流体双折射三维流场显示测试系统及应用研究

本文简要介绍流体双折射三维流场显示测试系统的研制和控制特点,流体双折射介质特性,光力学特性及对水下运动物体的应用研究.     

液体双折射方法及其在流场测量中的应用

本文研究了流体双折射的实验方法及双折射液体的基本性质。计论了两种力学—光学关系式之间的一致性。从理论及实验上证实了用流体双折射方法进行二维流场测量的优越性。提出了实验数据的处理方法。给出了几种流场的等色线图。定量分析了两个流场。     

用流体双折射的位相差积分法定量分析具有对称平面的三维流场

本文对流体双折射方法做了简单的回顾。用位相差积分理论导出了具有对称平面双折射介质所适用的公式。作为实例,我们定量分析了扩张和收缩管中的剪应变率分布。     

心血管内流场的高质量模拟实验研究（Ⅲ）：动态流体双折射法典型应用分析

用动态流体双折射法对三种有代表性的心血管模型（模拟大血管、动脉狭窄和人造心脏瓣膜）中的脉动血流间隙测试，得出速度剖面，剪应力分布，压力和流量之间的相位关系。结果说明本文所描述的双折射液和模拟血管是适用于心血管内流场的高质量模拟实验的，动态流体双折射方法及简化的光－力学关系是适用于低频脉动模拟血流的定量分析的。     

Milling染料的流体双折射特性

利用光学与光谱技术对Milling Yellow染料的流体双折射特性进行了研究.测量了这种染料的流体双折射率随光波长、流速、空间位置的变化以及光轴的方向.为这种染料在流体模型实验中的使用提供了基本数据.     

应用流体双折射方法计算二维二尖瓣模型的流场

本文运用流体双折射的实验数据与数值差分计算的杂交法对模拟二尖瓣模型的二维稳态流场进行定量计算,得到流场的流函数、速度等流场参量。     

心血管内流场的高质量模拟实验研究（Ⅰ）：动态流体双折射测试原理与分析…

本文系统地讨论了以动态流体双折射方法实现心血管内流场的高质量模拟测试的基本理论和实用分析方法。首先，分析了稳态流动和振荡剪切流中光－力学关系的差异，提出了脉动流中简化的光－力学关系假设，然后给出了其适用于低频脉动流动的实验验证。     

心血管内流场的高质量模拟实验研究（Ⅱ）──动态流体双折射实验技术和实验系统

本文重点介绍用于心血管内流场的高质量模拟的动态流体双折射实验技术和系统。首先制备了两种仿血双折射液和一种弹性透明的硅橡胶模拟血管，有关参数测定表明它们适用于模拟血流和血管。其次，为了消除光线穿过圆管产生的图象畸变，用光线追迹法推导出消畸方程并选用最佳匹配浸渍液消畸。最终设计建立了一台由微机控制的集流动、光学、图象与数据采集处理和同步控制子系统于一体的新型测量系统。     

液体流动双折射图像的数字图像处理

将数字图像处理应用在液体流动双折射图像中，经过图像预处理后，提取出双折射条纹的光学中心，最后算出平面二维流场的速度分布和速度梯度分布。     

心血管内流场的高质量模拟实验研究（Ⅱ）——动态流体双折射实验技术…

本文重点介绍用于心血管内流场的高质量模拟的动态流体双折射实验技术和系统。首先制备了两种仿血双折射液和一种弹性透明的硅橡胶模拟血管，有关参数测定表明它们适用于模拟血流和血管。其次，为了消除光线穿过圆管产生的图象畸变，用光线追迹法推导出消畸方程并选用最佳匹配浸渍液消畸。最终设计建立了一台由微机控制的集流动、光学、图象与数据采集处理和同步控制子系统于一体的新型测量系统。     

心血管内流场的高质量模拟实验研究（Ⅰ）──动态流体双折射测试原理与分析方法

本文系统地讨论了以动态流体双折射方法实现心血管内流场的高质量模拟测试的基本理论和实用分析方法。首先，分析了稳态流动和振荡剪切流中光──力学关系的差异，提出脉动流中简化的光──力学关系假设，然后给出其适用于低频脉动流动的实验验证。为使医学和生物力学研究人员易于掌握，又提出一种简单新颖的局域分析法。     

Formation of fibrous crystals in flowing blends of polyethylene melts

Flow induced crystallization of high density polyethylene has been studied in a two-phase flow system using low density polyethylene as the carrier phase. Extensional stresses were generated under slow flow conditions by either of two methods: one involving flow past a stationary seed, the other involving a droplet deformation and bursting mechanism. In both cases, oriented, fibrillar crystallization of the high density phase was observed optically and correlated with calculations indicating the presence of flow-induced extensional gradients. Morphological, thermal, and birefringence data indicate that the crystalline fibers produced are oriented and superheatable, and consist of a multifibrillar substructure. For fibers produced by the droplet bursting process a semi-quantitative agreement was found between fiber melting point and birefringence based on a simplified analysis for the bursting induced extensional flow. These results demonstrate that two-phase flows of crystallizable systems are a convenient means for studying the phenomenon of flow induced crystallization in polymer melts.     

聚合物注射成型流动残余应力的数值分析

建立了可压缩黏弹性聚合物熔体在薄壁型腔中充模/保压过程中非等温、非稳态流动 的数学模型,用数值方法实现了注射成型过程中流动应力和取向建立及松弛过程的模拟,研 究了熔体温度、模具温度和注射速率等工艺条件对分子冻结取向的影响,取得了与实验相符 的结果.     

Birefringence measurements on polymer melts in an axisymmetric flow cell

 The stress-optical rule relates birefringence to stress. Consequently, measurement of flow birefringence provides a non-intrusive technique of measuring stresses in complex flows. In this investigation we explore the use of an axisymmetric geometry to create a uniaxial elongational flow in polymer melts. In axisymmetric flows both birefringence and orientation angle change continuously along the path of the propagating light. The cumulative influence of the material's optical properties along the light's integrated path makes determination of local birefringence in the melt impossible. One can nevertheless use birefringence measurements to compare with predictions from computer simulations as a means of evaluating the constitutive equations for the stress. More specifically, in this investigation we compare the light intensity transmitted through the experimental set-up vs entry position, with the theoretically calculated transmitted intensity distribution as a means of comparing experiment and simulation. The main complication in our experiments is the use of a flow cell that necessarily consists of materials of different refractive indices. This introduces refraction and reflection effects that must be modeled before experimental results can be correctly interpreted. We describe how these effects are taken into account and test the accuracy of predictions against experiments. In addition, the high temperatures required to investigate polymer melts mean that a further complication is introduced by thermal stresses present in the flow cell glass. We describe how these thermal-stresses are also incorporated in the simulations. Finally, we present some preliminary results and evaluate the success of the overall method. Received: 2 April 2001 Accepted: 27 August 2001     

Flowing colloidal suspensions in non-Newtonian suspending fluids: Decoupling the composite birefringence

The rheology of dilute, colloidal suspensions in polymeric suspending fluids can be studied with simultaneous dichroism and birefringence measurements. The dichroism provides a direct measure of the particle dynamics, but the birefringence is a composite property with independent contributions from the suspended particles and the polymer molecules. For suspensions where the contribution from the particles is significant, the composite birefringence must be decoupled in order to analyze the dynamics of the polymeric suspending fluid. A method to perform the decoupling is derived and then demonstrated through transient shear flow experiments with dilute suspensions ofFeOOH particles in semi-dilute, xanthan gum suspending fluids. The birefringence of the xanthan gum suspending fluid is calculated from experimental measurements of the composite birefringence and the dichroism of the suspension. To gather information on particle/polymer interactions, the calculated birefringence is compared to the birefringence of xanthan gum solutions containing no suspended particles and the dirchoism is compared to that of a suspension in a Newtonian fluid.     

Two dimensional flow quantitative visualization by the hybrid method of flow birefringence and boundary integration

Flow birefringent method and its data processing was reviewed and a new hybrid method of flow birefringence and boundary integration was introduced. The basic equations and boundary conditions suitable to the hybrid method were derived, and a comparison of the hybrid and other classical methods was given. Finally as an example, the flow in a step converging tube was analyzed by the given method. The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)     

Simultaneous measurement of transient stress and flow birefringence in one-sided compression (biaxial extension) of a polymer melt

Summary Investigation of time dependent behaviour of a polystyrene melt is carried out with the aid of a new apparatus for biaxial extension. Use is made of the method of two impinging fluid streams guided by lubricated trumpet shaped metal walls. The flow birefringence is measured in the plane of symmetry and, at the same time, the force is measured which tends to separate the trumpets. The linear stress-optical relation turns out to be valid in this new flow geometry. An accurate value for the stress-optical coefficient can be determined from the relaxation experiments. The stress build-up as calculated from the optical measurements, is compared with the pertinent result of the theory of linear viscoelasticity. For the desired interconversion of dynamic moduli use is made of the approximation by Schwarzl and Struik. The steady state measurements are checked by the results of the non-linear model of Acierno et al.With 16 figures and 2 tables     

Molecular orientation in non-Newtonian flow of dilute polymer solutions around spheres

A novel approach is presented to study the benchmark problem of flow around spheres in model dilute solutions of monodisperse samples of atactic polystyrene in di-octyl phthalate. Spheres are held stationary on flexible cantilevers of known spring-constant, k, while the polymer solutions are pumped past at controlled flow rates, allowing access to a wide range of Deborah number. In this way the non-Newtonian forces experienced by the spheres can be measured as a function of Deborah number, while detailed observations and measurements of birefringence are made, enabling assessment of macromolecular strain and orientation. In addition the flow field around a sphere has been measured in an a-PS solution. Experiments have been performed on a single sphere and on two spheres axially aligned in the direction of flow. The extensional flow around the downstream stagnation point of the single sphere is found to play a pivotal role in the development of molecular strain and stress, resulting in flow modification and subsequent non-Newtonian behaviour. The flow birefringence in the wake is found to modify severely the flow around a second, downstream, sphere, affecting the non-Newtonian forces encountered by the second sphere. This provides an explanation for the time interval dependent terminal velocity often observed when two spheres follow the same path through viscoelastic liquids.