Why Large Hadron Collider?

I discuss LHC physics in the historical perspective of the progress in particle physics. After a recap of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, I discuss the high energy colliders leading up to LHC and their role in the discovery of these SM particles. Then I discuss the two main physics issues of LHC, i.e. Higgs mechanism and supersymmetry. I briefly touch upon Higgs and SUSY searches at LHC along with their cosmological implications.     

Inelastic dark matter at the LHC

The dark matter sector may be more complicated than anticipated. An inelastically scattering dark matter with a mass splitting above one MeV will make direct detection experiments hopeless, and render LHC the primary chance for discovery. We perform a model-independent study of inelastic dark matter at the LHC, concentrating on the parameter space with the mass splitting between the excited and ground states of dark matter above a few hundred MeV. The generic signatures of inelastic dark matter at the LHC are displaced pions together with a monojet plus missing energy, and can be tested at the 7 TeV LHC.     

Eikonal regime of gravity-induced scattering at higher energy proton colliders

We compute transplanckian parton scattering in flat extra-dimensional theories at the LHC and at the recently discussed high-energy upgrade (HE LHC). We report new leading-order calculations of the QCD background. We apply appropriate cuts to satisfy the necessary conditions for the eikonal approximation to be valid while at the same time maximising the signal to background ratio at LHC energies. We study the computability of the eikonal signal and consider the effect of a possible 33 TeV high-energy upgrade to the LHC, which serves to extend the calculable region and to enhance the signal to background ratio.     

Using dileptons to probe the color glass condensate

The rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the nuclear modification ratio for dilepton production at RHIC and LHC is presented, calculated in the color glass condensate (CGC) framework. The transverse momentum ratio is compared for two distinct dilepton mass values and a suppression of the Cronin peak is verified even for large mass. The nuclear modification ratio suppression in the dilepton rapidity spectra, as obtained experimentally for hadrons at RHIC, is verified for LHC energies at large transverse momentum, although not present at RHIC energies. The ratio between LHC and RHIC nuclear modification ratios is evaluated in the CGC, showing the large saturation effects at LHC compared with the RHIC results. These results consolidate the dilepton as a most suitable observable to investigate the QCD high density approaches.     

Perspectives of SM Higgs measurements at the LHC

The latest unsuccessful Higgs searches at LEP have pushed its mass well into the domain where significant signals can be expected from the LHC experiments. The most sensitive LHC Higgs signatures are reviewed and the discovery year is estimated as a function of the Higgs mass. Finally, we give some ideas about: ‘What might be known about the production and decays of a SM Higgs boson’ after 10 years of LHC?     

外周天线LHCⅡ的荧光光谱特性

外周天线LHC在光合作用过程中,担负着吸收和传递光能的作用.我们采用扫描成象荧光光谱技术对菠菜中外周天线LHC的荧光光谱特性进行了研究,在514.5nm的激光激励下获取了积分荧光谱,认为从类胡萝卜素分子到叶绿素分子间存在有能量传递.采用高斯组分光谱解析的方法,解析出LHC的荧光发射有七个谱带:656.7、664.6、671.5、677.2、683.5、689.6、695.3nm,各自所占的比例分别为3.0%、13.1%、13.3%、21.1%、13.2%、33.3%、3.0%,其中658.7nm的发射谱是由叶绿素b分子所发射的,其余的发射谱分别是由吸收峰为662、670/671、676、680nm以及吸收大于690nm的叶绿素a分子所发射.3.0%的叶绿素b分子的荧光发射说明在能量平衡过程中绝大部分能量被叶绿素a分子所禁锢,689.6nm处的荧光所占的比例最大,可能与LHC的一种自保护机制有关     

Design and implementation of a crystal collimation test stand at the Large Hadron Collider

Future upgrades of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) demand improved cleaning performance of its collimation system. Very efficient collimation is required during regular operations at high intensities, because even a small amount of energy deposited on superconducting magnets can cause an abrupt loss of superconducting conditions (quench). The possibility to use a crystal-based collimation system represents an option for improving both cleaning performance and impedance compared to the present system. Before relying on crystal collimation for the LHC, a demonstration under LHC conditions (energy, beam parameters, etc.) and a comparison against the present system is considered mandatory. Thus, a prototype crystal collimation system has been designed and installed in the LHC during the Long Shutdown 1 (LS1), to perform feasibility tests during the Run 2 at energies up to 6.5 TeV. The layout is suitable for operation with proton as well as heavy ion beams. In this paper, the design constraints and the solutions proposed for this test stand for feasibility demonstration of crystal collimation at the LHC are presented. The expected cleaning performance achievable with this test stand, as assessed in simulations, is presented and compared to that of the present LHC collimation system. The first experimental observation of crystal channeling in the LHC at the record beam energy of 6.5 TeV has been obtained in 2015 using the layout presented (Scandale et al., Phys Lett B 758:129, 2016). First tests to measure the cleaning performance of this test stand have been carried out in 2016 and the detailed data analysis is still on-going.     

Anomaly driven signatures of new invisible physics at the Large Hadron Collider

Many extensions of the Standard Model (SM) predict new neutral vector bosons at energies accessible by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We study an extension of the SM with new chiral fermions subject to non-trivial anomaly cancellations. If the new fermions have SM charges, but are too heavy to be created at LHC, and the SM fermions are not charged under the extra gauge field, one would expect that this new sector remains completely invisible at LHC. We show, however, that a non-trivial anomaly cancellation between the new heavy fermions may give rise to observable effects in the gauge boson sector that can be seen at the LHC and distinguished from backgrounds.     

Assembly of the Light-Harvesting Complexes During Plastid Development

The light-induced assembly of functional components of the thylakoid membrane has been followed during the biogenesis of the wheat plastid. The levels of light-harvesting complex (LHC) apoproteins in the 30- to 18-kDa region increase rapidly upon exposure to continuous light (CL). The newly synthesized LHC II apoproteins appear to be present predominantly in the monomeric forms. Upon further greening the LHC II apoproteins are increasingly located in LHC II oligomeric forms. At the same time, during the first times of greening, the bands in the 20.5- to 19- and 17.5- to 15.5-kDa regions related to early light-induced proteins (ELIP) have been observed. Low-temperature fluorescence spectra (77 K) of chloroplasts isolated from intermittent light (IML)-grown leaves display a main emission band at 687 nm and a small one at 727 nm. As greening proceeds, the 727-nm peak gradually shifts to longer wavelengths and increases in intensity relative to the 687-nm emission peak. By 6 h, in seedlings transferred to CL, the fluorescence spectrum is characterized with bands at 687, 696, and 740 nm (main). The increase in fluorescence intensity at 740 nm takes place due to restoration of the energy transfer to the Chl a form at 710–712 nm from LHC I synthesized during CL.     

Upgrade of hadron endcap calorimeters CMS at LHC

We present the survey of the main tasks in upgrading the hadron endcap (HE) calorimeters of the CMS experiment at LHC. The results of the HE upgrade during the LHC Long Shutdown (2013–2014) and plans for upgrade during LHC Extended Year End Technical Stop (December 2016–May 2017) are discussed.     

Searching for anomalous top quark production at the early LHC

We present a detailed study of the anomalous top quark production with subsequent decay at the LHC induced by model-independent flavor-changing neutral-current couplings, incorporating the complete next-to-leading order QCD effects. Our results show that, taking into account the current limits from the Tevatron, the LHC with √s=7 TeV may discover the anomalous coupling at 5σ level for a very low integrated luminosity of 61 pb?1. The discovery potentials for the anomalous couplings at the LHC are examined in detail. We also discuss the possibility of using the charge ratio to distinguish the tug and tcg couplings.     

Detecting Toppion via a Flavor-Changing Single Top Quark Production Process

In the framework of topcolor-assisted technicolor (TC2) theory, we study a flavor changing single top quarkproduction process pp(pp) →Ⅱ0t → tc(tc) at upgraded Tevatron and LHC. The results show that with the flavor changingcoupling of neutral toppion to top and charm quark, toppion provides a large te-channel resonance effect. The signal ofsingle top production could be detected at LHC. Otherwise, the narrow peak in the invariant mass distribution could beclearly detected both at upgraded Tevatron and LHC. Therefore, such single top production process provides a uniqueway to test TC2 model via the detection of tc-channel neutral toppion contribution.     

高能核-核碰撞中直接光子各向异性的数值模拟研(英文)

通过计算给出了在LHC能区非对心核 核碰撞中由椭圆流ν₂ 表示的高横动量直接光子的方位角不对称性。该高横动量光子是由喷注与热密介质相互作用而辐射出来的。光子椭圆流与强子椭圆流ν₂ 相差π/2的相位, 是直接光子椭圆流中负值的来源。同时, 计算表明LHC能区直接光子ν₂随粒子横动量p_T的变化趋势与RHIC上的实验结果一致, 但LHC能区较RHIC能区有更低的直接光子流ν₂ 值, 且ν₂ 值由负到正对应的转换p_T值更高。这表明在LHC能区喷注淬火效应更为明显, 表面发射的直接光子对光子椭圆流的贡献份额增强。The azimuthal anisotropy of high p_T direct photons is investigated by using the coefficient of elliptic flow ν₂ in non-central nucleus-nucleus collision at LHC energies. These photons come from radiation induced by the interaction between jet and hot/dense medium. The azimuthal anisotropy of high p_T direct photons is investigated by using the coefficient of elliptic flow ν₂ in non-central nucleus-nucleus collision at LHC energies. These photons come There is π/2 difference between direct photons and hadrons for the azimuthal elliptic flow ν₂. Such photons are the main source of the negative part of ν₂ for direct photons. The dependence of the direct photon ν₂ on the transverse momentum p_T at LHC energy is found to be consistent with the experimental results at RHIC energy. Furthermore, we find that the value of the direct photon ν₂ at LHC energy is smaller than that at RHIC energy. The value of the transverse momentum at which the direct photon ν₂ changes from negative value to positive at LHC is higher than that at RHIC. It’sfound the enhanced jet quenching effect and enhanced contribution for the elliptic flow ν₂ of the direct photons emitted from surface at LHC energy.     

Implementation of the type III seesaw model in FeynRules/MadGraph and prospects for discovery with early LHC data

We discuss the implementation of the “minimal” type III seesaw model, i.e. with one fermionic triplet, in FeynRules/MadGraph. This is the first step in order to realize a real study of LHC data recorded in the LHC detectors. With this goal in mind, we comment on the possibility of discovering this kind of new physics at the LHC running at 7 TeV with a luminosity of few fb⁻¹.     

Rapidity distributions of net protons from AGS to LHC energy regions

Taking the conservation of baryon number into account in a non-uniform flow model,the rapidity distribution of the net protons at the LHC is predicted.The energy dependence of the rapidity distribution,baryon stopping and collective flow from BNL/AGS to CERN/LHC are systematically investigated.     

The Large Hadron Collider and the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN as tools to Generate Warm Dense Matter and Non–Ideal Plasmas

The largest accelerator in the world, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, has entered into commissioning phase. It is expected that when this impressive machine will become fully operational, it will generate two counter rotating 7 TeV/c proton beams that will be made to collide, leading to an unprecedented luminosity of 10³⁴ cm^–2s^–1. Total energy stored in each LHC beam is about 362 MJ, sufficient to melt 500 kg copper. Safety of operation is a very critical issue when working with such extremely powerful beams. It is important to know the consequences of an accidental release of the beam energy in order to design protection system for the equipment. For this purpose we have carried out extensive numerical simulations of the interaction of one full LHC beam with copper and graphite targets which are materials of practical importance. Our calculations have shown that the LHC protons will penetrate up to about 35 m in solid copper and 10 m in solid graphite. A very interesting outcome of this work is that the impact of the LHC beam on solid matter will generate Warm Dense Matter (WDM) and Strongly Coupled Plasmas (SCP). The beams for the LHC are pre‐accelerated in the SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron) to 450 GeV/c and transferred to LHC via two beam lines. Several SPS cycles are required to fill the LHC, in one cycle a batch with up to 288 bunches can be accelerated. From the safety point of view it is also very important to study the damage caused to the equipment in case of an accident involving an uncontrolled release of the SPS beam. For this purpose we have also carried out detailed numerical simulations of the impact of the full SPS beam on solid copper and tungsten targets. These simulations have shown that the targets are severely damaged by the beam. It is also interesting to note that also in this case, a large part of the target material is converted into WDM and SCP. This study, therefore, shows that the LHC and the SPS have the potential to be used for studying these important fields of research. However, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to advance this work by designing dedicated experiments. This work is in progress (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

From the LHC to future colliders

Discoveries at the LHC will soon set the physics agenda for future colliders. This report of a CERN Theory Institute includes the summaries of Working Groups that reviewed the physics goals and prospects of LHC running with 10 to 300 fb^?1 of integrated luminosity, of the proposed sLHC luminosity upgrade, of the ILC, of CLIC, of the LHeC and of a muon collider. The four Working Groups considered possible scenarios for the first 10 fb^?1 of data at the LHC in which (i) a state with properties that are compatible with a Higgs boson is discovered, (ii) no such state is discovered either because the Higgs properties are such that it is difficult to detect or because no Higgs boson exists, (iii) a missing-energy signal beyond the Standard Model is discovered as in some supersymmetric models, and (iv) some other exotic signature of new physics is discovered. In the contexts of these scenarios, the Working Groups reviewed the capabilities of the future colliders to study in more detail whatever new physics may be discovered by the LHC. Their reports provide the particle physics community with some tools for reviewing the scientific priorities for future colliders after the LHC produces its first harvest of new physics from multi-TeV collisions.     

Can the LHC rule out the MSSM?

If supersymmetry (SUSY) exists in nature and is a solution to the hierarchy problem then it should be detectable at the TeV energy scale which the large hadron collider (LHC) is now exploring. One of the main goals of the LHC is the discovery or exclusion of the R-parity conserving minimal supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). So far, the SUSY search results are presented in the context of the constrained MSSM and other specific simplified SUSY models. A model-independent analysis necessarily relies on the trigger-system of the LHC detectors. By using the posterior samples of a 20-parameter MSSM, the phenomenological MSSM, from a fit to indirect collider and cosmological data we find that there is a significant volume in the MSSM parameter space that would escape the standard trigger-systems of the detectors. As such, in the absence of discovery in the current and future LHC runs, it would be difficult if not impossible to exclude the MSSM unless some dedicated and special triggers are commissioned or a Higgs boson with mass as predicted by the supersymmetric models is not found.     

Study of Two Top Production Through FCNC Anomalous Couplings at the LHC

We study the possibility of production of same sign top quark pairs at the LHC as a direct probe of flavor changing neutral current (FCNC) processes in the tqg vertices. In particular, the LHC potential to probe the flavor violating parameter κ/Λ is investigated with 5, 10, 15, and 20 fb^?1 of integrated luminosity of data of 7 and 8 TeV collisions. We find that the LHC can probe it down to 0.13 TeV^?1 via double top production process. Also, we examine the effects of variation of factorization scale and different parton distribution functions on the total cross section of same sign top quark pair at the LHC. The results could be a valid starting point for a more detailed experimental study.     

Surface Emission of Quark Gluon Plasma at RHIC and LHC

Within the framework of a factorization model, we study the behaviour of nuclear modification factor in Au Au collisions at RHIC and Pb-Pb collisions at LHC. We find that the nuclear modification factor is inversely proportional to the radius of the quark-gluon plasma and is dominated by the surface emission of hard jets. We predict the nuclear modification factor R^LHC AA - 0.15 in central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC. The study shows that the factorization model can be used to describe the centrality dependence of nuclear modification factor of the high transverse momentum particles produced in heavy ion collisions at both RHIC and LHC.