problem of the combined influence of the thermal diffusion and diffusion thermoeffect on magnetohydrodynamic free convective heat and mass transfer over a porous stretching surface in the presence of thermophoresis particle deposition with variable stream conditions. The application of one-parameter groups reduces the number of independent variables by one; consequently, the system of governing partial differential equations with boundary conditions reduces to a system of ordinary differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions. The equations along with the boundary conditions are solved numerically by using the Runge-Kutta-Gill integration scheme with the shooting technique. The impact of the Soret and Dufour effects in the presence of thermophoresis particle deposition with a chemical reaction plays an important role on the flow field.     

Characteristics‐based boundary conditions for the Euler adjoint problem

Over the last decade, the adjoint method has been consolidated as one of the most versatile and successful tools for aerodynamic design. It has become a research area on its own, spawning a large variety of applications and a prolific literature. Yet, some relevant aspects of the method remain relatively less explored in the literature. Such is the case with the adjoint boundary problem. In particular for Euler flows, both fluid dynamic and adjoint equations entail complementary Riemann problems, and these yield boundary conditions that are fully consistent with well‐posedness. In the literature, this approach has been pursued solely in terms of Riemann variables. This work formulates the adjoint boundary problem so as to correspond precisely to that imposed on the flow, as it is given in terms of primitive variables. Test results have shown to be in agreement with the traditional approach for external flow problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mixed Boundary Value Problems for Stationary Magnetohydrodynamic Equations of a Viscous Heat-Conducting Fluid

We consider the boundary value problem for stationary magnetohydrodynamic equations of electrically and heat conducting fluid under inhomogeneous mixed boundary conditions for electromagnetic field and temperature and Dirichlet condition for the velocity. The problem describes the thermoelectromagnetic flow of a viscous fluid in 3D bounded domain with the boundary consisting of several parts with different thermo- and electrophysical properties. The global solvability of the boundary value problem is proved and the apriori estimates of the solution are derived. The sufficient conditions on the data are established which provide a local uniqueness of the solution.     

A PSEUDOSPECTRAL CODE FOR CONVECTION WITH AN ANALYTICAL/NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

A new code for simulating convection in a horizontal layer of fluid is described. The code can be used to study the usual Rayleigh –Bénard convection problem but can also incorporate internal heating, rotation and the vortex force responsible for Langmuir circulation. Boundary conditions in the horizontal directions are periodic, but a wide range of conditions may be imposed on the upper and lower boundaries. A novel feature of the method is the way in which these boundary conditions are implemented through the following analytical/numerical technique. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to a number of inhomogeneous second-order ODEs for the horizontal Fourier modes. The solutions to these are then written as the sum of a particular integral and a complementary function. The former is easily computed (numerically) without regard to the boundary conditions and the latter is then selected (analytically/numerically) to ensure that the boundary conditions are met. We apply our code to the problem of highly supercritical thermal convection in a shear flow. We compare our results with simulations in the literature and, by integrating over a longer time interval, find flow features not observed in the previous simulations, including stable time-dependent states, multiple stable equilibria and chaos. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

物面引射对滑移边界条件的影响

讨论壁面有引射的滑移边界条件的提法．利用Ｃｈａｐｍａｎ Ｅｎｓｋｏｇ速度分布函数,通过分析Ｋｎｕｄｓｅｎ层外缘和壁面处的质量、动量和能量等通量守恒,得到了有壁面引射的多组元气体有催化反应的壁面滑移边界条件方程组．利用粘性激波层方程和所得的边界条件对钝头体绕流驻点区的流场进行了计算,讨论了物面引射对边界上诸量及流场的影响     

Effect of thermal radiation on MHD flow of blood and heat transfer in a permeable capillary in stretching motion

In this paper, a theoretical analysis is presented for magnetohydrodynamic flow of blood in a capillary, its lumen being porous and wall permeable. The unsteadiness in the flow and temperature fields is caused by the time-dependence of the stretching velocity and the surface temperature. Thermal radiation, velocity slip and thermal slip conditions are taken into account. In order to study the flow field as well as the temperature field, the problem is formulated as a boundary value problem consisting of a system of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations. The problem is analysed by using similarity transformation and boundary layer approximation. Solution of the problem is achieved by developing a suitable numerical method and using high speed computers. Computational results for the variation in velocity, temperature, skin-friction co-efficient and Nusselt number are presented in graphical/tabular form. Effects of different parameters are adequately discussed. Since the study takes care of thermal radiation in blood flow, the results reported here are likely to have an important bearing on the therapeutic procedure of hyperthermia, particularly in understanding/regulating blood flow and heat transfer in capillaries.     

Analysis of a laminar boundary layer flow over a flat plate with injection or suction

An analysis is performed to study a laminar boundary layer flow over a porous flat plate with injection or suction imposed at the wall. The basic equations of this problem are reduced to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by means of appropriate transformations. These equations are solved analytically by the optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM), and the solutions are compared with the numerical solution (NS). The effect of uniform suction/injection on the heat transfer and velocity profile is discussed. A constant surface temperature in thermal boundary conditions is used for the horizontal flat plate.