迷宫密封湍流增阻的数值研究

迷宫密封是依靠节流间隙中的节流过程和迷宫空腔内的动能耗散过程来实现密封的，这两个流体流动过程从本质上规定了迷宫密封的密封性能。通过密封内部流动本质的研究，合理利用湍流流动的规律和特点，能够发挥密封内部湍流的增阻作用，提高密封性能。本文数值计算了一种锯齿型径向迷宫密封的内部流动，得到了密封内部的流动形态，揭示了密封内部流动与密封性能的关系。结果表示，密封存在一个最佳的齿插入长度。在最佳齿插入长度时，尽管节流间隙较大，但由于节流间隙内流动收缩和偏转，间隙的有效通流面积却很小，泄漏介质可以在间隙中获得较大的速度，在迷宫空腔内形成正确的耗散涡流，密封具有最佳的密封效果。所以，充分发挥湍流增阻的作用，可以突破节流间隙的微小尺寸限制，实现较大间隙下的良好密封。这不仅会给迷官密封的制造、安装及运行等带来很大的方便，而且可以为发展新的迷宫密封技术奠定理论基础。     

超临界二氧化碳高低齿梳齿密封动力稳定性研究

建立超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,SCO₂)高低齿梳齿密封三维数值计算模型,应用基于微元理论的密封动特性识别方法,研究凸台宽度及密封间隙对超临界二氧化碳梳齿密封动静特性的影响,并与传统梳齿密封进行对比. 研究表明:高低齿梳齿密封的交叉复合刚度系数对有效阻尼系数影响较小,主阻尼对其占主要影响. 在低涡动频率下(<160 Hz),传统梳齿密封动力稳定性较好;而涡动频率高于160 Hz时,高低齿梳齿密封的有效阻尼系数约为传统梳齿密封的105%~113%;且存在1个最佳凸台宽度使密封系统稳定性最好(本文最佳值为5.13 mm);随着密封间隙的减小,有效阻尼系数的大小与频率依赖性分别增大、增强. 高低齿梳齿密封泄漏量较传统梳齿密封降低约45.5%;凸台宽度5.13 mm、密封间隙0.4 mm时较原始模型(b=4 mm、c₂=0.5 mm)泄漏量分别降低约5%和19%,高低齿梳齿密封泄漏量随密封间隙的减小而降低.      

螺旋槽端面微间隙高速气流润滑密封特性

考虑入口气流压力损失和出口阻塞效应,建立了微间隙端面高速气体润滑密封分析数学模型,对螺旋槽端面微间隙高速气流润滑密封特性进行研究.重点分析了不同密封间隙、密封压力和转速等工况条件下,入口压力损失和出口阻塞效应对开启力、泄漏率及气膜刚度等密封特性参数的影响规律.结果表明:高速气体阻塞效应使出口压力高于环境压力,压力损失使入口气膜压力下降,导致泄漏率和气膜刚度明显下降,并使开启力增加.随着密封压力和密封间隙的增加,阻塞效应增强,导致泄漏率和气膜刚度显著降低.密封压力10 MPa时,泄漏率降低可达20%,气膜刚度的下降可达30%以上.     

节流孔截面形状对静压干气密封稳态性能和压力波动特性影响

建立了不同形状节流孔出口截面静压干气密封的几何模型，采用湍流大涡模拟方法数值求解了小孔节流静压干气密封的瞬态流场和压力场，对比了节流孔出口开设圆角、倒角与经典小孔节流静压干气密封的开启力、泄漏率等稳态性能参数和节流孔出口附近的压力波动特性，以较大密封开启力和较小压力波动为目标，获得了节流孔出口倒角和圆角的优选值范围. 结果表明:相较于经典小孔节流静压干气密封，节流孔出口开设倒角或圆角能提高静压干气密封的开启力，显著降低节流孔出口压力波动，且当倒角为0.3~0.4 mm，圆角为0.1~0.3 mm时具有最佳效果.      

阻旋栅对梳齿密封动静特性影响研究

阻旋栅可改变密封进口流体周向流动与进口预旋，是提高系统稳定性的主要方法之一. 本文作者应用计算流体力学方法研究了阻旋栅几何参数对梳齿密封动静特性的影响，计算分析了阻旋栅在不同长度、间隙、周向个数及不同进口预旋比下密封流场分布与动力特性系数，并与无阻旋栅梳齿密封进行对比. 研究表明:阻旋栅能够有效抑制密封进口周向流动、降低密封腔室周向压力；随着阻旋栅周向个数与阻旋栅间隙的减小，其抑制效果增强，阻旋栅长度的增加对周向速度影响则越来越小；提高预旋比将使密封内流体周向速度增加. 与传统梳齿密封相比，具有阻旋栅的梳齿密封直接阻尼增加，交叉刚度降低，进而有效阻尼提高. 阻旋栅间隙s=0.20 mm、长度l=3.25 mm、数量n=90时密封有效阻尼较大，系统稳定性最好.      

核主泵静压型轴封系统二级密封机理研究

核主泵轴密封是核电设备的关键部件之一,探究其密封机理,实现国产化设计,具有重大意义.核主泵静压型轴封系统二级密封一般设计为一级密封失效时承受全部载荷.所研究的二级密封结构全压差(15.5 MPa)工作时的密封机理尚不明确.本文中采用流固耦合模型研究了一级密封失效时,二级密封的工作机理.结果表明:一级密封失效时,二级密封是非接触式静压型密封.在压差和动环变形环板变形产生的力的共同作用下,密封端面形成锥角为1 300.9μrad的收敛间隙;当入口水温65℃时,泄漏率为1 867.8 L/h.动环变形环板的变形有阻碍动环变形锥角增大的作用.动环变形环板厚度越大,密封泄漏率越大.密封介质入口温度以及材料的摩擦性能对密封性能亦有影响.此外,一级正常工作时,二级密封是接触式形式,采用混合润滑模型对其性能作了分析,分析表明一级密封正常工作时,二级密封压差约为0.17 MPa,密封为混合润滑状态,泄漏率为11.4 mL/h,端面温升23.9℃.     

深槽表面气体静压润滑低Reynolds数层流节流效应实验研究

气体介质在润滑间隙流动过程中,沿气体流动方向开设的表面矩形深槽结构内部产生旋涡阻碍气体流动,形成节流效应.通过矩形深沟槽表面静压润滑实验,开展深槽表面和光滑表面的流量特性对比测试,研究了低Reynolds数层流状态下深槽表面间隙的气体节流效应.结果表明:深槽表面产生显著的节流效应,并且随Reynolds数增加而增强;在低Reynolds数层流状态下,深槽表面可以产生节流效应,但是节流效应强度不稳定,当处于完全湍流状态时,节流效应维持定值;间隙尺寸、槽深等结构参数对节流效应影响明显.     

液体密封端面倾斜椭圆孔上游泵送特性

气液异相介质隔离密封的实现有赖于密封端面几何型槽的上游泵送特性，为探索多孔端面实现液封气密封的设计途径，对液体密封端面倾斜椭圆孔上游泵送特性开展研究. 考虑空化效应，采用有限差分方法对转速、密封间隙、密封压力等操作参数和孔深、倾斜角、方向因子、孔数等结构参数对开启力和泄漏率的影响规律进行了数值分析. 结果显示:液体润滑条件下端面倾斜椭圆孔可产生明显的上游泵送效应，增加周向孔数和方向因子可实现被密封介质的完全零泄漏，同时可产生明显的流体动压效应使端面开启力提高50%以上. 文中密封压力条件下，孔深取5~10 μm，倾斜角取45°，周向孔数大于80，方向因子大于3时，密封可实现完全反向泵送，反向泄漏率的增加与随着孔数、方向因子和孔深的增加而增加.      

新型自冲击密封的泄漏特性与封严机理初探

新型自冲击密封提出以来持续受到同行学者和行业专家的广泛关注和认可，本文中进一步通过对自冲击密封热力学效应及各类流场的剖析，建立起新型密封热力学效应与泄漏量的关系，从热力学角度分析了新型密封的流场特性与泄漏特性，研究了几何参数、工况参数、密封性能参数及其相互间的联系和规律.结果表明：建立的泄漏公式与仿真结果符合较好(变转速下误差为7.59%)，可以较好的反映热力学效应与泄漏之间的关系；当密封间距h≤200μm时，密封熵增效果随密封间隙变化最为明显；密封介质流入后温度呈逐级上升趋势，至密封出口处达到最高，出口温度随压力和密封间距的增大而增大，随着级数的增大而缓慢减小，转速对出口温度的影响较小.新型密封主要通过间隙内流体的冲击产热进行能量耗散并最终实现封严功能，如何泄压、控温及选择合适的耐高温材料是新型密封尽早实现工业化应用的关键.     

基于软弹流润滑模型的液压格莱圈密封性能分析

基于软弹流理论建立了液压往复格莱圈密封的数值分析模型,该耦合模型包括流体力学、接触力学、变形和热分析.数值求解获得了密封区域的膜厚、流体压力和接触压力分布,以及单个行程的流量和活塞杆表面的摩擦力,揭示了液压往复格莱圈密封的密封机理.通过参数化进一步分析了不同密封表面均方根粗糙度、密封压力和往复速度对密封性能的影响.结果表明:在本研究中,密封区域表现为混合润滑状态,且以微凸体接触摩擦为主;较小的密封表面均方根粗糙度值具有较好的密封性能,增大密封压力会导致泄漏量和摩擦力均增加,而增大往复速度有利于减小泄漏量.     

Influence of steam leakage through vane,gland, and shaft seals on rotordynamics of high-pressure rotor of a 1,000 MW ultra-supercritical steam turbine

A comparative analysis of the influence of steam leakage through vane, gland, and shaft seals on the rotordynamics of the high-pressure rotor of a 1,000 MW ultra-supercritical steam turbine was performed using numerical calculations. The rotordynamic coefficients associated with steam leakage through the three labyrinth seals were calculated using the control-volume method and perturbation analysis. A stability analysis of the rotor system subject to the steam forcing induced by the leakage flow was performed using the finite element method. An analysis of the influence of the labyrinth seal forcing on the rotordynamics was carried out by varying the geometrical parameters pertaining to the tooth number, seal clearance, and inner diameter of the labyrinth seals, along with the thermal parameters with respect to pressures and temperatures. The results demonstrated that the steam forcing with an increase in the length of the blade for the vane seal significantly influences the rotordynamic coefficients. Furthermore, the contribution of steam forcing to the instability of the rotor is decreased and increased with increases in the seal clearance and tooth number, respectively. The comparison of the rotordynamic coefficients associated with steam leakage through the vane seal, gland seal, and shaft seal convincingly disclosed that, although the steam forcing attenuates the stability of the rotor system, the steam turbine is still operating under safe conditions.     

Nonlinear analysis of orbital motion of a rotor subject to leakage air flow through an interlocking seal

A nonlinear mathematical model for orbital motion of the rotor under the influence of leakage flow through a labyrinth seal was established in the present study. An interlocking seal was chosen for study. The rotor–seal system was modeled as a Jeffcot rotor subject to aerodynamic forcing induced by the leakage flow. Particular attention was placed on the serpentine flow path by spatially separating the aerodynamic force on the rotor surface into two parts, e.g., the seal clearance and the cavity volume. Spatio-temporal variation of the aerodynamic force on the rotor surface in the coverage of the seal clearance and the cavity volume was delineated by using the Muzynska model and perturbation analysis, respectively. The governing equation of rotor dynamics, which was incorporated with the aerodynamic force integrated over all seal clearances and cavity volumes, was solved by using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method to obtain the orbit of the whirling rotor. Stability of the rotating rotor was inspected using the Liapunov first method. The results convincingly demonstrate that the destabilization speed of the rotor was reduced due to the aerodynamic force induced by the leakage flow through the interlocking seal. The nonlinear analysis method proposed in the present study is readily applied to dynamics of various rotor–seal systems with labyrinth seals.     

偏心迷宫密封动静特性研究

建立了不同偏心状态下迷宫密封三维数值分析模型，应用基于微元理论的密封动力特性系数识别方法计算密封静态和动态特性. 结果表明:转子偏心会降低密封抑制流体泄漏的效果；密封腔内周向压力高点随偏心率增大逐渐偏离最小间隙处. 低偏心率(≤ 0.5)下，静态直接刚度K与静态交叉刚度k变化较小，高偏心率(> 0.5)下K和k的绝对值减小. 随着偏心率的增大，密封小间隙侧流动黏性效应增强是产生负静态直接刚度的主要原因. 密封偏心涡动时，低偏心率(< 0.6)下刚度和阻尼系数变化较小，随偏心率和涡动频率的升高直接刚度逐渐变为负值；随偏心率的增大，交叉刚度在正交两个方向上大小不再相等，有效阻尼降低，高偏心率(≥ 0.6)下有效阻尼受偏心率影响更显著.      

Computation of rotordynamic coefficients associated with leakage steam flow through labyrinth seal

A mathematical model of calculating rotordynamic coefficients associated with leakage steam flow through labyrinth seals was presented. Particular attention was given to incorporating thermal properties of the steam fluid into prediction of leakage flow and subsequent derivation of rotordynamic coefficients, which quantitatively characterize influence of aerodynamic forcing of the leakage steam flow on the rotordynamics. By using perturbation analysis, we determined periodic and analytic solutions of the continuity and circumferential momentum equations for the time-dependent flow induced by non-axisymmetric rotation of the rotor encompassed by a labyrinth seal. Pressure distributions along labyrinth seal cavities and rotordynamic coefficients were compared at the same condition for air and steam flows. Influence of steam flow through the labyrinth seal cavities on rotordynamic coefficients was analyzed in terms of inlet pressure, inlet swirl velocity and rotor speed.     

迷宫-蜂窝混合型密封静态稳定性与泄漏特性研究

建立迷宫-蜂窝混合型密封三维数值分析模型,研究密封在阻塞/非阻塞流动状态及不同偏心率下静态稳定性与泄漏特性,并与传统迷宫密封进行对比分析. 结果表明:两种不同结构型式的密封泄漏量均随偏心率的增大而增加,但迷宫-蜂窝混合型密封相较于传统迷宫密封有更好的封严性能. 在阻塞与非阻塞状态下,两种密封均表现为负的静态刚度系数,系统易产生静态失稳现象. 与传统迷宫密封相比,迷宫-蜂窝混合型密封静态刚度系数绝对值较小,稳定性较高.      

On the Application of LES to Seal Geometries

Five Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and hybrid RANS-NLES (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes-Numerical-LES) methods are used to simulate flow through a labyrinth seal geometry and are contrasted with RANS solutions. Results show that LES and RANS-NLES is capable of accurately predicting flow behaviour of two seal flows with a scatter of less than 5 %. RANS solutions show the potential to perform poorly for the turbulence models tested. LES and hybrid RANS-NLES are found to be consistent and in agreement with measurements, providing a flexible numerical platform for design investigations. It also allows greater flow physics insights.     

型孔形状和方向对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性影响

研究了型孔形状和方向性对孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性的影响. 建立了孔型阻尼密封流场特性CFD数值模型，对比分析了不同转速和密封间隙下圆孔阻尼密封、蜂窝密封、迷宫密封和光滑面密封的泄漏特性，研究不同转速下型孔形状、超椭圆系数和倾斜角对广义孔型阻尼密封泄漏特性的影响规律，探讨了方向性型孔阻尼密封阻流控漏机制. 结果表明:紧密排列的孔型阻尼密封相较于迷宫密封和光滑面密封具有显著优异的密封性能；倾斜角为30°、超椭圆系数为2且边数为2的类椭圆型孔阻尼密封在静止时具有最小的泄漏率，且可通过减小周向或轴向排列间距进一步减小泄漏；一定倾斜角条件下，超椭圆系数较大的类椭圆型孔出口尖端附近能形成明显的低速阻流区，从而达到阻流控漏的效果.