一种用于软材料测试的改进SHPB装置

本文提出了一种新的、用于测试橡胶、高弹体及高聚物软泡沫材料动态力学性能的SHPB改进装置。该装置取消了常见的入射杆而采用长杆弹直接撞击试件从而实现了持续的长时间加载，使得在相当大的应变率范围内试件的最大应变在一个加载过程中即可达到。配合该装置采用了瞬态响应优良、分辨率良好的光电式位移测试系统来测量试件的变形；为记录微弱的应变信号，在透射杆中使用了半导体应变片。本方案克服了传统SHPB在测试软材料时由于子弹长度限制带来的加载幅度不足及由于阻抗失配导致的应变信号微弱的困难；与采用高聚物杆的SHPB改进方案相比，本方案的测试结果也更为可靠。在试验装置中还运用了加载整形技术以改善试件中的应力均匀性。从测试结果看，该装置能有效地实现大变形范围、近似恒应变率持续加载以及相应的微弱应变信号的测量。     

基于数字图像的分离式霍普金森压杆实验中试件应变及两端应力的同步测量法

本文提出一种基于高速摄像和数字图像相关方法(DIC)的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)测量技术,从而实现试件应变和两端应力的同步测量。即在与试件接触的输入输出杆两端制作散斑,通过高速摄像获取SHPB实验过程中的散斑变形图像,由DIC测得各时刻试件的应变、输入输出杆端的应变(可直接换算为试件两端的应力)。由于试件和杆端的应变都是从同一张高速摄影的图像上分析得到的,因此它们是同步的。应用该方法对钢纤维混凝土试件的SHPB试验进行了测量,测量结果与传统应变片测量结果吻合,验证了该方法的可行性。该技术不仅实现了SHPB实验中试件应变和应力的同步测量,还将有助于直接检验各材料在SHPB实验中试件两端的力在实验过程中是否平衡。     

SHPB实验数据处理的规范化问题讨论

从SHPB实验的一维应力假设出发,确定了入射、反射和透射波的起点位置的判读办法,提高了SHPB实验结果的准确性,并规范了SHPB实验的数据处理。另外,从动量守恒的角度,提出了标准入射波平台高度的判读办法。该方法可以避免弥散振荡对判读入射波平台高度的干扰,并排除人为因素的影响,提高了压杆应变片灵敏系数的标定准确性和标定过程的规范化程度。通过对比理论结果和数值模拟研究的结果,这两种数据处理方法的准确性得到了验证。     

SHPB实验中的端面凹陷修正

提出了一种关于霍普金森压杆(SHPB)实验中压杆端面凹陷的分析方法,并在此基础上提出了修 正该凹陷的数据处理技术。将该技术与其他数据处理技术相结合,可提高SHPB实验中应变的计算精度。 该技术使SHPB可以用于小应变范围测试,并使利用SHPB测得完整的、精度及可靠性可与准静态测试相当 的材料动态应力应变曲线成为可能。     

多孔硬脆性材料的SHPB实验技术

以SHPB实验技术中一维假定和应力均匀假定为基础, 针对多孔硬脆性材料 的力学特性, 分析了利用传统SHPB装置在实验研究中存在的问题, 并从入射杆和透射杆的选 取、传感器的选取、试件参数的确定、入射波形的确定和数据处理方法的选取等方面总结了 克服这些问题的技术和方法.     

浇铸类炸药应力应变曲线的SHPB测量

浇铸类炸药由于质地软、波阻抗及波速都很低,通过传统SHPB实验方法无法得到准确的应力应变数据。透射杆信号幅值过低、试样应力平衡均匀性不高以及大应变加载引起的入射波反射波重叠失效,是进行浇铸类炸药SHPB实验的难点所在。本文中对传统SHPB实验方法进行改进,在试样两端面加装石英晶体应力计,引入石英计所获得的应力数据与应变片测得数据共同对试样应力应变状态进行计算。该方法可以提高透射信号幅值,提供试样大应变加载,避免了入射波反射波重叠导致的信号失效问题,修正了SHPB实验过程中的应力时空不均匀性的影响,提高了实验结果的可靠性。利用改进后的实验方法对典型浇铸类炸药进行了实验研究,得到了较准确的应力应变曲线。     

基于Hopkinson杆的加速度传感器测试系统仿真与测试研究

针对加速度传感器的Hopkinson杆动态试验装置,采用有限元工具对Hopkinson杆测试系统进行了仿真研究。仿真结果说明整形垫的加入和入射子弹形状的改变提高了应力历史的上升时间和加速度历史的脉宽。动态加载的试验测试与仿真结果表明:当由平头子弹改为尖头子弹并添加铝制整形垫后,入射杆应力脉冲持续时间与对加速度传感器加载的加速度冲击均得到了大幅提升。Hopkinson杆动态测试系统的测试与仿真研究为传感器的冲击试验设计奠定了基础。     

岩石SHPB实验加载过程中应力平衡问题分析

运用一维应力波理论,分析了弹性应力波在分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验中的传播过程,推 导出试件和压杆中应力分布相关计算公式。探讨了有关因素对试件应力平衡时间的影响规律,发现试件应力 平衡时间受试件/压杆广义波阻抗比和入射加载升时的影响显著,而不受试件/压杆截面积比和入射加载应力 幅值的影响。结合岩石SHPB实验,计算分析了不同入射加载应力幅值在不同入射加载升时情况下,试件达 到应力平衡时的应变变化特征,并提出了降低试件在应力平衡时的应变控制方法,使试件在未达到断裂应变 之前达到应力平衡,以保证实验的有效性。得出的结论对岩石类脆性材料SHPB实验方案设计具有一定的 参考意义。     

基于Hopkinson杆的材料高应变率拉伸实验技术

分离式霍普金森杆(Split Hopkinson Bar)是测试材料在高应变率加载下力学行为的一种有效的实验手段.本文基于霍普金森杆测试原理,设计和研制了气枪式变截面间接杆杆型高应变率拉伸实验装置.该装置具有完备的、高精度的水平和轴向基准,采用等高的固定支撑,保证了杆-杆型实验系统具有良好的共轴度;入射杆与撞击套筒之间设有导向管,避免了撞击套筒直接与入射杆接触而产生的相互干扰;在导向管内设有支撑圈,以减小入射杆与导向管直接接触而产生的摩擦,并消除入射杆的径向跳动;采用前置金属短杆来获得光滑、平稳且幅值和宽度可调的拉伸入射加载脉冲.对LY12CZ铝合金在两种应变率下初步的验证性实验表明,该高应变率拉伸实验装置的设计是合理的,实验获得的应力—应变结果是可靠、有效的.     

SHPB实验中试件内早期应力平衡分析

分析了影响SHPB实验试件中早期应力平衡的外部因素,如光滑入射波及其上升时间、压杆波阻抗及压杆与试件横截面积之比等。研究结果表明,当用传统的SHPB装置产生的入射波加载试件时,宜采用与试件波阻抗接近的压杆;在相同的试验条件下,直径较大的试件,其内部应力达到均匀分分布的状态快于小直径的试件,最后给出了改善试件早期应力均匀性的方法。     

Thickness Effect of Pulse Shaper on Dynamic Stress Equilibrium and Dynamic Deformation Behavior in the Polycarbonate Using SHPB Technique

0Introduction Thehighstrainratestress strainresponsesofpolymersandpolymericcompositematerialshave receivedincreasedscientificandindustrialattentioninrecentyears.Polymericmaterialsaresubjected todynamicloadingandhighstrainratedeformationinavarietyofimporta…     

软材料的SHPB实验设计

通过对SHPB实验中加载波波形进行控制设计 ,实现软材料试样在加载过程中的应力平衡和常应变率加载 ,从而保证SHPB实验的前提条件。采用这种方法研究了两种材料的高应变率本构 ,实验结果表明 :设计的方法是行之有效的。     

Comparison Between Surface and Near-Surface Residual Stress Measurement Techniques Using a Standard Four-Point-Bend Specimen

Background

Determination of near-surface residual stresses is challenging for the available measurement techniques due to their limitations. These are often either beyond reach or associated with significant uncertainties.

Objective

This study describes a critical comparison between three methods of surface and near-surface residual stress measurements, including x-ray diffraction (XRD) and two incremental central hole-drilling techniques one based on strain-gauge rosette and the other based on electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI).

Methods

These measurements were performed on standard four-point-bend beams of steel loaded to known nominal stresses, according to the ASTM standard. These were to evaluate the sensitivity of different techniques to the variation in the nominal stress, and their associated uncertainties.

Results

The XRD data showed very good correlations with the surface nominal stress, and with superb repeatability and small uncertainties. The results of the ESPI based hole-drilling technique were also in a good agreement with the XRD data and the expected nominal stress. However, those obtained by the strain gauge rosette based hole-drilling technique were not matching well with the data obtained by the other techniques nor with the nominal stress. This was found to be due to the generation of extensive compressive residual stress during surface preparation for strain gauge installation.

Conclusion

The ESPI method is proven to be the most suitable hole-drilling technique for measuring near-surface residual stresses within distances close to the surface that are beyond the penetration depth of x-ray and below the resolution of the strain gauge rosette based hole-drilling method.

     

基于DIC方法的残余应力快速测量系统

结合数字图像相关(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)方法与钻孔法,开发了残余应力快速测量系统。该系统可分为两部分:适用于现场测量的便携式机械系统与针对残余应力测量而改进的基于DIC算法的程序。在四点弯曲加载平台上对工件进行载荷释放前后的残余应力测量试验,通过与应变片测量结果进行对比,该残余应力测量系统的精度达到了应变片测量的同等精度。同时,该测量系统解决了传统应变片测量系统对心误差大、操作繁琐、效率低和测量结果稳定性差等问题,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

大尺寸Hopkinson压杆及其应用

本文介绍了国内最大尺寸的SHPB装置;讨论了在大尺寸SHPB装置上测量混凝土类材料动态力学性能将会出现的几个问题;采取了在入射杆的打击端加设波形整形器,在试件与杆件之间加设万向头及在试件上直接测量应变等新的实验技术及采用新的数据处理方法,提高了试验结果的精确度和可信度;简要介绍了利用ф100 SHPB装置对四种体积含量(0,2%,4%和6%)钢纤维高强混凝土进行三种应变率(10~20/s,35~45/s和75~85/s)的冲击压缩实验。实验结果表明,钢纤维高强混凝土具有较强的应变率效应,其破坏应力、峰值应变随应变率增加而显著增加,弹性模量也随应变率增加而增加。另外,钢纤维含量对混凝土具有增韧效应,随着钢纤维含量的增加,其韧性增大,脆性降低。     

Comparison of Low Impedance Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Techniques in the Characterization of Polyurea

The split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique has been widely employed for over fifty years in characterizing the high strain-rate properties of many common engineering materials. Historically, however, this technique has had limited success in characterizing soft materials, since their low mechanical impedances can increase delays in attaining dynamic equilibrium and result in transmission pulses with extremely low signal-to-noise ratios. Due to interest in improving characterization of soft materials at high strain rates, numerous modifications to the traditional SHPB technique have been proposed. These include: using more sensitive piezoelectric gauges, employing hollow transmission bars, utilizing lower impedance polymeric pressure bars, and the use of pulse shaping techniques. To date, there has been no comparative studies or consensus within the SHPB community as to which approach is most advantageous. The goal of this investigation is to compare a number of these techniques, specifically the use of PMMA pressure bars and a hollow aluminum transmission bar (both with and without pulse shaping), alongside more traditional solid aluminum pressure bars in the characterization of polyurea, a common low impedance polymer. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique in generating high strain-rate stress-strain curves are discussed.     

Absolute phase measurement in extrinsic Fabry-Perot optical fiber sensors using multiple path-match conditions

This paper describes the use of the first and second optical return paths in a moderate-to-high finesse Fabry-Perot sensor to measure the absolute phase in extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometry (EFPI) sensors. A path-matched differential interferometry (PMDI) using a highfinesse EFPI sensors, a low-finesse Fabry-Perot readout interferometer and a broadband light source consisting of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) from an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is used to illustrate the idea. The first and second multiple paths in the Fabry-Perot readout sensor are used to provide two distinct path-match conditions from the same scanning Fabry-Perot readout interferometer. The difference in fringe numbers between the centers of two orders of interference fringe packets formed by the distinct path-match conditions makes possible a simple method of measuring the cavity length of EFPI sensors, which in turn can be used to measure absolute phase and the corresponding strain. Sensor cavity length measurement using the multiple return paths in the high-finesse Fabry-Perot sensor is correlated to that measurement using the modulation transfer function found using an optical spectrum analyzer; the multiple return path technique is then used to make strain measurements on a cantilever beam. Comparisons with resistance strain gage measurements are favorable. Characterization tests indicate that the proposed technique has a cavity length measurement resolution on the order of 1.1 μm, which translates to a strain resolution of 28 με for a 4-cm gage length sensor.     

Flattened Brazilian Disc Method for Determining the Dynamic Tensile Stress-Strain Curve of Low Strength Brittle Solids

An indirect tensile testing method is proposed to measure the full dynamic tensile stress-strain curve of low strength brittle solids. In this method, the flattened-Brazilian disc (FBD) sample is loaded by modified split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) system. Low amplitude dynamic forces were measured with a pair of piezoelectric force transducers embedded in the incident bar and the transmitted bar. The evolution of tensile stress at the center of the disc sample was determined through finite element analyses using the measured stress in SHPB as inputs. In a traditional Brazilian test, a strain gauge is mounted at the center of the specimen to measure the tensile strain, which is difficult to apply for low strength brittle materials. Thus, two types of non-contact methods, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and the Laser Gap Gauge (LGG), were used to measure the strain. The DIC method was used to monitor the displacement and the strain map of the specimen during the test, from which the strain at the center of the specimen can be obtained. The accuracy of the DIC results was assessed, and the displacement and strain uncertainties of our system were 0.003 mm and 0.003, respectively. LGG was used to monitor the expansion of the disc perpendicular to the loading axis, from which the average tensile strain is deduced. The numerical simulation revealed that the tensile strain at the center of the specimen is proportional to the average tensile strain and that the ratio is not sensitive to the material elastic parameters. The strain measured through LGG was compared with that measured by the DIC method using photos captured with a synchronized high-speed camera. The result of the LGG method was 20 % smaller than that of the DIC process. However, the latter was limited by the number of frames of the high-speed camera. The feasibility of this methodology was demonstrated using a polymer-bonded explosive (PBX).