一个基于恢复时间的新剪稀模型及其对聚合油PAO 650流变特性的模拟

用球-杆比拟流体层上的分子,通过分析两流体层上球-杆的接触、通过和恢复的过程,基于球-杆恢复到原状态的时间,建立了一个新剪稀模型.该模型虽然在形式上与Carreau模型有相似之处,但其公式仅含有两个流变参数,且是经由严格的理论推导得到的.通过与Carreau模型得到的广义黏度曲线的比较,确定了新流变公式的待定参数.在点接触流变热弹流润滑的数学模型中使用新流变公式,数值模拟了大黏度聚合油PAO 650的流变特性,并与该油在文献中的试验曲线进行了比对.结果表明新流变模型能够较好地模拟大黏度聚合油的流变特性,从而证实了其正确性.进一步,使用新公式计算得到了更多工况下的流变特性曲线,光滑的、合理的曲线分布说明新流变模型具有广泛的适用性.     

点接触润滑粗糙表面滑动摩擦力的预测研究

在整个润滑区域内基于统一Reynolds方程的混合润滑模型,根据流变模型计算流体摩擦力,根据边界膜极限剪应力模型计算微突体接触摩擦力,二者相加得到混合润滑摩擦力.分析了粗糙度幅值和纹理对摩擦系数的影响以及非牛顿流变模型对流体摩擦系数的影响.模拟跨越整个润滑区,即弹流润滑、混合润滑和边界润滑,得到完整的Stribeck曲线.结果表明,表面越粗糙,混合润滑的摩擦系数越大,弹流润滑和边界润滑时粗糙度幅值影响很小.交叉斜纹的润滑效果优于横向纹理.不同极限剪应力流变模型计算的摩擦系数相差不大.     

润滑油密度与黏度关系的进一步探讨及定量广义牛顿热弹流数值分析

基于"同一油品相同的密度对应相同的黏度"这一假说,本文作者将最近提出的在等温条件下由密度求黏度的计算公式推广到热条件之下并进行了进一步的理论探讨.通过引入广义黏度,把润滑油的Eyring流动处理为广义牛顿流动,进而对由squalane油润滑的点接触副在不同赫兹接触压力和卷吸速度下,在滑滚比宽广的变化范围内开展了定量的热弹流数值仿真.仿真得到的摩擦系数与试验结果良好的吻合程度不但证实了作者的由密度求黏度公式在热条件下仍然准确,同时也证实了所用的密度与黏度关系假说的合理性.在比较新黏度公式与Barus、Roelands和Doolittle黏度公式所得数值仿真结果时,提出了一种不需要黏温系数而得到热条件下润滑油黏度值的算法,并用之得到了合理的广义牛顿热弹流解.     

基于Circular模型的大剪应变率点接触弹流界面滑移数值分析

采用Circular流变模型,将假定的流体的极限剪应力特性模型拟合入Reynolds方程,编写Fortran语言程序,数值模拟界面滑移效应.计算从弹流润滑(EHL)延展到动压润滑(HL)区域.随着速度增加,摩擦系数曲线出现反常波动,表现为两个异常拐点.在中、高速度下,模拟获得的接触轮廓等值线图中观测到入口凹陷及中心区下凸.进一步讨论了载荷、速度、综合弹性模量、滑滚比等因素对滑移的影响.界面滑移效应被认为是产生反常接触轮廓和摩擦力波动的主因,与试验结果互为验证.     

不同滑滚比下润滑油膜流变特性试验观察与数值模拟

通过在原有的球-盘接触光干涉润滑油膜测量装置上增设摩擦力测量单元，实现了任意滑滚比下油膜厚度和摩擦系数的同步测量与润滑状态的直观识别. 采用FVA3参考油，分析了不同滑滚比、速度和载荷下的摩擦系数变化规律，并结合油膜干涉图明确了润滑状态与热效应机制，推断出摩擦系数曲面在较低速工况存在混合润滑区域；通过采用基于恢复时间的流变模型对FVA3油品的流变润滑进行数值模拟，并与同等工况下的试验结果进行定量对比，两者取得了良好的吻合性，验证了试验测量的准确性和流变模型的适用性.      

非牛顿体通用模型线接触弹流润滑的数值分析

基于润滑剂在弹流润滑状态下表现为非牛顿体特性,根据弹流润滑理论,采用一种新的非牛顿体流变模型,建立了适用于非牛顿体的修正Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ方程,进行了等温弹流润滑的数值计算,并在等温解的基础地温度场分析。数值分析结果表明,由于滑滚比和模型参数对剪应力影响较大,因而在滑滚比和模型参数较大时应进行热弹流计算。通过温度场分析可证明：非牛顿体通过模型可用于等温弹流润滑和热弹流润滑计算。     

燃油稀释对柴油机油性能影响规律研究

以CK-4 15W40柴油机油为基础油，通过添加不同比例(质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%和20%)的0#柴油制备了不同燃油稀释比例的柴油机油，对稀释油品的基本理化性能(黏度、倾点、闪点和酸碱值)进行了测试. 采用曲轴箱模拟试验仪、加压差示扫描量热试验仪、点接触光弹流润滑试验台以及SRV试验机对稀释前后油样进行了结胶性能、抗氧化性能、弹流润滑以及边界润滑性能进行了研究. 结果表明:燃油稀释后的柴油机油黏度和闪点明显下降，倾点未发生明显变化，酸碱值和抗氧化性能有一定程度的降低. 弹流润滑条件下发动机油的油膜厚度降低，同时燃油稀释后柴油机油在边界润滑条件下的减摩与抗磨性能有所下降.      

基于载荷分担理论的渐开线斜齿轮热混合弹流润滑分析

沿接触线把斜齿轮分成许多小薄片,每一薄片看成具有当量角速度的直齿轮,根据欧拉方程得到任一接触点处的曲率半径和表面速度.然后基于载荷分担、弹流润滑和粗糙线接触理论,建立了考虑表面粗糙度的斜齿轮传动混合热弹流润滑模型.研究了斜齿轮传动稳态载荷分布下牛顿流体和Carreau流体时的润滑特性.结果表明:牛顿流体和Carreau非牛顿流体模型下,中心油膜厚度、油膜承载比例、油膜温升随时间和接触线的变化规律相同.牛顿流体下的摩擦系数较工程实际偏大.Carreau非牛顿流体模型下摩擦系数和工程实际相符,其随接触线啮合位置的变化规律与油膜厚度正好相反.     

基于时变啮合刚度的变位齿轮系统热弹流润滑研究

为探究动载荷作用下变位齿轮系统的热弹流润滑特性，综合考虑齿轮变位和时变啮合刚度的影响，基于动力学理论，建立了齿轮的六自由度摩擦动力学模型，分析振动与静载荷作用下变位齿轮系统的热弹流润滑特性. 研究表明:与其他传动类型相比，正传动齿轮系统的润滑效果最佳，轮齿间可以形成较厚的润滑油膜，轮齿间的摩擦系数、油膜的最高温升最小，并且，随着两齿轮变位系数和的增大，润滑状况不断得到改善，热胶合承载能力增强；变位系数增加使齿轮系统的刚度增大，但同时降低了油膜的刚度.      

表面特性对纯滑弹流油膜形状和摩擦力的影响的试验研究

针对界面滑移效应可能产生较低的摩擦力,采用具有不同表面浸润性的玻璃盘,进行了纯滑弹流润滑试验.在采用SiO2镀膜玻璃盘的球-盘接触高聚物纯滑润滑试验中,从弹流到动压润滑的摩擦系数曲线呈现不同于传统Stribeck曲线的两个拐点.两个拐点分别与凹陷出现及弹性变形消失相关联.在较低载荷下,不同盘表面产生相近的干涉图像和摩擦系数曲线,高聚物的非牛顿效应产生的表观滑移可能是入口凹陷及非典型摩擦系数曲线的主因;在较高载荷下,盘滑试验中铬盘产生的摩擦系数和油膜厚度均较SiO2盘低,具有较低表面能的铬盘产生的界面滑移被认为是产生较低摩擦系数的主因.     

表面微织构对球盘点接触润滑摩擦性能的影响

基于统一Reynolds方程系统模型开展了富油点接触工况下微织构表面润滑摩擦性能的数值模拟研究.在通过实验标定数值模拟中润滑剂流变参数的基础上,系统分析了微织构表面摩擦系数周期变化的全过程,初步揭示了微织构的减摩机理.结果表明：数值模拟结果与实验结果有较好的吻合;瞬时摩擦系数达到最小值时,微坑单元一般处于名义Hertz接触区域的前边界;当微坑运动到Hertz接触区域内时,微坑前沿局部膜厚减小,而微坑后边沿膜厚局部增大,形成局部膜厚增大区;局部膜厚增大区的大小对微织构的润滑摩擦性能有较大影响,其面积越大,减摩效果越好.     

Sliding plate rheometry of planar oriented concentrated fiber suspension

The rheology of concentrated planar fiber suspensions is investigated. A new experimental technique for fiber suspensions based on a sliding plate rheometer incorporating a shear stress transducer is developed. It is shown that this instrument works well for the tested material systems. The rheological behavior in steady shear is subsequently investigated. The results can be largely explained by a combination of frictional and hydrodynamic interaction. Despite this evidence of friction no yield stress could be detected for the investigated shear rates. It was also found that the fiber aspect ratio did not influence the steady shear viscosity.     

Viscoelasticity: Fractal parameters studied on mammalian erythrocytes under shear stress

In this work, experimental determinations are carried out using a home-made device called an erythrodeformeter, which has been developed and constructed for rheological measurements on red blood cells subjected to definite fluid shear stress. A numerical method formulated on the basis of the fractal approximation for ordinary and fractionary Brownian motion¹ is proposed to evaluate the viscoelastic behavior of mammalian erythrocyte membranes. The diffraction pattern, which is circular when the mammalian erythrocyte membranes are at rest, becomes elliptical when the cells undergo shear stress. Photometric readings of light intensity variation along the major axis of the elliptical diffraction pattern are recorded during the creep and recovery process. These data series are used to calculate, fractal rheological parameters of self-affine Brownian motion on the erythrocytes, averaged over several millions of cells. Three different parameters over the time dependent process could be obtained, which are: correlation coefficient <C(t)>, correlation integral, andK ₂-entropy, and very different results were obtained.     

磨合过程中液体润滑实现超低摩擦的混合模型研究

针对球-盘滑动试验,在磨合过程中获得超低摩擦的液体润滑状态,建立耦合流体润滑、粗糙接触力学、Archard磨损方程和相关物理参数(液体黏度、表面粗糙度和磨损系数)时变函数的混合模型,研究磨合过程中液体润滑的摩擦系数演化. 通过数值模拟结果可知:在磨合过程中,润滑介质等效黏度增大,形成流体动压润滑薄膜,有效隔开粗糙表面;其次在磨合过程中,新生成的表面粗糙度降低,减少粗糙峰承载比,实现超低摩擦润滑状态;最后在适当的液体黏度和提高表界面效应减少边界摩擦系数,可进一步实现液体超低摩擦润滑状态. 为磨合过程宏观液体润滑性能演化所建立的混合数值模型对提高液体润滑超低摩擦设计效率具有重要价值意义.      

Extracting extensional properties through excess pressure drop estimation in axisymmetric contraction and expansion flows for constant shear viscosity,extension strain-hardening fluids

In this study, hyperbolic contraction–expansion flow (HCF) devices have been investigated with the specific aim of devising new experimental measuring systems for extensional rheological properties. To this end, a hyperbolic contraction–expansion configuration has been designed to minimize the influence of shear in the flow. Experiments have been conducted using well-characterized model fluids, alongside simulations using a viscoelastic White–Metzner/FENE-CR model and finite element/finite volume analysis. Here, the application of appropriate rheological models to reproduce quantitative pressure drop predictions for constant shear viscosity fluids has been investigated, in order to extract the relevant extensional properties for the various test fluids in question. Accordingly, experimental evaluation of the hyperbolic contraction–expansion configuration has shown rising corrected pressure drops with increasing elastic behaviour (De=0～16), evidence which has been corroborated through numerical prediction. Moreover, theoretical to predicted solution correspondence has been established between extensional viscosity and first normal stress difference. This leads to a practical means to measure extensional viscosity for elastic fluids, obtained through the derived pressure drop data in these HCF devices.     

Non-Newtonian mixed elastohydrodynamics of differential hypoid gears at high loads

Prediction of friction and transmission efficiency are design objectives in transmission engineering. Unlike spur and helical involute gears, there is a dearth of numerical analysis in the case of hypoid gear pairs. In particular, it is important to take into account the side leakage of the lubricant from the contact as the result of the lubricant entrainment at an angle to the elliptical contact footprint. In the automobile differential hypoid gears, high loads result in non-Newtonian behaviour of the lubricant, which may exceed its limiting shear stress, a fact which has not been taken into account in the open literature. This results in conditions which deviate from observed experimental tractive behaviour. The paper takes into account these salient practical features of hypoid gear pair analysis under high load. It highlights a non-Newtonian shear model, which limits the lubricant shear behaviour. Prediction of friction and transmission efficiency is in line with those reported in the literature.     

Time-dependent Viscoelastic Behavior of an LDPE Melt

Two differential constitutive equations, i.e. Giesekus model and Johnson–Segalman model were employed here to predict the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of an LDPE melt in thixotropy-loop experiments and step shear rate experiment. Multiple relaxation modes were adopted, and the parameters used to describe the nonlinear viscoelasticity in the two models were obtained by fitting the shear-thinning viscosity. The predictions on those transient shear characteristics by the two models are found in qualitative agreement with our previous experiments. Johnson– Segalman model predicts oscillation behavior in the thixotropy-loop and step shear rate experiments, whereas Giesekus model does not. Both models predict higher shear stresses than the experimental data in the case of long time shearing, implying that both models are not able to completely characterize the time-dependent shear stress of the melt at high shear rate.The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10402024, 50335010).The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

Elongational flow behavior of polymeric fluids according to the Leonov model

The viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems based upon the Leonov model has been examined for (i) the stress growth at constant strain rate, (ii) the stress growth at constant speed and (iii) the elastic recovery in elongational flow. The model parameters have been determined from the available rheological data obtained either in steady shear flow (shear viscosity and first normal-stress difference as a function of shear rate) or oscillatory flow (storage and loss moduli as a function of frequency in the linear region) or from extensional flow at very small strain rates (time-dependent elongation viscosity in the linear viscoelastic limit). In addition, the effect of the parameter characterizing the strain-hardening of the material during elongation has also been studied. The estimation of this parameter has been based upon the structural characteristics of the polymer chain which include the critical molecular weight and molecular weight of an independent segment. Five different polymer melts have been considered with varying number of modes (maximum four modes). Resulting predictions are in fair agreement with corresponding experimental data in the literature.