纳米金属丝拉伸破坏及其应变率效应

建立了适于研究纳米金属快速变形破坏过程的分子动力学模型,并对不同应变率工况下不同截面尺寸单晶镍纳米丝的零温单向拉伸破坏过程进行了分子动力学模拟.模拟得到各种纳米镍丝的应力-应变曲线、屈服应变、屈服强度、断裂强度和初始弹性模量,提出了纳米金属丝快速变形力学性能的应变率效应预测公式并加以验证.计算表明金属纳米丝的屈服应变与尺寸和应变率无关,屈服强度、断裂强度和弹性模量与应变率呈对数关系.     

轴向拉伸下氮化钛纳米杆变形机制及力学性能的分子动力学研究

本文使用分子动力学软件包lammps并采用第二近邻改进型嵌入原子法(2NN MEAM)模拟了单晶氮化钛纳米杆的轴向拉伸破坏过程,分析了分别沿[100]、[111]晶向的不同截面尺寸、不同拉伸应变率、不同温度下的氮化钛纳米杆的力学性能,详细描述了氮化钛纳米杆拉伸变形过程。研究发现, 拉伸晶向、截面尺寸、拉伸应变率及温度均会对TiN纳米杆的拉伸变形过程及屈服强度、弹性模量等力学性能产生不同程度的影响。 沿[100]晶向的拉伸,截面尺寸越大,屈服强度越低;而沿[111]晶向,截面尺寸越大,屈服强度越大。应变率越大,屈服强度及屈服应变越大,但对于弹性模量几乎无影响。温度越高,材料的屈服强度、屈服应变及弹性模量越小,断裂应变越大。不同拉伸条件下的氮化钛纳米杆的拉伸过程均包括弹性变形、塑性变形与断裂阶段。[100]晶向的弹性模量都要高于[111]晶向。     

分子动力学模拟纳米镍单晶的表面效应

对单晶镍纳米丝、纳米薄膜零温准静态拉伸破坏过程进行了分子动力学模拟．模拟表明表面效应对单晶纳米材料的原子运动及整体力学行为有显著影响．自由表面增加纳米材料的塑性、降低其强度,影响纳米材料的变形机制．受表面效应的作用,纳米镍丝强度与弹性模量均低于纳米镍薄膜．纳米薄膜的断裂接近脆性断裂,断裂强度符合Griffith理想晶体脆断理论;纳米镍丝在断裂过程中表现出微弱塑性．     

纳米丝应变率效应的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟了零温时不同应变率作用下纳米丝的拉伸力学行为．计算结果表明在缺乏热激活软化机制条件下，纳米丝应变率效应呈现出与宏观应变率试验结果相一致的特征．纳米丝在不同的应变率范围具有不同的变形机制．在应变率不敏感区和敏感区，纳米丝主要以位错运动作为塑性变形机制；在应变率突变区，纳米丝通过局部原子混乱区的持续扩展乃至整体结构的非晶化作为塑性变形机制．     

考虑表面效应的形状记忆合金纳米梁弯曲特性研究

形状记忆合金(Shape Memory Alloys, SMAs)因其具有形状记忆效应和超弹性,在航空航天、生物医疗、微机电系统领域中得到了广泛的应用．当微结构尺度达到微纳米，表面效应对微结构力学性能的影响是十分显著的．本文基于梁弯曲变形理论以及Gurtin-Murdoch表面弹性理论，考虑拉压不对称、温度对于SMA纳米梁的影响，建立了考虑表面效应的SMA纳米梁相变力学模型．分析了弯曲载荷、温度、表面残余应力以及表面弹性模量对SMA纳米梁力学性能的影响规律．研究表明在SMA纳米梁相变阶段，忽略和考虑表面效应所得的截面应力及应变相对误差较为明显；在相同弯矩下，随温度的增加SMA纳米梁的截面应力随之增加，并且表面效应对其影响有减小趋势；表面残余应力对SMA纳米梁的影响显著．该文研究结果为SMA纳米梁在微机电领域的设计以及应用提供了一定基础与依据．     

纳米晶钽在单向拉伸载荷下的分子动力学模拟

利用分子动力学方法模拟了纳米晶钽在单轴拉伸载荷作用下的微观结构演化情况. 结果表明纳米晶钽在塑性变形过程中可以发生从BCC到FCC, HCP结构的应力诱导相变. FCC 结构原子百分比的最大值和试样的抗拉强度成线性关系，据此可推出一个相变发生的临界应 力值. 应变率越大，相变滞后于应力越严重. 当应变达到一定值时，试样会发生晶间断裂现 象，定量分析发现纳米晶钽晶间裂纹初始形成应变不受平均晶粒尺寸的影响，而与应变率和 模拟温度有着密切的关系.     

CrMnFeCoNi纳米晶温度相关的拉伸行为研究

摘要：高熵合金是一种由多种主元元素组成的新型合金。实验研究表明等原子比CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金在低温下具有比室温更高的拉伸强度和断裂韧性。本文针对这一现象，利用分子动力学模拟对平均晶粒尺寸为6 nm的CrMnFeCoNi纳米晶在300、200和77 K下分别进行拉伸模拟。模拟研究揭示了纳米尺度CrMnFeCoNi高熵合金力学行为的温度效应和强韧机理。微结构演化分析表明：低温下，塑性变形阶段，滑移系开动的较少，位错滑移所受的阻力越大，屈服强度和抗拉强度越大；模型破坏时，孔洞缺陷形核较慢，更多孔洞缺陷演化成断口，更多的断口分摊拉伸应变，使得高熵合金纳米晶的低温韧性更好。     

Ar掺杂碳纳米豆荚的压缩与拉伸力学特性

以C60富勒烯外部、C60富勒烯内部以及C60富勒烯内/外同时掺杂不同数量Ar原子的碳纳米豆荚为研究对象,采用分子动力学方法,模拟了这些碳纳米豆荚的压缩与拉伸过程,讨论了Ar掺杂形式、Ar掺杂量对纳米豆荚压缩与拉伸力学特性的影响。研究表明,Ar掺杂后,碳纳米豆荚的压缩力学特性有所改善,且Ar掺杂量多的压缩力学特性越好;C60富勒烯内部、外部同时掺杂Ar原子的纳米豆荚的承压能力最好,其次是C60富勒烯内部掺杂纳米豆荚,再次是C60富勒烯外部掺杂纳米豆荚;Ar掺杂形式、掺杂量对纳米豆荚的拉伸力学特性无显著影响。     

纳米双晶铜单向拉伸弹性性能的应变率效应和尺寸效应

利用分子动力学方法研究了双晶铜在单向拉伸载荷作用下弹性性能的应变率效应和尺寸效应.结果表明:随着加载应变率的改变,纳米双晶铜的初始弹性模量在低应变率区和高应变率区表现出不同的规律.在低应变率区,弹性模量基本不随应变率的变化而变化;但在高应变率区,弹性模量随应变率的增大而增大,弹性模量和加载应变率之间满足近似的对数线性关系.因此,存在一个控制弹性模量应变率效应的应变率阈值.进一步的研究发现,双晶纳米铜的应变率阈值随着截面尺寸的增大而减小,具有明显的尺寸依赖性.     

基于表面弹性理论的开裂椭圆孔断裂力学研究

研究纳米尺度时开裂椭圆孔的III型断裂性能。基于表面弹性理论和保角映射技术，利用复势函数理论获得了缺陷(裂纹和椭圆孔)周围应力场和裂纹尖端应力强度因子的闭合解答。所得结果具有一般性，许多已有和新的解答可由本文退化的特殊情形得到。利用解析结果讨论了缺陷的绝对尺寸、椭圆孔的形状比以及裂纹的相对尺寸对应力强度因子的影响。结果表明：考虑表面效应且缺陷尺寸在纳米尺度时，应力强度因子具有显著的尺寸依赖效应；应力强度因子随椭圆孔形状比的变化规律受缺陷表面常数的影响；缺陷表面效应的影响取决于椭圆孔的形状比，非常大的形状比屏蔽了表面效应的影响；裂纹相对尺寸非常小时表面效应影响较弱，裂纹相对尺寸较大时表面效应较为明显。     

Atomistic simulation of the structure and elastic properties of gold nanowires

We performed atomistic simulations to study the effect of free surfaces on the structure and elastic properties of gold nanowires aligned in the 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 crystallographic directions. Computationally, we formed a nanowire by assembling gold atoms into a long wire with free sides by putting them in their bulk fcc lattice positions. We then performed a static relaxation on the assemblage. The tensile surface stresses on the sides of the wire cause the wire to contract along the length with respect to the original fcc lattice, and we characterize this deformation in terms of an equilibrium strain versus the cross-sectional area. While the surface stress causes wires of both orientations and all sizes to increasingly contract with decreasing cross-sectional area, when the cross-sectional area of a 〈100〉 nanowire is less than , the wire undergoes a phase transformation from fcc to bct, and the equilibrium strain increases by an order of magnitude. We then applied a uniform uniaxial strain incrementally to 1.2% to the relaxed nanowires in a molecular statics framework. From the simulation results we computed the effective axial Young's modulus and Poisson's ratios of the nanowire as a function of cross-sectional area. We used two approaches to compute the effective elastic moduli, one based on a definition in terms of the strain derivative of the total energy and another in terms of the virial stress often used in atomistic simulations. Both give quantitatively similar results, showing an increase in Young's modulus with a decrease of cross-sectional area in the nanowires that do not undergo a phase transformation. Those that undergo a phase transformation experience an increase of about a factor of three of Young's modulus. The Poisson's ratio of the 〈100〉 wires that do not undergo a phase transformation show little change with the cross-sectional area. Those wires that undergo a phase transformation experience an increase of about 10% in Poisson's ratio. The 〈111〉 wires show, with a decrease of cross-sectional area, an increase in one of Poisson's ratios and small change in the other.     

Mechanical and optical characterization of cellulose acetate

To obtain the basic relations for photo-viscoelastoplastic stress analysis using cellulose acetate, the effect of strain rate as well as room temperature on mechanical and optical properties was precisely investigated by the uniaxial tension test. As a result, the nonlinear stress-strain, the non-linear-stress-fringe order and the nonlinear-fringe-order strain relations were uniquely reoresented in their nondimensional forms regardless of strain rate and room temperature. Young's modulus, yield stress and the yield fringe order were linearly related both to room temperature and to logarithm of strain rate. The effect of strain rate on these relations has caused great difficulties in experimental stress analysis with respect to photoplasticity. However, it was found in this work that the value of the strain rate at any points in the model can be determined by the fringe-order rate measured. Therefore, it is possible to estimate not only the distribution of strain rate but that of stress or strain in the photo-viscoelastoplastic model with cellulose acetate.     

服役导线的力学性能退化研究

为更清楚地了解阳江35kV服役导线的运行状态,从分析导线断线原因出发,通过对老旧导线的单丝断裂强度、弹性模量、应力应变曲线、拉断力、抗拉强度等综合指标的测试与分析,研究服役导线的力学性能,由试验结果得出:35kV老旧导线钢芯的直径变化对于架空导线的外径变化有直接的影响,老旧导线的铝线直径变化较小,其外径增大1.67%~4.24%;钢单线的拉断应力仍能达到标准中规定值的106%,且伸长率也满足要求;部分铝线的抗拉强度低于95%;绞线拉断力仍能达到95%的计算拉断力。但是相同规格下的老旧导线的抗拉强度比新导线的抗拉强度低2%~18%。结果表明:阳江地区服役三十年以上的老旧导线在力学性能上仍能继续承载。     

基于ASME应变限制准则的小冲杆试验等效断裂应变

为更清楚地了解阳江35kV服役导线的运行状态,从分析导线断线原因出发,通过对老旧导线的单丝断裂强度、弹性模量、应力应变曲线、拉断力、抗拉强度等综合指标的测试与分析,研究服役导线的力学性能,由试验结果得出：35kV老旧导线钢芯的直径变化对于架空导线的外径变化有直接的影响,老旧导线的铝线直径变化较小,其外径增大1.67％~4.24％;钢单线的拉断应力仍能达到标准中规定值的106%,且伸长率也满足要求;部分铝线的抗拉强度低于95%;绞线拉断力仍能达到95%的计算拉断力。但是相同规格下的老旧导线的抗拉强度比新导线的抗拉强度低2%~18%。结果表明：阳江地区服役三十年以上的老旧导线在力学性能上仍能继续承载。     

YB-2航空有机玻璃的应变率和温度敏感性及其本构模型

为了理解和评价YB-2航空有机玻璃在极端环境下的动态力学性能,采用电子万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆对YB-2航空有机玻璃在218~373 K温度范围、10-3~3 000 s-1应变率范围内的压缩力学行为进行了研究,得到了材料的应力应变曲线。结果表明:随着温度的升高,材料的流动应力逐渐减小而破坏应变呈现增大的趋势;温度相同时,材料的流动应力随应变率的增加而增大,破坏应变随应变率的增加而减小。随着应变率的提高,材料的应变软化效应更加剧烈。基于朱-王-唐(ZWT)本构模型,得到了考虑温度效应的本构参数。结果显示,在8%应变范围内,改进的考虑温度效应的本构模型可以较为理想地表征该材料的应力应变响应。     

Dependency of observation parameters on soil dynamic parameters in unconfined impact compression tests

Unconfined impact compression tests were used to measure dynamic parameters of soil samples in the domains of stress wave propagation and dynamic deformation. The high-frequency equivalent Young's modulus, which was determined by the reflection theory of one-dimensional elastic stress waves, increased exponentially with water content. The low-frequency equivalent Young's modulus, which was defined as the initial gradient of a stress-strain curve, decreased exponentially with increasing water content. The high-frequency equivalent Young's modulus was one to two orders of magnitude larger than the low-frequency one. Water content, height of soil samples and drop height affected the dynamic stress-strain relationships of the soil samples. The Maxwell's viscoelastic fluid model described the stress-strain relationships well, and the values of the model parameters varied with water content and frequency.     

侧向受拉脆性岩石压缩本构及蠕变失效研究

轴向压缩作用下,脆性岩石侧向应力严重影响岩石力学特性。侧向压应力影响下的轴向压缩岩石力学行为已经得到广泛研究,然而侧向拉应力对轴向压缩岩石力学行为影响研究很少。本文基于脆性岩石翼型裂纹扩展模型中,初始裂纹面法向应力与剪切应力的正负方向为判断依据,研究了侧向拉应力对轴向压缩力学行为的影响。发现恒定的侧向拉应力作用下,轴向压缩应力渐进变化过程中,脆性岩石内部细观初始裂纹面的法向应力只能为压缩应力,不存在拉应力情况。分析了从侧向压应力到拉应力转化过程中,脆性岩石轴向压应力与细观裂纹扩展长度关系、轴向压应力与轴向应变关系、岩石峰值强度、裂纹启裂应力及初始弹性模量的变化规律。并分析了侧向拉应力对岩石蠕变裂纹长度、裂纹速率、轴向应变及应变率演化曲线,以及对蠕变失效时间及稳态蠕变应变率的影响。讨论了侧向拉压应力突变转化以及侧向拉应力分级增大对轴向压缩岩石蠕变演化行为影响。该研究为深部地下工程围岩稳定性评价提供了一定理论依据。     

Photomechanical properties of some birefringent polymers around their glass transition temperatures

This paper describes an investigation and comparison of the optical and mechanical properties of the three polymers—PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate), CT200 and MY750 (both based on bisphenol-A epichlorohydrin). The work was undertaken with the specific purpose of assessing the suitability of these polymers for use in contact studies involving three-dimensional photoelasticity and the stress-freezing technique. The optical property investigated was the variation of photoelastic fringe constant with maximum stress-freezing temperature. The mechanical properties sought were the variation of Young's modulus with temperature and the stress-strain behavior at the stress-freezing temperature. The effects of the magnitude of stress and the soak time in the thermal cycle were also investigated for the MY750 resin. The results provide the optimum peak temperature for the thermal cycle to achieve repeatable values of Young's modulus and fringe constant during stress freezing. The nonlinear stress-strain behavior is quantified and should be a useful reference. The dependence of strain on load and soak time is also shown and is useful in specifying the optimum cycle time for stress freezing and the appropriate stress level. It was concluded that the resin MY750 was the most suitable for photoelastic applications which involved high localized stress, such as contact problems or fracture mechanics studies.     

Analytical Solutions to Expansion of Cylindrical Cavity in Linear Softening Soil

Based on the results of conventional triaxial compression tests for a soil, a trilinear elasto-plastic model is proposed to simulate the stress-strain softening curve. According to this curve, the constitutive relation between the bulk strain and two pr…