半导体桥起爆炸药的实验研究

介绍了用电爆炸半导体桥起爆炸药的实验 :被起爆装药是重结晶泰安 ,装药尺寸5 6mm 14mm ,密度 1 0～ 1 3g/cm3;装药壳体是直径 6.2mm的紫铜管 ,壁厚 0 .3mm ;采用快速放电的电容器放电装置 (CDU)作为半导体桥起爆炸药的能源。用这种新型半导体桥雷管起爆密度1 0g/cm3的泰安装药所需能量为 2 90mJ,雷管的外观尺寸是6 2mm 2 0mm ,作用时间t =3 2 7s,初始装药的到爆轰距离r=6 31mm。这种新型半导体桥雷管能可靠起爆密度为 1 64g/cm3的钝化 (含 5%石蜡 )泰安传爆药柱。     

滴状模式下液桥形成及断裂的电流体动力学特性研究

对电场作用下微通道荷电液滴脱落过程中液桥形成及断裂的显微演变特征进行了可视化实验研究.借助时空分辨率较高的高速摄像技术精确捕捉了电场作用下液桥形成及断裂的界面演化过程,研究了液桥的界面结构变化及其断裂的动力学显微演变行为,获得了时间特征数、电邦德数及半月面形成角对液桥长度及断裂顺序的作用规律.实验结果显示,液桥断裂长度取决于黏度与表面张力之比,而受荷电弛豫时间的影响甚微,低电压工况下各实验介质液桥相对长度的变化并不明显,而在较高电压工况下相对液桥长度的增长速度加快.随着电邦德数的不断增加,液桥长度的变化在较高邦德数下更为明显且存在突变区,此时伴随着雾化模式的转变,表明液桥的突变恰恰是雾化模式过渡的信号.不同物性介质的射流过渡行为由于液桥上下游形成角的变化而存在较大差异.对于无水乙醇介质,电邦德数的增加使滴状模式首先过渡到纺锤模式,而对于生物柴油,滴状模式后会首先出现脉动模式而非纺锤模式.      

滴状模式下液桥形成及断裂的电流体动力学特性研究

对电场作用下微通道荷电液滴脱落过程中液桥形成及断裂的显微演变特征进行了可视化实验研究.借助时空分辨率较高的高速摄像技术精确捕捉了电场作用下液桥形成及断裂的界面演化过程,研究了液桥的界面结构变化及其断裂的动力学显微演变行为,获得了时间特征数、电邦德数及半月面形成角对液桥长度及断裂顺序的作用规律.实验结果显示,液桥断裂长度取决于黏度与表面张力之比,而受荷电弛豫时间的影响甚微,低电压工况下各实验介质液桥相对长度的变化并不明显,而在较高电压工况下相对液桥长度的增长速度加快.随着电邦德数的不断增加,液桥长度的变化在较高邦德数下更为明显且存在突变区,此时伴随着雾化模式的转变,表明液桥的突变恰恰是雾化模式过渡的信号.不同物性介质的射流过渡行为由于液桥上下游形成角的变化而存在较大差异.对于无水乙醇介质,电邦德数的增加使滴状模式首先过渡到纺锤模式,而对于生物柴油,滴状模式后会首先出现脉动模式而非纺锤模式.     

不同装药战斗部壳体对水中兵器的爆炸威力

通过对裸炸药和带壳战斗部在无限水域中水下爆炸的实验研究,对比分析了炸药的冲击波峰值压力、比冲击波能、比气泡能、总比能量及相对比总能量等爆炸特性参数。结果表明:不同装药爆炸后峰值压力从大到小分别是热塑梯黑铝、熔梯黑铝、复合PBX、TNT,其他对比参数从大到小分别是复合PBX、熔梯黑铝、热塑梯黑铝、TNT;带壳战斗部爆炸后比冲击波能、比气泡能、总比能量相对裸炸药均有不同程度的下降,其中总比能量分别比裸炸药减少25%、21%、15%和15%;战斗部壳体对水中兵器爆炸的比冲击波能、比气泡能及总比能量的影响较为显著。因此,研究水中兵器爆炸威力必须考虑战斗部壳体因素,不能简化。研究成果对于战斗部水下爆炸威力考核有一定的借鉴意义。     

不等径颗粒间液桥力学参数及形态的试验研究

作为一种自然界中广泛存在的力, 液桥力的研究对制药、重金属回收、颗粒分离等领域具有十分重要的意义. 利用纳米多功能拉伸试验机测量不等径颗粒间液桥拉伸过程中的液桥力?位移曲线, 同时配合CCD工业相机记录拉伸全过程液桥形态的变化. 首先分析了液桥力?位移曲线形态、最大液桥力、断裂距离随粒径比及液桥体积的变化规律, 其次基于圆环假设及Y-L方程对本文试验结果的合理性进行验算, 最后针对圆环假设在液桥力计算中存在的不足分析了其原因, 并结合重力对液桥形态的影响对液桥拉伸全过程的形态变化进行了具体分析. 结果表明: 最大液桥力受粒径比的影响较大而受液桥体积的影响较小, 与最大液桥力相反, 断裂距离受液桥体积的影响较大而受粒径比的影响较小; 圆环假设可以较好地预测最大液桥力大小但对拉伸过程中的液桥力预测不准, 这是由于当液桥力达到最大值后液桥的外轮廓已不能用圆环表示; 根据重力对液桥形态的影响, 将拉伸过程液桥外轮廓的变化简化为重力影响可以忽略时的圆环形?抛物线形, 重力影响处于过渡阶段或影响较小时的长轴与短轴之比不断增大的椭圆形, 以及重力影响不可忽略时的“冷却塔形”?双曲线形.      

一种水下爆炸冲击波压力调控方法

起爆位置和装药形状对水下爆炸冲击波压力有较为显著的影响,这使得利用小当量装药在局部方向形成与大当量装药一定程度等效的冲击波成为可能。为了能够在小当量装药条件下开展舰船结构及设备抗水下爆炸冲击实验,基于细长装药结构和参数优化设计,设计了一种冲击波压力幅值和持续时间可调的装药方法。首先,基于简单波理论给出了水下爆炸冲击波压力调控的原理,以及装药参数优化设计的目标函数和约束条件;然后,采用自主数值模拟软件研究了细长装药的水下爆炸能量输出规律,通过实验验证了数值模拟的置信度,研究发现起爆位置和装药形状对水下爆炸冲击波压力峰值和持续时间的影响是显著的,在炸药爆速一定的情况下,长药柱水下爆炸冲击波压力的持续时间可通过几何近似确定;最后,为了进一步考察该方法的有效性,以1000 kg TNT和100 m爆距的水下爆炸冲击波压力-时间曲线作为原型,设计了2种与该原型冲击波压力等效的装药方案,并通过数值模拟进行了验证。研究结果表明:设计的装药能够在预定的持续时间内,在装药起爆端一侧形成与原型等效的冲击波压力-时间曲线。由于没有考虑对气泡载荷的等效,因此该调控方法仅适用于中远场爆炸冲击问题。     

装药动爆冲击波特性研究

导弹、炮弹等战斗部爆炸时具有一定的速度，较大的运动速度会使爆炸冲击波场分布发生变化，进而对弹药的毁伤威力产生影响。本文中采用AUTODYN软件对速度分别为0、272、340、680、1 020和1 700 m/s的TNT球形裸装药在空气中爆炸的冲击波场进行了仿真计算，定量研究装药在动爆条件下的峰值超压、比冲量和正压作用时间等威力参数特性。结果表明，方位角小于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成正相关，与正压作用时间成负相关；方位角大于90°时装药速度与冲击波超压、比冲量成负相关，与正压作用时间成正相关。超压峰值大小沿方位角成正弦变化。最后，分析了冲击波峰值超压数据，建立了动爆冲击波超压的计算模型，该模型计算结果与仿真和实验结果吻合较好。     

等离子体激励器诱导射流的湍流特性研究

为了进一步掌握等离子体流动控制机理, 完善等离子体激励器数学模型, 提升等离子体激励器扰动能力, 采用粒子图像测速技术, 在静止空气下开展了介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器诱导射流特性研究. 实验时, 将非对称布局激励器布置在平板模型上, 随后将带有激励器的模型放置在有机玻璃箱内, 从而避免环境气流对测试结果的影响. 基于激励器诱导流场, 分析了激励电压对诱导射流特性的影响, 揭示了较高电压下诱导射流近壁区的拟序结构, 获得了卷起涡、二次涡等拟序结构的演化发展过程, 计算了卷起涡脱落频率, 阐述了卷起涡与启动涡的区别, 初步探索了卷起涡的耗散机制. 结果表明: (1)层流射流不能完全概括等离子体诱导射流特性, 激励电压是影响射流特性的重要参数. 当电压较低时, 诱导射流为层流射流; 当电压较高时, 诱导射流的雷诺数提高, 射流剪切层不稳定, 层流射流逐渐发展为湍流射流. (2)等离子体诱导湍流射流包含着卷起涡、二次涡等拟序结构; 在固定电压下, 这些涡结构存在恒定的卷起频率. (3)当激励电压较高时, 流动不稳定使得卷起涡发生了拉伸、变形, 引起了流场湍动能增大, 从而加速了卷起涡的耗散. 研究结果为全面认识激励器射流特性, 进一步挖掘激励器卷吸掺混能力, 提升激励器控制能力积累基础.      

水中爆炸表面空穴的理论研究

针对水中装药爆炸直达冲击波在自由面反射形成表面空穴的问题,应用水中爆炸冲击波声学近似理论,认为冲击波不能穿过空穴传播,得出一维水中爆炸表面空穴范围、水质点运动速度、水层抛射速度、空穴闭合时间以及空穴闭合产生的压力峰值与持续时间等,并将结论扩展到二维空间.通过具体算例,对比本方法与F.A.Costanzo等采用Arons...     

螺旋波等离子体放电特性研究进展

螺旋波等离子体是目前低温等离子体产生密度最高的等离子体源之一,在材料处理、薄膜沉积、宇航推进、磁约束聚变以及基础等离子体物理研究等领域都有很大的应用潜力.近年来国内外研究者普遍关注这种高密度等离子体源,一方面人们对螺旋波等离子体的放电理论缺乏深入的认识,对等离子体激发和传播过程中能量的吸收存在多种假设,比较认可的是螺旋波等离子体通过螺旋波与TG波耦合效应实现能量沉积;另一方面,螺旋波等离子体放电过程中会表现出许多独特的现象,如低场峰、模式跃迁、无电流双层结构等,无法给出统一的解释,对这些放电特性的研究无疑有助于加深对螺旋波等离子体放电机制的理解.文章从放电机制和放电特性两方面出发回顾了近15年来螺旋波等离子体基础研究进展,总结了螺旋波等离子体放电过程中的低场峰现象、模式跃迁和无电流双层现象等研究结果.围绕螺旋波等离子体放电特性研究,展望了未来的研究重点,为理解螺旋波等离子体能量耦合机制,实现工业应用提供支撑.     

Heat transfer to a single explosive particle injected into SCB plasma

This paper is concerned on the interaction of SCB plasma with Lead Azide, Lead Styphnate (LTNR) and Nickel Hydrazine Nitrate (NHN) primary explosive particles, with emphasis on the effects which the heat of explosive imposes on heat transfer from SCB plasma. The heat transfer from SCB plasma to a single spherical particle is calculated by simple calculation method. The effect of the ion and electron recombine reaction at particle’s surface and a spot of explosive reaction during the heating process was discussed. The results with a relatively simple analysis showed that the effect of particle charging on the heat transport to a particle from SCB plasma is not significant especially for the small particles. The effect of the heat of explosive on heat transfer to a particle is stronger for explosive materials with lower activation energy and larger heat of explosive or higher density.     

A Semi-Circular Bend Technique for Determining Dynamic Fracture Toughness

We propose and validate a fracture testing method using a notched core-based semi-circular bend (SCB) specimen loaded dynamically with a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus. An isotropic fine-grained granitic rock, Laurentian granite (LG) is tested to validate this dynamic SCB method. Strain gauges are mounted near the crack tip of the specimen to detect the fracture onset and a laser gap gauge (LGG) is employed to monitor the crack surface opening distance. We demonstrate that with dynamic force balance achieved by pulse shaping, the peak of the far-field load synchronizes with the specimen fracture time. Furthermore, the evolution of dynamic stress intensity factor (SIF) obtained from the dynamic finite element analysis agrees with that from quasi-static analysis. These results prove that with dynamic force balance in SHPB, the inertial effect is minimized even for samples with complex geometries like notched SCB disc. The dynamic force balance thus enables the regression of dynamic fracture toughness using quasi-static analysis. This dynamic SCB method provides an easy and cost-effective way to measure dynamic fracture toughness of rocks and other brittle materials.     

Using Semi Circular Bending Test to Evaluate Low Temperature Fracture Resistance for Asphalt Concrete

This work presents a repeatable semi circular bending (SCB) fracture test to evaluate the low temperature fracture resistance of asphalt mixture. The fracture resistance of six asphalt mixtures, which represent a combination of factors such as binder type, binder modifier, aggregate type, and air voids, and two testing conditions of loading rate and initial notch length, was evaluated by performing SCB fracture tests at three low temperatures. Fracture energy was calculated from the experimental data. Experimental results indicated strong dependence of the low temperature fracture resistance on the test temperature. Experimental plots and low coefficient of variation (COV) values from three replicates show a satisfactory repeatability from the test. The results of the analysis showed that fracture resistance of asphalt mixtures is significantly affected by type of aggregate and air void content. Experimental results also confirmed the significance of binder grade and modifier type with relation to cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. Analysis of result also indicated that both the loading rate and initial notch length had significant effect on the fracture energy at the highest test temperature, whereas the effect was strongly diluted at the two lower temperatures. No clear trend was found with the fracture peak load from either the effect of loading rate or notch length.     

Mode I Fracture Characterization of Bituminous Paving Mixtures at Intermediate Service Temperatures

This study presents an integrated approach combining experimental tests and numerical modeling to characterize mode I fracture behavior of bituminous paving mixtures subjected to a wide range of loading rates at intermediate temperature conditions. A simple experimental protocol is developed using the semi-circular bending (SCB) test geometry. The local fracture behavior at the initial notch tip of the SCB specimens is monitored using high-speed cameras with a digital image correlation (DIC) system. The DIC results of the SCB fracture tests are then simulated using a finite element method that is incorporated with material viscoelasticity and cohesive zone fracture. Fracture properties are obtained locally at the notch tip by identifying two cohesive zone fracture parameters (cohesive strength and fracture energy) that result in a good agreement between test results and numerical simulations. The results clearly present significant rate-dependent fracture characteristics of bituminous paving mixtures at intermediate service temperatures. This study further demonstrates that fracture properties of viscoelastic materials need to be characterized at the local fracture process zone when they present ductile fracture behavior.     

Determination of Creep Compliance of Asphalt Concrete from Notched Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test

The feasibility of determining the creep compliance of asphalt concrete from a notched Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) test specimen was investigated. The objective of this study was to propose a combined test methodology that can provide both viscoelastic and fracture properties of asphalt concrete mixtures tested at low temperatures. Finite element (FE) analyses were performed to understand the stress state in the SCB, and an optimal load range producing appreciable displacement measurements while preserving the linear viscoelastic conditions was identified. Expressions that relate displacement measurements, from particular regions of the SCB specimen, to creep function were derived. The validity of the proposed SCB creep method was tested both by numerical simulations and experimental testing. Good agreement was found between the creep function obtained from SCB and those obtained from the Three-Point Bending Beam (3PBB) and the Indirect Tensile (IDT) creep test.     

The Multi-point Optimization of Shock Control Bump with Constant-Lift Constraint Enhanced with Suction and Blowing for a Supercritical Airfoil

Both shock control bump (SCB) and suction and blowing are flow control methods used to control the shock wave/boundary layer interaction (SWBLI) in order to reduce the resulting wave drag in transonic flows. A SCB uses a small local surface deformation to reduce the shock-wave strength, while suction decreases the boundary-layer thickness and blowing delays the flow separation. Here a multi-point optimization method under a constant-lift-coefficient constraint is used to find the optimum design of SCB and suction and blowing. These flow control methods are used separately or together on a RAE-2822 supercritical airfoil for a wide range of off-design transonic Mach numbers. The RANS flow equations are solved using Roe’s averages scheme and a gradient-based adjoint algorithm is used to find the optimum location and shape of all devices. It is shown that the simultaneous application of blowing and SCB (hybrid blowing/SCB) improves the average aerodynamic efficiency at off-design conditions by 18.2 % in comparison with the clean airfoil, while this increase is only 16.9 % for the hybrid suction/SCB. We have also studied the SWBLI and how the optimization algorithm makes the flow wave structure and interactions of the shock wave with the boundary layer favorable.     

Quasi-static tensile deformation and fracture behavior of a highly particle-filled composite using digital image correlation method

Polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) are highly particle-filled composite materials. This paper experimentally studies the tensile deformation and fracture behavior of a PBX simulation by using the semi-circular bending (SCB) test. The deformation and fracture process of a pre-notched SCB sample with a random speckle pattern is recorded by a charge coupled device camera. The displacement and strain fields on the observed surface during the loading process are obtained by using the digital image correlation method. The crack opening displacement is calculated from the displacement fields, the initiation and propagation of the crack are analyzed. In addition, the damage evolution and fracture mechanisms of the SCB sample are analyzed according to the strain fields and the correlation coefficient fields at different loading steps.     

Process zone in the Single Cantilever Beam under transverse loading: Part I: Theoretical analysis

Single Cantilever Beam (SCB) specimen loaded with a transverse force parallel to the crack front is proposed for the analysis of crack propagation phenomena under mixed mode conditions. The stress redistribution in the adhesive layer in the vicinity of the crack front so as the beam deformation are estimated using a Timoshenko beam on elastic foundation model. This model emphasizes the Mode II contribution due to flexural beam rotation but also the cleavage due to the beam torsion induced by the eccentricity of the adhesive layer with respect to the beam neutral axis. Finally, one dimensional representation is assessed by comparing analytical solution with finite elements calculations, proving that this analysis is suitable for the analysis of the SCB test under transverse loading.     

Damage Evolution and Crack Propagation in Semicircular Bending Asphalt Mixture Specimens

The damage and fracture behaviors of semicircular bending(SCB) asphalt mixture specimens with different orientation notches are experimentally and numerically investigated. In the numerical simulations, asphalt mixture is modeled as a two-phase material, namely a mix of coarse aggregates and asphalt mastic, and the mechanical behavior of asphalt mastic is characterized with the damage constitutive model and the damage-based fracture criterion. Some SCB experiments are performed on the asphalt mixture specimens with different orientation notches to validate the numerical method. Finally, the effects of notch orientation and aggregate distribution on crack path, damage distribution, and the load vs.displacement relation are numerically evaluated.     

The application of the gradient-based adjoint multi-point optimization of single and double shock control bumps for transonic airfoils

A shock control bump (SCB) is a flow control method that uses local small deformations in a flexible wing surface to considerably reduce the strength of shock waves and the resulting wave drag in transonic flows. Most of the reported research is devoted to optimization in a single flow condition. Here, we have used a multi-point adjoint optimization scheme to optimize shape and location of the SCB. Practically, this introduces transonic airfoils equipped with the SCB that are simultaneously optimized for different off-design transonic flight conditions. Here, we use this optimization algorithm to enhance and optimize the performance of SCBs in two benchmark airfoils, i.e., RAE-2822 and NACA-64-A010, over a wide range of off-design Mach numbers. All results are compared with the usual single-point optimization. We use numerical simulation of the turbulent viscous flow and a gradient-based adjoint algorithm to find the optimum location and shape of the SCB. We show that the application of SCBs may increase the aerodynamic performance of an RAE-2822 airfoil by 21.9 and by 22.8 % for a NACA-64-A010 airfoil compared to the no-bump design in a particular flight condition. We have also investigated the simultaneous usage of two bumps for the upper and the lower surfaces of the airfoil. This has resulted in a 26.1 % improvement for the RAE-2822 compared to the clean airfoil in one flight condition.