多孔金属及其夹芯结构力学性能的研究进展

高孔隙率多孔金属及其夹芯复合结构是一种物理功能与结构一体化的新型、轻质高强材料/结构,具有高比强度、高比刚度和优良的吸能和缓冲性能等多种功能,引起了学术界和工程界众多研究者的极大关注. 本文概述了轻质多孔金属及其夹芯结构的制备方法、多功能特性及其应用,介绍了多孔金属夹芯结构元件(梁、板、壳)遭受准静态和动态冲击载荷下的理论、实验和模拟方面的国内外研究现状,分析和讨论了多孔金属及其夹芯结构力学行为研究中的研究手段和基本问题,重点关注了多孔金属夹芯结构的变形/失效、动态响应和能量吸收.     

相变温控导热增强的多孔金属梯度优化设计

高孔隙率金属多孔材料比表面积大、导热性能好且掺混能力强，是理想的相变换热导热增强体材料。增材制造能够精准制备几何高度复杂的微结构，为多孔金属任意梯度设计提供可能。为实现更高的相变换热性能，建立了多孔金属相变温控导热增强的梯度优化设计模型。该优化模型以孔隙率分布为设计变量，以多孔金属用量为约束，以关键位置的温度最低为设计目标，基于考虑相变过程的多孔介质两方程模型为分析方法，通过遗传算法对优化模型进行求解。通过与实验结果的对比，验证了分析方法的有效性。两个具体算例证实了梯度设计能够大幅度提高多孔金属介质导热增强的相变温控性能。     

相变温控导热增强的多孔金属梯度优化设计

高孔隙率金属多孔材料比表面积大、导热性能好且掺混能力强,是理想的相变换热导热增强体材料。增材制造能够精准制备几何高度复杂的微结构,为多孔金属任意梯度设计提供可能。为实现更高的相变换热性能,建立了多孔金属相变温控导热增强的梯度优化设计模型。该优化模型以孔隙率分布为设计变量,以多孔金属用量为约束,以关键位置的温度最低为设计目标,基于考虑相变过程的多孔介质两方程模型为分析方法,通过遗传算法对优化模型进行求解。通过与实验结果的对比,验证了分析方法的有效性。两个具体算例证实了梯度设计能够大幅度提高多孔金属介质导热增强的相变温控性能。     

轻质波纹夹层结构的制备及其多功能应用研究进展

波纹夹层结构较其他轻质多孔材料具有结构简单、加工制造方便、制造成本低等优点,已得到广泛应用.本文概述了不同轻质波纹结构的构型及其表征方式,阐述了波纹夹层结构的制备及其无损检测技术,重点评述了波纹夹层结构的轻质高强、抗爆炸冲击、高效散热、吸声降噪、促动等多功能应用特性,总结了波纹夹层结构在工程应用上的关键进展,展望了波纹夹层结构在基础和应用研究方面的发展趋势.     

含金属微粉泡沫材料中爆炸波衰减规律实验研究

设计并制备了一种新型的聚氨酯泡沫材料,研究了爆炸波在该材料中的衰减规律.材料的主要设计原理是在聚氨酯材料中均匀混合了10μm量级的金属微粉,以提高骨架的吸热能力,从而提高其抗爆性能.搭建了实验平台并分别测量了爆炸波在相同孔隙率下含金属微粉和不含金属微粉的聚氨酯材料,同时测量了不同金属微粉含量的聚氨酯材料中的传播特性.实验结果表明:含金属微粉的聚氨酯材料具有更好的抗爆性能.     

聚酰亚胺多孔含油材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用冷压烧结工艺制备含聚α-烯烃润滑油、多元醇酯润滑油及锂基通用润滑脂3种聚酰亚胺(PI)多孔含油材料,研究了PI多孔含油材料的含油性能与耐热性能,考察了不同转速条件下3种PI多孔含油材料的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明:PI多孔含油材料的孔径主要集中于1～0μm范围以内;在摩擦过程中,PI多孔含油材料中的润滑油可以稳定析出并形成润滑膜,从而降低了摩擦系数,其中含聚α-烯烃润滑油PI多孔含油材料的减摩效果最好;在转速较高的条件下,由于PI多孔含油材料中的润滑油缺失,使其摩擦系数迅速上升,并产生大量的摩擦热而导致摩擦表面温度升高,黏着磨损加重,最终导致材料失效.     

轻质夹层材料的制备和振动声学性能

轻质夹层材料被广泛地用来制备动车组车体和飞机的机身,其结构设计面临着一系列挑战:即同时要求质量轻、力学强度高、散热性能好、动力学性能和隔声性能可调等多功能特性.针对动车组高速运行和飞机飞行过程中经常面临的振动及噪声问题,以及如何在现有的材料和结构基础上进一步减轻重量并获得更优良的综合性能是材料制备、固体力学、流体力学、声学、智能材料和结构、优化设计等诸多领域工作者面临的共同挑战.结合近年来围绕"超轻多孔结构创新构型的多功能化基础研究"国家基础研究计划项目所开展的一系列工作,综述了有关轻质三明治材料及结构振动和声学特性的国内外研究进展及现状,以及相应的主被动控制技术;针对目前存在的问题,讨论并展望了有关轻质材料和结构动力学性能及隔声性能的研究发展趋势.     

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超轻多孔金属材料因其具有优良的结构效率和广泛的多功能应用前景,近年来已成为国内外 众多研究所关注的热点. 本文就学术界关注的多孔金属材料的宏观等效模型建模与材料微 结构的多功能优化设计进行了综述.     

牙科用抗菌性金属烤瓷材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

采用口腔烤瓷制作工艺制备出添加和未添加抗菌剂的牙科用金属烤瓷材料,考察了2种金属烤瓷材料的力学性能,在Optimol SRV型摩擦磨损试验机上评价2种金属烤瓷材料在人工唾液润滑条件下与3种常用牙科修复材料对摩时的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,添加质量分数为2%的抗菌剂,可以提高金属烤瓷材料的显微硬度、弯曲强度和断裂韧性,同时改善金属烤瓷材料的摩擦磨损性能,其磨损机理与偶件材料相关.含LZB-GC抗菌剂的金属烤瓷材料是临床应用中较为理想的牙科材料.     

多孔聚酰亚胺含油材料的储油性能及摩擦学行为研究

通过冷压热烧结技术制备了多孔聚酰亚胺（PI）材料,利用其多孔结构分别浸渍不同性质的润滑油M1、M1001和P200得到3种PI含油材料.研究了多孔PI材料的微观结构,并考察了PI含油材料的储油性能和摩擦磨损性能.结果表明：多孔PI材料呈现＂墨水瓶＂型贯通孔结构,孔径分布较窄约为1.6μm,孔隙率为26%,3种PI含油材料的含油率只与所含润滑油密度相关,而油保持率大小则随着润滑油黏度的增大而增大;在摩擦过程中3种PI含油材料的摩擦系数均稳定且小于0.1,对于含润滑油M1和M1001的PI含油材料其摩擦系数随着转速的提高而增大,而含P200的PI含油材料的摩擦系数却随着转速的增大而明显降低.根据上述实验结果,提出多孔PI含油材料的纳米薄膜润滑模型.     

Effect of inner gas pressure on the elastoplastic behavior of porous materials: A second-order moment micromechanics model

A new micromechanics model based on the second-order moment of stress is established to investigate the effect of gas pressure on the nonlinear macroscopic constitutive relationship of the porous materials. The analytical method agrees well with numerical simulation based on the finite element method. Through a systematic study, we find that the gas pressure has a prominent effect on the nonlinear deformation behavior of the porous materials. The gas pressure can cause tension–compression asymmetry on the uniaxial stress–strain curve and the nominal Poisson’s ratio. The pore pressure significantly reduces the initial yield strength and failure strength of the porous metals, especially when the relative density of the material is small. The gas phase also strongly compromises the composite strength when the temperature is increased. The model may be useful for the evaluation of mechanical integrity of porous materials under various working conditions and working temperatures.     

A fractal study of sound propagation characteristics in roughened porous materials

The influence of rough elements of porous materials on sound propagation characteristics in roughened porous materials is investigated. Rough surface topography on the roughened porous materials is simulated by the fractal geometry theory, in which relative roughness is defined clearly as a function of the fractal dimension, porosity, average diameter and diameter ratio of the hexagonal elements on pore wall of the porous materials. Based on the sound propagation model of the smooth porous materials, a sound propagation model of the roughened porous materials is built. The effective density and bulk modulus, acoustic impedance and propagation constant, flow resistivity and sound absorption coefficient of the roughened porous materials are derived and discussed as a function of the relative roughness. It is demonstrated that the sound absorption coefficient of the roughened porous materials is improved as the relative roughness increases. The model predictions for the sound absorption coefficient of the roughened porous materials are well agreed with that of the existing test results.     

爆炸与冲击中的实际物质状态方程

本文综述了爆炸力学计算中涉及的实际介质的状态方程,这些物质结构复杂,其描述方法与金属的状态方程有些不同.用物理力学观点及半经验、半理论方法进行描述.①用普遍的热力学方法导出介质的状态方程表达式,并用实测数据计算了有关的参量;②Grneisen系数值的计算以及它与体积和温度的关系;③多孔介质的优态方程;④从理论上系统地导出了波后卸载方程;⑤探讨了原予统计模型的边界势.     

Singularities on wave fronts of slow waves in anisotropic fluid-saturated porous media

Energy focusing is found on the wave fronts of slow waves, which is a new propagation characteristic for slow waves in fluid-saturated porous materials. The material parameters, as well as the propagation directions, are chosen as the control parameters. Combined with the two axial variables, the influence of the anisotropy of the solid skeleton and pore fluid parameters on the propagation characteristic of slow waves in anisotropic fluid-saturated porous materials is discussed. The correspondence between the focusing on the wave fronts and the contours of zero Gaussian curvature on the slowness surface is explored. The development of the focusing patterns is investigated and the distinct trends in the energy flux focusing structures are revealed. This is helpful in further understanding the roles of the pore fluid in the damage of the fluid-saturated porous media.     

RVE-based studies on the coupled effects of void size and void shape on yield behavior and void growth at micron scales

The present paper extends the Gurson and GLD models [Gurson, A.L., 1977. Continuum theory of ductile rupture by void nucleation and growth, Part I—yield criteria and flow rules for porous ductile media. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 99, 2–15; Gologanu, M., Leblond, J.B., Devaux, J., 1993. Approximate models for ductile metals containing non-spherical voids—case of axisymmetric prolate ellipsoidal cavities. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 41, 1723–1754; Gologanu, M., Leblond, J.B., Devaux, J., 1994. Approximate models for ductile metals containing non-spherical voids—case of axisymmetric oblate ellipsoidal cavities. J. Eng. Mater. Technol. 116, 290–297] to involve the coupled effects of void size and void shape on the macroscopic yield behavior of non-linear porous materials and on the void growth. A spheroidal representative volume element (RVE) under a remote axisymmetric homogenous strain boundary condition is carefully analyzed. A wide range of void aspect ratios covering the oblate spheroidal, spherical and prolate spheroidal void are taken into account to reflect the shape effect. The size effect is captured by the Fleck–Hutchinson phenomenological strain gradient plasticity theory [Fleck, N.A., Hutchinson, J.W., 1997. Strain gradient plasticity. In: Hutchinson, J.W., Wu, T.Y. (Eds.), Advance in Applied Mechanics, vol. 33, Academic Press, New York, pp. 295–361]. A new size-dependent damage model like the Gurson and GLD models is developed based on the traditional minimum plasticity potential principle. Consequently, the coupled effects of void size and void shape on yield behavior of porous materials and void growth are discussed in detail. The results indicate that the void shape effect on the yield behavior of porous materials and on the void growth can be modified dramatically by the void size effect and vice versa. The applied stress triaxiality plays an important role in these coupled effects. Moreover, there exists a cut-off void radius r_c, which depends only on the intrinsic length l₁ associated with the stretch strain gradient. Voids of effective radius smaller than the critical radius r_c are less susceptible to grow. These findings are helpful to our further understanding to some impenetrable micrographs of the ductile fracture surfaces.     

Plastic yielding in cyclically loaded porous materials

The present paper focuses on plastic yielding of cyclically loaded porous materials. Unit cell models are employed to observe the evolution of the yield surface of porous materials under cyclic loading conditions. Non-linear isotropic as well as non-linear kinematic hardening matrix materials are considered. The yield surfaces computed with the unit cell models are compared to predictions of a micro-mechanical porous plasticity model that incorporates hardening. It is found that, in the case of kinematic hardening, the porous plasticity model underestimates the yield strength for larger hydrostatic stresses. An improvement of the model is proposed, so that a reasonable micro-mechanical approach to model porous materials under cyclic loadings is found.     

组合型多孔材料对容器管道系统内甲烷/空气的抑爆效果

为研究多孔材料对可燃气体的抑爆效果,选取了3类6种多孔材料分别组合后进行实验研究。以甲烷/空气预混气体作为研究对象,利用自制薄型铁环将多孔材料固定在密闭容器管道系统内,对比分析了薄型铁环、单层型多孔材料、双层组合型多孔材料和三层组合型多孔材料的抑爆效果。结果表明:薄型铁环增强了气体爆炸强度,铁环后爆炸压力最大;多孔材料抑爆效果明显,双层组合型多孔材料抑爆效果相比单层型多孔材料和三层组合型多孔材料稳定;抑爆效果最佳的组合型多孔材料为Al₂O₃ 10 mm/30 PPI+SiC 20 mm/20 PPI,爆炸压力抑制效果最佳的组合型多孔材料为Al₂O₃ 10 mm/30 PPI+Fe-Ni 10 mm/90 PPI+SiC 20 mm/10 PPI。     

Effect of stress triaxiality on porosity evolution in notched bars: Quantitative agreement between a recent dilatational model and X-ray tomography data

In this paper, it is shown that a micromechanically motivated macroscopic model can predict with accuracy the role of the stress state on void evolution in engineering materials. Specifically, a recent criterion that accounts for the influence of all stress invariants on the dilatational response of porous metals is used to predict porosity evolution and strength reduction in aluminum alloy AA 6016-T4. A very good quantitative agreement between the simulation results and X-ray tomography damage measurements in specimens of different notch acuities is obtained. In contrast to existing models, the void volume fraction evolution correlates very well with the X-ray data for all stress triaxialities.     

Hardness-packing density scaling relations for cohesive-frictional porous materials

Recent progress in instrumented nanoindentation makes it possible today to test in situ phase properties and structures of porous materials that cannot be recapitulated ex situ in bulk form. But it requires a rigorous indentation analysis to translate indentation data into meaningful mechanical properties. This paper reports the development and implementation of a multi-scale indentation analysis based on limit analysis, for the assessment of strength properties of cohesive-frictional porous materials from hardness measurements. Based on the separation-of-scale condition, we implement an elliptical strength criterion which results from the nonlinear homogenization of the strength properties of the constituents (cohesion and friction), the porosity and the microstructure, into a computational yield design approach to indentation analysis. We identify the resulting upper bound problem as a second-order conical optimization problem, for which advanced optimization algorithms became recently available. The upper bound yield design solutions are benchmarked against solutions from comprehensive elastoplastic contact mechanics finite element solutions and lower bound solutions. Furthermore, from a detailed parameter study based on intensive computational simulations, we identify characteristic hardness-packing density scaling relations for cohesive-frictional porous materials. These scaling relations which are developed for two pore-morphologies, a matrix-pore morphology and a polycrystal (perfect disordered) morphology, are most suitable for the reverse analysis of the strength parameters of cohesive-frictional solids from indentation hardness measurements.