爆炸冲击波对墙体绕射效应的研究

采用试验与数值模拟相结合的方法,对爆炸冲击波作用于防爆墙的载荷与冲击波绕过 防爆墙的规律进行了研究. 采用压力传感器测压技术获得了防爆墙前后不同距离的压力曲线. 数值模拟基于ALE方法与JWL状态方程,试验结果与数值模拟基本相符,给出了冲击波作用 于防爆墙迎爆面上的载荷并研究了冲击波绕过防爆墙详细过程. 通过综合分析,得到了爆炸 冲击波绕流的内在机理为防爆墙的设计与加固提供依据和参考.     

浅层水中爆炸冲击波对混凝土墩斜碰撞作用试验研究

通过含铝炸药JHL-3的实爆试验,得到混凝土墩在单个装药浅层水中爆炸、两个装药浅层水中对称及不对称设置同步起爆爆炸作用下、混凝土墩迎爆面上的冲击波压力响应数据;获得了迎爆面中心反射压力峰值计算模型;分析了两个装药浅层水中爆炸冲击波对混凝土墩绕射及透射作用效应。     

空气中平面激波同圆柱的非定常干涉

平面激波在圆柱上的反射与绕射是目前国内外研究激波非线性复杂现象的典型课題。近年来,Takayama(1987)在入射激波马赫数M_i=1.3及2.6的条件下,得到了在圆柱周围的激波绕射与反射的光测实验结果。众所周知,激波在圆柱上的反射与绕射是一非定常现象,为了了解和分析整个非定常过程的发展和变化,应得到圆柱后较远区域的结果。本文利用两次曝光全息激光干涉仪不仅得到了圆柱周围的波系图案,而且也得到了激波脱离圆柱后驻点后约10倍圆柱直径的范围内的流动形态。同时也给出了不同M_i条件下的三波点轨迹和入射激波与反射激波之间夹角ω随距离变化的实验结果。     

外爆条件下冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用

为研究冲击波与组合壳结构的相互作用，针对带防护墙的地面直立钢筋混凝土组合壳结构，考虑结构安置于地面和周边围土2种工况，开展结构爆炸实验，分析了结构外表面冲击波荷载分布及振动特性。实验结果表明:冲击波作用下，结构外表面爆炸荷载主要产生在冲击波绕射过程，确定荷载时应考虑冲击波压力在绕射传播过程中的自然衰减；整个结构中与冲击波最早接触的构件先产生振动，而后由于结构整体参与使得振动频率降低，振动幅值减小；结构周边围土可降低防护墙迎爆部分构件的振动频率，减小防护墙和组合壳的振动幅值。     

基于爆能等效原理大型模爆器燃气爆炸冲击加载的数值模拟

运用非线性显式动力有限元程序LS-DYNA,基于多物质Euler算法,对TNT炸药和乙炔-空气混合气体两种爆炸源在自由大气场中爆炸产生的冲击波荷载特征参数进行数值模拟,比较两种爆源产生的冲击波压力传播规律。基于爆能等效原理,按超压相等的原则给出了气体爆炸名义比例距离计算公式。结果表明,基于Euler算法可以较好地描述乙炔-空气混合气体爆炸空气冲击波传播规律,爆炸压力随着距爆源距离的增大而迅速衰减,且两种爆源产生的冲击波超压峰值误差随着冲击波传播距离的增大而逐渐减小。采用名义比例距离公式修正后,气体爆炸与炸药爆炸冲击波计算误差可以得到有效控制。当爆炸冲击波超压小于0.5MPa时,可以采用乙炔-空气混合气体代替化学炸药进行模爆器内爆炸实验加载。     

爆炸荷载作用下配筋砌体结构的动力响应

基于大型非线性动力有限元软件LS-DYNA,通过改变墙体的约束情况、砌体材料的强度等级、纵 向配筋率、高宽比、荷载峰值、墙体距爆心点距离、墙体开洞以及粘贴玻璃纤维复合材料等,得到配筋砌体墙在 爆炸荷载作用下的变形规律、破坏情况以及结构墙体中砌体材料、钢筋的应力和位移随时间的变化规律。同 时对各种不同工况下配筋砌体墙的防爆性能进行比较,找出了影响结构响应最为重要的因素,给配筋砌体墙 防爆设计提供参考。     

四种炸药爆轰波绕射数值模拟研究

报导了采用二维Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ反应流体动力学程序ＷＳＵ数值模拟计算ＲＨＴ－９０１、ＪＯ－９１５９、ＪＢ－９００１炸药绕直角和液体硝基甲烷炸药绕６０、９０、１２０角的爆轰波绕射过程，对绕爆机理进行了分析。经与实验观测结果比较，数值模拟较准确地再现了爆轰波的绕射过程。     

可燃气体中激波与障碍物作用在下游形成爆轰波的数值研究

对平面激波和单个矩形障碍物作用的过程进行了数值模拟,研究了反射产生的上行爆轰波在下游可燃气体中形成爆轰波的过程。数值结果表明,下游爆轰波形成过程主要有2种模式:爆轰波直接绕射和绕射波在上壁面反射,这和已有的实验结果是一致的。通过研究下游爆轰波的形成过程受入射激波马赫数、混合气体的压力和管道尺度的影响,分析了上游爆轰波向下游传播的波动力学过程,讨论了2种形成过程的作用规律和控制因素,阐明了下游爆轰波的形成规律。     

单向砌体填充墙激波管试验和动力行为分析

为研究远场爆炸荷载作用下单向砌体填充墙的动力行为及其失效破坏机理，首先，基于研发的压缩空气驱动大截面（3 m×3 m）激波管开展了两面不同厚度单向实心砌体填充墙的面外加载试验，获得了作用在墙体表面的反射超压荷载时程、墙体面外挠度时程及墙体的变形失效模式。其次，建立了激波管精细化有限元模型，提出了砌体墙简化微观有限元建模方法，以及扩展砖块的Riedel-Hiermaier-Thoma材料模型和接缝的内聚力接触模型参数取值计算方法，对激波管中的压力传播以及试验墙体面外动态响应和损伤破坏开展了数值模拟。最后，基于爆炸荷载作用下单向砌体填充墙面外抗力方程和等效单自由度模型对试验墙体中心点面外挠度时程进行预测。结果表明：减小墙体高厚比可以增大框架拱推力，从而显著提升墙体的抗爆性能，厚105 mm的墙体在经历1次激波管试验后发生倒塌，而厚235 mm的墙体在经历6次激波管试验后仅有轻微损伤；墙体表面反射超压荷载时程的试验和数值模拟结果均为均布脉冲型荷载，且两者吻合很好，验证了激波管设计和激波管精细化有限元模型的合理性；数值模拟和理论预测的墙体动力行为与试验结果吻合较好，可为砌体填充墙抗爆评估与分析...     

云爆药剂爆炸超压测试及威力评价

借助压力测试系统,在自由场及地面布置压力传感器,分别测量了熔铸TNT、一次云爆药剂和二次云爆药剂在自由场和地面的爆炸场冲击波超压,经分析处理后拟合得到适用于3种炸药的自由场和空中爆炸超压发展公式,并计算云爆药剂的TNT当量。实验结果表明:实验选用的二次云爆药剂的自由场和地面平均TNT当量相比一次云爆药剂分别提高了60%和69%,说明二次云爆药剂比一次云爆药剂具有更大的超压作用效果;3种药剂的自由场超压峰值都比地面小10%左右,说明地面的反射效应依旧存在,在实际超压威力评估时应采用一定的修正系数。实验结果可丰富云爆药剂和传统炸药的小当量实验对比数据,为云爆药剂爆炸场参数的研究和威力评估提供参考。     

Reflection of a spherical blast wave from a planar surface

Numerous authors have carried out rather extensive studies in the last twenty to thirty years of the problem of the interaction of shock and blast waves with obstacles in their paths. Owing to the complexity of the problem, they assumed certain limiting cases for the shock wave interactions in which the parameters behind the shock wave were usually taken to be constants. The first wave diffraction studies involving variable parameters behind the front were presented in [1, 2], wherein a development of the theory of “short waves” (blast waves at a substantial distance from the center of an explosion) and their reflection from a planar surface was given. The theory of short waves assumes that the jump in pressure at the wave front and the region over which the parameters vary are small. The problem concerning reflection of a blast wave from a surface was also considered in [3, 4], wherein a solution in the region behind the reflected wave was obtained at initial times. The initial stage in the reflection of a blast wave from a planar, cylindrical, or spherical surface (the one-dimensional case) was studied in [5]. In this paper we investigate the interaction of a spherical blast wave, resulting from a point explosion, with a planar surface; we consider both regular and non-regular reflection stages. In solving this problem we use S. L. Godunov's finite-difference method. We obtain numerical solutions for various values of the shock strength at the instant of its encounter with the surface. We present the pressure fields in the flow regions, the pressure distribution over the surface at various instants of time, and the trajectories of the triple point. The parameter values at the front of the reflected wave are compared with results obtained from the theory of regular reflection of shock waves.     

The reflected pressure field in the interaction of weak shock waves with a compressible foam

This paper deals with the waves that are reflected from slabs of porous compressible foam attached to a rigid wall when impacted by a weak shock wave. The interest is in establishing possible attenuation of the pressure field after a shock or blast wave has struck the surface. Foam densities from 14 to 38 kg/m³ were tested over a range of shock wave Mach numbers less than 1.4. It is shown that the initial reflected shock wave strength is accurately predicted by the pseudo-gas model of Gelfand et al. (1983), with a pressure ratio of approximately 80% of the value for reflection off a rigid wall. Evidence is presented of gas entering the foam during the early stages of the process. A second wave emerges from the foam at a later stage and is separated from the first by a region of constant velocity and pressure. This second wave is not a shock wave but a compression front of significant thickness, which emerges from the foam earlier than predicted by the pseudo-gas model. Analysis of the origin of this wave points to much more complex flows within the foam than previously assumed, particularly in an apparent decrease in average wave front speed as the foam is compressed. It is shown that the pressure ratio across both these waves taken together is slightly higher than that for reflection off a rigid wall. In some cases this compression wave train is followed by a weak expansion wave.This article was processed using Springer-Verlag T_EX Shock Waves macro package 1990.     

气相爆轰波正反射激波加速研究

实验采用压力传感器测量了指定点压力时间曲线。数值模拟基于二维反应欧拉方程和基元反应模型,采用二阶附加半隐的龙格-库塔法和5阶WENO格式分别离散时间和空间导数项,获得了指定点数值压力时间曲线。理论分析基于爆轰理论和激波动力学,分析了气相爆轰波反射过程所涉及的复杂波系演变并获得了反射激波速度。结果表明:本文数值模拟和理论计算定性上重复并解释了实验现象。气相爆轰波在右壁面反射后,右行稀疏波加速反射激波。其加速原因是:尽管激波波前声速减小,但激波马赫数增大,波前气流速度减小。在低初压下,可能还由于爆轰波后未反应或部分反应气体的作用,导致反射激波加速幅度比高初压下大。     

Analysis of reflected blast wave pressure profiles in a confined room

To understand the blast effects of confined explosions, it is necessary to study the characteristic parameters of the blast wave in terms of overpressure, impulse and arrival time. In a previous study, experiments were performed using two different scales of a pyrotechnic workshop. The main purpose of these experiments was to compare the TNT equivalent for solid and gaseous explosives in terms of mass to define a TNT equivalent in a reflection field and to validate the similitude between real and small scales. To study the interactions and propagations of the reflected shock waves, the present study was conducted by progressively building a confined volume around the charge. In this way, the influence of each wall and the origins of the reflected shock waves can be determined. The purpose of this paper is to report the blast wave interactions that resulted from the detonation of a stoichiometric propane-oxygen mixture in a confined room.     

舱内爆炸角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性研究

为研究密闭舱室内爆角隅汇聚反射冲击波超压特性,利用缩比模型进行了某典型舱室内爆试验,得到远离角隅、两面角隅和三面角隅处的冲击波载荷,结合数值模拟研究了3种特征位置处冲击波传播规律及载荷特征。研究结果表明:远离角隅处壁面反射冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,反射冲击波以球面波传播;距两面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现双峰结构,两面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以椭球状传播;距三面角隅一定范围内冲击波超压曲线呈现多峰结构,三面角隅冲击波超压曲线呈现单峰结构,角隅汇聚反射冲击波以球面波传播;在合理假设条件下,根据量纲分析及数值模拟结果,得到首次冲击时角隅汇聚反射冲击波载荷经验计算公式。     

Shock wave reflection off coupled surfaces

It has been shown that when a plane shock wave is reflected off a surface consisting of a 75-mm radius circular arc followed by a plane section inclined at 45°, it takes some time for the interaction to reach a pseudosteady reflection configuration. The current study extends this work at a constant Mach number of 1.346, with three compound walls, consisting of leading circular sections of 30, 50 and 75 mm radius, joined to a plane wall section. Testing was done at various wall angles for each of the test pieces. The reflected wave angle was measured and was found to increase along the plane wall section until it reached an asymptotic value, at which time pseudosteady flow was established. The asymptotic values are consistent with reflection off plane wedges and are independent of the leading radius. For lower wall angles which lead to Mach reflection the length required to reach pseudosteady flow increases as the wall angle increases to the pseudosteady transition angle. The reverse occurs when the final pseudosteady reflection is regular, in that as the wall angle increases the distance travelled to reach pseudosteady flow conditions decreases. Additional tests were conducted on a specimen consisting of a plane section at 60° wall angle with 30-mm radius circular arc sections at either end. It is demonstrated how the information from the two slope changes influences the shape of the reflected shock. The trajectories of two perturbations on the reflected shock arising from the joints between the circular sections and the plane wall show that the reflected wave remains linear between these two points, as it received no knowledge from either circular section until the perturbations from the upper and lower joints cross.     

Shock-tube experiments on the stability of regular reflection in the dual-solution domain

Regular reflection (RR) and Mach reflection (MR) are theoretically both possible in the dual-solution domain of oblique shock reflection. The physical difference between the two types of reflection is the pressure behind the reflected shock wave: that of MR is lower than that of RR for strong shock reflection. The magnitude relation of these pressures is inverted for weak shock reflection. In the present paper, we performed two kinds of experiment, depending on whether the oblique shock reflection is weak or strong. For strong shock reflection, we decreased the pressure behind the reflected wave of RR using a convex double-wedge. For weak shock reflection, we increased this pressure using a concave double-wedge. Thus, we investigated the stability of RR against pressure disturbances. The results indicate that RR in a shock tube is stable, in the dual-solution domain, for both weak and strong incident shocks.     

反射波对预混气体爆炸过程与管壁动态响应的影响

为研究管道内甲烷/空气混合气体火焰和压力波的传播规律,对内载压力波作用下管壁的动态响应进行实验。结果表明,末端闭口实验中,管道末端的反射激波会引起当地火焰亮度的增大,而前端反射激波则有可能导致火焰内部的分离从而出现熄灭与复燃现象。相对于末端开口工况,末端闭口实验时管道两端产生的往复反射激波对管壁具有叠加加载作用,导致管壁产生较大的环向应变。     

爆炸容器内冲击波系演化及壳体响应的数值研究

对中心装药爆炸后冲击波的产生、传播和壳体动态响应全过程进行了数值研究。认为RDX瞬时爆炸 ,爆炸近场采用自相似解 ;冲击波传播和波系演化采用PPM (the Piecewise Parabolic Method)格式求解Eu ler方程 ;壳体响应采用有限元方法求解拉氏坐标系下由虚功原理得到的动力学方程。壳体内壁面边界条件分别采用强耦合和弱耦合方法处理。结果表明 :(1)当装药量相同时 ,薄壁壳体振型比厚壁壳体复杂得多 ,振幅也大 ;(2 )当装药量不同 ,壳体厚度相同时 ,爆炸场冲击波的演化过程不同 ;(3)对少量装药 ,产生的冲击波强度低 ,壳体变形小 ,是否考虑内边界运动 ,对计算结果的影响不大 ;(4 )在本文条件下 ,爆炸容器封头顶点所受的载荷最大 ,是最易发生破坏的地方 ,侧壁与爆点所在横截面的交线 ,也易破坏。