基于蝙蝠回波定位模型的材质识别方法研究

在蝙蝠的回波定位和目标识别模型的基础上完成了目标材质识别的工作。利用超声换能器发射超声脉冲，接收回波信号并对其进行处理；分别提取了时域包络、功率谱和短时傅里叶（STFT）系数作为BP（Back—Propagation）网络分类器的输入特征向量；完成了对纸板、泡沫板和木板的识别工作。实验结果表明识别正确率最高达到近90％。     

超声辅助提取微藻油脂机理及工艺参数的研究*

对微藻细胞壁进行破碎是提高微藻油脂提取率的重要手段,超声振动破碎是一种有效的细胞破碎方法。建立基于声冲流、声辐射力、声空化的传质动力学的经验模型,运用传输矩阵法设计用于微藻细胞破碎的超声振动子,搭建了实验平台,并设置不同超声振动工艺参数对微藻细胞的破碎率进行了实验研究。结果表明:超声振动子,在工具头浸入微藻二分之一总溶液深度、工作时间30 min、功率225 W、纵振频率25 kHz的条件下,超声振动破碎的效果最佳,采用氯仿试剂对破碎液进行油脂提取,效果最好。     

幼年蝙蝠与母亲之间的超声沟通

众所周知,蝙蝠善于利用超声回声定位来探测环境和捕捉猎物,但鲜为人知的是幼年蝙蝠与成年蝙蝠之间也可以通过超声进行沟通。近期,日本科学家Shizuko Hiryua和Hiroshi Riquimaroux实验研究了一种叫作Pipistrellus Abramus的蝙蝠,通过观     

耳朵形变赋予蝙蝠超声波束快速适应的物理机制

蝙蝠具备十分复杂的生物声纳系统,可通过发射和接收超声波识别物体。根据超声波频带变化通常可把蝙蝠分为两类:恒频率蝙蝠和调频率蝙蝠。对于恒频率蝙蝠,波束模式非常简单,是由一个较大幅度主瓣和非常少的小幅度旁瓣组成,因此对探测目标的方向特性敏感度不高;然而对于调频率蝙蝠,波束主要是由一系列的     

基于时变Morlet小波变异的蝙蝠算法及函数优化

为了提高蝙蝠算法的全局收敛能力和收敛速度,提出了一种时变Morlet小波变异的蝙蝠算法(TVMWMBA);构建Morlet小波分布函数来描述小波变异因子分布的概率密度,然后利用小波变异因子的波动性和周期性,在每次迭代中对蝙蝠种群的个体进行小波变异,避免陷入局部最优,再通过时变系数动态收缩小波变异因子的变异空间,加快算法的收敛,提高收敛精度;函数优化仿真实验结果表明,改进算法有效的保持了种群的多样性,显著提高了优化稳定性,具有全局收敛能力强、寻优精度高和收敛速度快等特点。     

空间脉冲响应和有限元混合的超声回波建模方法

针对数值仿真计算效率低的问题,提出了空间脉冲响应法和有限元法相混合的建模方法,只对缺陷周围的局部区域进行网格划分,用有限元计算超声波与缺陷的相互作用,用空间脉冲响应法计算超声波的向前传播和向后反射,该方法既可以模拟超声波与复杂缺陷的相互作用,保证了计算精度,又极大提高了计算效率。分别利用混合方法和数值方法建立了平底孔回波模型,得到了平底孔的反射回波,两者波形吻合较好,验证了模型的有效性。平底孔混合模型仿真用时是数值模型的5.9%,计算效率提升明显。建立了惰轮轴轴肩根部不同深度裂纹的混合模型,得到了反射回波,轴肩回波和裂纹回波混叠在一起难以从时域上区分,但随着裂纹深度的增加回波幅值也随之增大,可根据回波幅值的变化情况对根部裂纹的深度进行定量评价。     

超声辅助滚压系统的设计与研究*

鉴于风力发电机组主轴的复杂工作情况和疲劳断裂失效形式,提出一种基于表面强化技术的超声辅助滚压加工系统;首先基于运动合成原理,获得了滚轮接触线的运动轨迹特征,并应用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件分析了加工过程的特点;之后,基于一维振动理论、等效波长理论与牛顿迭代理论,推导了并求解了复合变幅杆的频率方程,实现了该复合变幅杆的纵向振动。通过对该变幅杆进行有限元仿真分析与振动特性测试,结果表明二者相对设计频率的偏差仅在0.817％以内。最后,通过对40Cr主轴进行超声辅助滚压测试,结果获得了粗糙度Ra 0.085μm和表面硬度32.2HRC的加工表面,较普通滚压加工粗糙度降低了69.1％,显微硬度提高了60％。     

超声悬浮过程中圆柱体的旋转运动机理研究

研究了圆柱体在超声悬浮过程中的旋转运动机理.实验发现:悬浮圆柱体的密度和长径比越小,转动惯量越小,其稳态旋转的转速越大;反射端在水平方向的偏移会产生回复力矩,使圆柱体停止旋转,且圆柱体静止时的轴线方向与反射端偏移方向垂直;在圆柱体两端加入适当的外界干扰可以主动抑制其旋转.计算表明,悬浮圆柱体的旋转起源于其质心偏移产生的力矩,而反射端位置的偏移以及发射端的倾斜均会抑制圆柱体的旋转.     

超声反射成像测井的有限元分析*

利用有限元方法研究了有限长换能器激发的超声波在套管井多层介质中的传播规律。数值模拟了换能器长度及套管曲率对反射回波的影响。随着换能器长度增加,反射回波频谱谱陷个数由单一向多个变化;套管共振透射窗的反射波相对能量先逐渐减小后振荡变化,较小长度的换能器对套管与水泥环界面的声阻抗区分能力优于较大长度的换能器。随着套管曲率的增大,套管共振透射窗的反射波由单一模式的厚度振动纵波向其他模式波变化。数值模拟结果对超声脉冲反射声波测井仪器的换能器结构优化设计起到了良好的指导作用。     

单泡超声空化仿真模型的建立及其动力学过程模拟*

为了模拟单泡超声空化的动力学特性,建立了单泡超声空化的有限元仿真模型,基于流体动力学控制方程和流体体积分数模型,利用有限元分析软件模拟了超声驱动下水中单泡的空化动力学过程。结果表明:单泡随时间的演化规律是先缓慢膨胀到最大后迅速塌缩;泡内压强与气体密度变化与单泡体积变化成反比;在膨胀阶段,泡外压强与气体密度沿着泡的径向向外递减;在压缩阶段,泡外在声压垂直方向的压强与气体密度要大于声压激励方向的压强和气体密度。该文分析结果将为超声空化动力学过程模拟及研究提供参考。     

The effects of excessive vocalization on acoustic and videostroboscopic measures of vocal fold condition

Although dysphonia is a recognized consequence of acute vocal abuse, associated changes in vocal fold appearance and function are not well understood. To document these presumed effects of vocal abuse, audio recordings of sustained vowel production were obtained from 42 drill sergeants daily during the first 6 days of a vocally demanding training exercise. Acoustic analysis showed abnormal levels of jitter and shimmer on Day 1 in 16 of the 42 subjects. Considering only the 26 subjects who showed normal voice acoustics on Day 1, the median levels of jitter and shimmer varied little over the course of training, and significant increases in jitter and shimmer were not seen during the study period. However, the distributions for both jitter and shimmer became more positively skewed and showed a greater number of positive outliers over the course of training. This trend was attributed to 11 subjects who showed two or more instances of abnormal voice acoustics over Days 2 through 6. Laryngeal videostroboscopic recordings of sustained vowel production also were obtained prior to and following training. Perceptual ratings of these recordings by 2 observers revealed significant increases in vocal fold edema, erythema, and edge irregularity, and decreases in vocal fold mucosal wave and amplitude of excursion following the 5-day training period. In general, there was considerable intersubject variability in the extent of acoustic and videostroboscopic effects over the course of training. Of the two types of data, videostroboscopy appears to provide a more sensitive indication of the effects of excessive vocalization.     

Cooperative Regulation of Vocal Fold Morphology and Stress by the Cricothyroid and Thyroarytenoid Muscles

Voice is produced by vibrations of vocal folds that consist of multiple layers. The portion of the vocal fold tissue that vibrates varies depending primarily on laryngeal muscle activity. The effective depth of tissue vibration should significantly influence the vibrational behavior of the tissue and resulting voice quality. However, thus far, the effect of the activation of individual muscles on the effective depth is not well understood. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element analysis is performed to investigate the effect of the activation of two major laryngeal muscles, the cricothyroid (CT) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles, on vocal fold morphology and stress distribution in the tissue. Because structures that bear less stress can easily be deformed and involved in vibration, information on the morphology and stress distribution may provide a useful estimate of the effective depth. The results of the analyses indicate that the two muscles perform distinct roles, which allow cooperative control of the morphology and stress. When the CT muscle is activated, the tip region of the vocal folds becomes thinner and curves upward, resulting in the elevation of the stress magnitude all over the tissue to a certain degree that depends on the stiffness of each layer. On the other hand, the TA muscle acts to suppress the morphological change and controls the stress magnitude in a position-dependent manner. Thus, the present analyses demonstrate quantitative relationships between the two muscles in their cooperative regulation of vocal fold morphology and stress.     

Computational Simulations of Vocal Fold Vibration: Bernoulli Versus Navier–Stokes

The use of the mechanical energy (ME) equation for fluid flow, an extension of the Bernoulli equation, to predict the aerodynamic loading on a two-dimensional finite element vocal fold model is examined. Three steady, one-dimensional ME flow models, incorporating different methods of flow separation point prediction, were compared. For two models, determination of the flow separation point was based on fixed ratios of the glottal area at separation to the minimum glottal area; for the third model, the separation point determination was based on fluid mechanics boundary layer theory. Results of flow rate, separation point, and intraglottal pressure distribution were compared with those of an unsteady, two-dimensional, finite element Navier-Stokes model. Cases were considered with a rigid glottal profile as well as with a vibrating vocal fold. For small glottal widths, the three ME flow models yielded good predictions of flow rate and intraglottal pressure distribution, but poor predictions of separation location. For larger orifice widths, the ME models were poor predictors of flow rate and intraglottal pressure, but they satisfactorily predicted separation location. For the vibrating vocal fold case, all models resulted in similar predictions of mean intraglottal pressure, maximum orifice area, and vibration frequency, but vastly different predictions of separation location and maximum flow rate.     

Complications of collagen injection of the vocal fold: report of several unusual cases and review of the literature

Injection laryngoplasty is one of the most frequently performed procedures in patients with voice complaints. Various biomaterials have been used to medialize vocal folds or to treat symptoms of vocal fold scar. The ideal biomaterial would be easily injected through a fine-gauge needle, well tolerated, and long lasting. Injectable collagen preparations fulfill at least two of these criteria, and collagen has been used widely for vocal fold injections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a retrospective review of two unusual complications of collagen injection and a review of the relevant literature on the complications of medical use of collagen compounds. RESULTS: Two patients in whom collagen was injected formed firm submucosal deposits that interrupted the normal mucosal wave and produced significant dysphonia. Surgical removal of these deposits restored the mucosal wave and improved voice quality. Management of this unusual complication of human collagen injection in the vocal fold has not been reported previously. Other complications of collagen injection include hypersensitivity reactions to bovine collagen, local abscess formation at injection sites, and possibly induction of collagen vascular disease in some patients. CONCLUSIONS: Although collagen injections of the vocal fold rarely result in complications, physicians using collagen must be familiar with the types of complications that can occur. Proper diagnosis and prompt management of complications can result in good outcomes.     

Allograft (Alloderm) and Autograft (Temporalis Fascia) Implantation for Glottic Insufficiency: A Novel Approach

Objective

Traditionally, glottic insufficiency because of scar, atrophy, and sulcus has been treated by injection or medialization laryngoplasty. These procedures do not reestablish the vertical height of the vocal fold margin. We propose soft tissue augmentation laryngoplasty with allograft (sheet Alloderm; LifeCell Corporation, Branchburg, NJ) or autograft (temporalis fascia) via a minithyrotomy or a transoral approach.

Study Design

A retrospective case series analysis of 21 patients treated by sheet Alloderm or temporalis fascia for correction of glottic insufficiency.

Methods

Twenty-one patients with glottic insufficiency secondary to scar, atrophy, or sulcus were treated. Ten failed prior techniques. Seventeen had minithyrotomy by a small fenestration in the thyroid cartilage. Exploration of scar or lamina propria through the fenestration allowed for the creation of a pocket for Alloderm implantation within the intermediate layer of the lamina propria. Four patients underwent a transoral approach by cordotomy with either Alloderm or temporalis fascia implantation, which also allowed for exploration of scar but required repair using sutures. These implantation approaches allowed for both restoration of the layered structure and augmentation of the middle third of the musculomembranous vocal fold. Preoperative and postoperative videostroboscopic examinations were reviewed with review of clinical outcome.

Results

With a median follow-up time of 12 months, patients demonstrated excellent long-term vocal fold augmentation and minimal absorption of the implant in 19 out of 21 patients. There is improved pliability of the vocal fold with good oscillation in scar patients.

Conclusion

Minithyrotomy with soft tissue augmentation is a novel approach for soft tissue augmentation of glottic insufficiency. It has the advantage of augmentation of the medial edge of the vocal fold with a soft tissue implant that has long-term viability. Its role should be explored further in patients with atrophy and scar.     

Using the Relaxation Oscillations Principle for Simple Phonation Modeling

Well-known multimass models of vocal folds are useful to describe main behavior observed in human voicing but their principle of functioning, based on harmonic oscillation, may appear complex. This work is designed to show that a simple one-mass model ruled by laws of relaxation oscillation can also depict main behavior of glottis dynamic. Theory of relaxation oscillation is detailed. A relaxation oscillation model is assessed through a numerical simulation using conventional values for tissue characteristics and subglottal pressure. As expected, raising the mass decreases the fundamental frequency and increases the amplitude of vocal fold vibration: for a mass ranging from 0.01 to 0.4 g, F0 decreased from 297.5 to 42.5 Hz and vibrational amplitude increased from 1.26 to 3.25 mm (for stiffness k=10Nm(-1), damping r=0.015 N s m(-1), and subglottal pressure=1 kPa). Stiffness value has the opposite effect. The subglottal pressure controls the fundamental frequency with a rate ranging from 20 to 50 Hz/kPa. The vibrational amplitude is also controlled linearly by subglottal pressure from 0.22 to 0.26 mm/kPa. The range of phonation threshold pressure (PTP) is close to the values currently proposed, that is, 0.1 to 1 kPa and varies with the fundamental frequency. The relaxation oscillator is a simple and useful tool for modeling vocal fold vibration.     

Vocal Fold Mucosal Tears: Maintaining a High Clinical Index of Suspicion

Vocal fold mucosal tears have been discussed in the literature rarely, although they are not uncommon clinically. Disruptions in the epithelium usually follow trauma that may result from voice abuse and/or misuse, coughing, and other causes. A high index of suspicion is necessary to avoid missing vocal fold mucosal tears, and strobovideolaryngoscopy is indispensable in making the diagnosis. A brief period of complete voice rest is the standard of care and appears to be helpful in avoiding adverse sequelae and advancing the healing process, but there are no scientific studies to confirm its efficacy. Mucosal tears may heal completely or may be followed by the development of vocal fold masses, scar, and permanent dysphonia.     

Mild Vocal Fold Paresis: Understanding Clinical Presentation and Electromyographic Findings

The implications of mild vocal fold hypomobility are incompletely understood. This study describes the clinical, electromyographic, and probable etiologic findings in patients who presented with complaints of dysphonia and whose physical examination revealed vocal fold paresis as a factor possibly contributing to their voice complaints. A retrospective chart review of all patients who presented to a tertiary laryngology referral center over a 13-month period, who had a clinical diagnosis of mild vocal fold hypomobility and who underwent laryngeal electromyography, were included in the study. A total of 22 patients completed the medical evaluation of their voice complaint. Of these patients, 19 (86.4%) were found to have evidence of neuropathy on laryngeal electromyography. The clinical picture indicated the following probable origins for the vocal fold paresis: goiter/thyroiditis (7/22 or 31.8%), idiopathic (4/22 or 18.2%), viral neuritis (4/22 or 18.2%), trauma (3/22 or 13.6%), and Lyme's disease (1/22 or 4.5%). This article describes the clinical entity of mild vocal fold hypomobility and associated flexible laryngoscopic, rigid strobovideolaryngoscopic, and laryngeal electromyographic findings.     

Preliminary Results of a New Temporary Vocal Fold Injection Material

Temporary vocal fold injection is a valuable procedure for vocal fold paralysis or paresis of uncertain permanency and as a trial augmentation to decide the value of vocal fold augmentation. A new material made from glycerin, carboxymethylcellulose, and water has recently been developed for temporary vocal fold augmentation. Eleven patients underwent vocal fold injection for the treatment of glottal incompetence with this material. The duration of effectiveness of this injection material was 2 to 3 months depending on the injection amount. This new material satisfies several requirements for an ideal temporary vocal fold injection material in terms of injectability, convenience, duration of effectiveness, and safety. The authors conclude that this new material is a good option for temporary vocal fold augmentation.