均匀球形液滴二阶和五阶彩虹的重建及应用

从理论和实验两方面研究了不同温度下球形液滴的彩虹强度分布及在粒度测量中的应用。研究结果表明折射率为 1.33附近液滴在 117°～ 134°散射角范围内的散射强度分布不是单一的二阶彩虹强度分布 ,而是二阶和五阶彩虹的干涉强度分布。基于散射强度频谱特点 ,提出了一种从干涉强度谱中重建二阶和五阶彩虹强度分布的方法 :逆快速傅里叶变换 (IFFT)。利用洛伦兹米理论 (LMT)模拟计算了温度为 2 0℃和 80℃下水粒子二阶彩虹的高频结构与粒子直径的关系 ,获得了经验公式。该关系式可用来测量确定温度下均匀水粒子直径。还利用激光彩虹测试系统测量了水柱二阶彩虹角度范围内的散射强度分布。上述理论研究结果与实验结果进行了比较 ,两者吻合得很好。基于上述研究 ,可以从单一阵列探测器获取的彩虹信号提取不同阶次彩虹分布 ,用于液滴多参量的反演测量。     

射流卷吸微米级结构的图像可视化研究

运用单帧单曝光图像法(SFSEI)对圆管射流的卷吸结构进行了图像可视化研究。单帧单曝光图像法不同于粒子图像测速法(PIV),它是采用相对较长的单次曝光进行拍摄以获得示踪粒子的运动轨迹。实验记录了从射流开始到观测区域内卷吸的形成过程。流场图像的空间大小为6.36 mm×3.97 mm,空间分辨率达到5.3μm×5.3μm。图像记录了射流卷吸产生的精细涡结构,其尺寸分布从几十微米到几百微米。本文的实验结果有助于理解射流的卷吸机理,也表明单帧单曝光图像法可以应用于观测微米级的流动结构。     

大面积分散电弧等离子体的ICCD图像分析

用增强型电荷耦合检测器(ICCD)和窄带干涉滤光片相结合的方法拍摄了未饱和氩等离子体的分散电弧的非饱和图像。对不同励磁电流下电弧形态的分析比较,证实了在强电磁力的作用下弧柱趋于扩散。在电弧完全分散条件下,对ICCD拍摄非饱和图像的光强分析,表明分散电弧具有较为均匀的分布。所采集的电弧电压的脉动幅度显著降低,分散电弧稳定运行。实验中观测到了稳定的多阴极弧根和弥散阴极弧根的现象,这表明电弧已扩散。     

数字合成彩虹全息图

提出了一种利用现代计算机技术制作全息图的新方法。数字彩虹全息图是计算机技术、数字图像处理技术应用到传统的合成全息图制作技术中的一种全息图。把用数码设备采集到的图像或利用计算机生成的图像作为全息拍摄的“物”,突破了传统全息只能拍摄实物的限制,实现了全息图制作的数字化。实验结果表明了该方法的可行性。同时也讨论了该方法的优越性及在实际应用中的重要意义。     

基于透视变换的直升机桨根扭转角测量方法

现有方法常将相机从下至上拍摄标记物图像，当桨叶扭转幅度较大时，相机主光轴与标记物平面法向量存在明显夹角，导致拍摄图像存在透视畸变现象，从而引发较大测量误差。为解决上述问题，提出一种基于透视变换的直升机桨根扭转角测量方法。首先，将靶标垂直固定在桨叶下方，相机正对桨毂拍摄图像。其次，计算桨叶在低速拉平状态下待测方位与正方位靶标图像中的四个顶点坐标，并求解待测方位的透视变换矩阵，然后利用透视变换矩阵对桨叶高速运动状态下待测方位拍摄的畸变图像进行校正。最后，求得基准图像与校正后图像中的圆心坐标，进而计算出待测方位扭转角。实验结果表明，各方位测量误差均小于0.2°。该方法不但测量精度高，而且具有多方位动态测量的优点，在直升机旋翼桨叶运动参数测量领域具有良好的应用前景。     

基于双光源图像特征的夜间能见度观测方法研究

以视觉方法观测能见度为研究核心,提出了基于双光源图像特征的夜间能见度观测方法,完成在各种不同天气情况下,对能见度的大范围、高精度、高鲁棒观测。首先分析多次散射条件下,光源图像亮度变化与大气消光之间的关系,得出反演能见度的基本模型,接着,研究了准确获取与能见度相关的光源图像特征提取算法,并提出了一种能消除光源波动的双光源能见度计算方法。最后,使用基于双光源图像特征的能见度观测系统在不同气象条件下进行实验,结果表明,在采用35 m基线长度,设定观测上限为15 000 m时, 观测误差均小于20%,能够满足气象与交通部门的要求。     

毛细管干涉仪的理论分析

从几何光学出发,推导了毛细管干涉仪的从柱面透镜到接收屏的光线的光程．对光线追迹模拟,结果表明毛细管干涉仪的干涉条纹的形成可用双光束的干涉来解释．从柱面不同位置入射的两条光线可能具有相同的光程,而且从柱面透镜不同位置出发的两条光线可能到达接收屏的同一点,当它们满足相干条件时,就会形成干涉条纹．建立了干涉条纹的计算机模拟程序, 模拟了毛细管中液体折射率、毛细管内径、外径对干涉条纹的影响. 结果表明实验中应使用薄壁毛细管, 由于干涉条纹对柱面透镜到毛细管之间的距离非常敏感, 为提高精度, 建议在实验中用已知折射率的标样来确定这一距离.     

无限长非均匀圆柱对平面波散射的彩虹特性研究

以梯度折射率聚合物光纤为例,利用非均匀柱粒子的洛伦茨-米氏(Lorenz-Mie)理论和德拜(Debye)级数研究了非均匀柱粒子的一阶、二阶彩虹强度分布特点.针对不同阶次彩虹间存在相干现象这一特点,提出了低通、带通滤波和逆快速傅里叶变换(IFFT)方法,将各阶彩虹从相互干涉的强度分布中分离重建出来,并且与Debye级数模拟的结果进行了比较,吻合得很好;讨论了分层柱粒子的双重一阶彩虹现象,利用Lorenz-Mie理论和Debye级数模拟了双重一阶彩虹的强度分布.     

用PET薄膜覆盖金属丝网电极实现大气压空气中均匀放电

将325^#不锈钢丝网电极和0.1 mm厚的PET薄膜紧贴在一起,平整地固定在Rogowski电极基座上,用50 Hz工频电压源及并联稳压电容,在大气压下2 mm空气间隙中实现了均匀放电.实验表明：将放电电流和电荷量波形作为判断放电均匀性的依据并不是完全可靠的,它只能判断放电在时间上的一致性,而不足以判断放电在空间上的均匀性.只有拍摄曝光时间不大于100ns的放电图像,才能可靠地判断放电的均匀性.在金属丝网电极覆盖PET薄膜的大气压气体放电实验中,这种放电图像被拍摄到,并说明大气压空气中的均匀放电只是汤森放电,而非辉光放电. 关键词： 大气压辉光放电 金属丝网电极 驻极体 高速摄影     

微管内流动沸腾流型的可视化研究

本文设计了一套针对微圆管内流动沸腾现象进行实验研究的实验台,并对微圆管内流动沸腾的流型变化及分布进行了可视化实验研究。在一定质量流率、进口温度情况下,利用高速摄影仪对均匀受热的内径为530μm的水平布置的石英玻璃毛细管内水的流动沸腾流型进行拍摄,得到了相应条件下微管内的相变流型分布图。     

Relation between Debye series and generalized Lorentz--Mie theory of laser beam scattering by multilayer cylinder

With the recursive relations of Bessel function and applying inductive approach, the consistency between the scattering coefficient formula of Debye series and that of the generalized Lorentz-Mie theory (GLMT) in the scattering of a multilayer cylinder illuminated by a laser beam is proved in detail. As an application example, rainbow phenomenon in the scattering of a two-layer cylinder is discussed by the Debye series components. It can be concluded that the radius and the refractive index of a two-layer cylinder have an effect on the twin-primary rainbow, and the high-order Debye series components which are associated with the high-order rainbows are more complex than those of a homogeneous cylinder.     

Proton channeling through long chiral carbon nanotubes: The rainbow route to equilibration

In this work we investigate the rainbows appearing in channeling of 1 GeV protons through the long (11,9) single-wall carbon nanotubes. The nanotube length is varied from 10 to 500 μm. The angular distributions of channeled protons are computed using the numerical solution of the proton equations of motion in the transverse plane and the Monte Carlo method. The rainbows are identified as the rings in the angular distributions, which correspond to the extrema of the proton deflection functions. Each rainbow is characterized by a sharp decrease of the proton yield on its large angle side. As the nanotube length increases, the number of rainbows increases and the average distance between them decreases in an easily predictable way. When the average distance between the rainbows becomes smaller than the resolution of the angular distribution, one cannot distinguish between the adjacent rainbows, and the angular distribution becomes equilibrated. We call this route to equilibration the rainbow route to equilibration. This work is a demonstration of how a simple one-dimensional bound dynamic system can exhibit a complex collective behavior.     

利用彩虹强度角谱分布对圆柱直径的测量

采用ＣＣＤ线阵的散射光强角分布测量系统,测量了水、酒精液柱、光纤的彩虹角分布。根据严格米氏理论,数值研究了大尺寸参数圆柱的彩虹现象,获得与实验相吻合的数值结果。讨论了几何光学和艾里理论局限性,将米氏理论和几何光学结合,对彩虹现象给予了更为合理的解释。利用第一级彩虹角反演折射率,以及将彩虹强度导数角分布进行快速傅里叶变换获得了角谱反演圆柱粒子的直径。并讨论了利用角谱反演粒子折射率和直径的精度。     

Der Regenbogeneffekt und Interferenzerscheinungen bei molekularen Stößen

Crossed beam measurements of differential elastic scattering cross sections for collisions of alkali atoms with mercury and xenon atoms as well as with different molecules are presented. Special attention is given to the rainbow effect including supernumary rainbows and to interference effects connected with rainbow scattering. The observation of well resolved primary and supernumary rainbows together with interference patterns make the determination of a three parameter potential model possible. Partial wave numerical calculations of differential cross sections are used to evaluate potential parameters and to discuss the limits of the semiclassical rainbow theory. Elastic scattering between reactive collision partners is investigated too and interpreted in terms of a simple optical model.     

Study on measurement of refractive index profile of GI-POF by light scattering

This paper is devoted to the study on measurement of refractive index profile of graded-index polymer optical fiber (GI-POF) by light scattering. Using Generalized Airy theory and Debye series of an inhomogeneous cylinder, the scattering intensity distributions are obtained of Airy structure of rainbows for different refractive index profile. The results show that positions of Airy peaks depend closely on refractive index profile of GI-POF. Since each order of rainbow penetrates it to different depths, such methods could be used to provide information of the refractive index profile of GI-POF. For GI-POF with given diameter, positions of Airy peaks of rainbows are simulated as a function of refractive index profile, which can be used to inverse unknown parameters of refractive index profile. The least square method is used in inversion of refractive index profile with the given refractive index of the cladding. The results obtained agree with theoretical values with high precision. The method has the advantages of non-instructive and on-line measurement, and can be used for the measurement of other inhomogeneous droplets.     

On rainbows of inhomogeneous spherical droplets

The paper is devoted to the study of the intensity distributions and the angular spectra of the second and fifth rainbows of homogeneous and inhomogeneous spherical particles predicted by Lorenz-Mie theory. The results show that the distribution around the second rainbow angle for a homogeneous sphere of refractive index between 1.32 and 1.33 is due to the interference of the light after two or five internal reflections. The structure of the scattering diagram and the angular spectrum for homogeneous and radially inhomogeneous spheres are studied. For a homogeneous sphere we show that the second and fifth rainbows can be independently reconstructed by filtering the calculated spectrum. Since each order of rainbow penetrates the particle to different depths, such methods could be used to provide information about the refractive index profile or the temperature gradient of an inhomogeneous sphere. The Airy-like peaks of the second and fifth rainbows are closely connected with the refractive index profile, which is beneficial to the measurement of its refractive index profile or temperature gradient.     

Der Einfluss der Metallbedeckung auf die Supraleitenden Eigenschaften von Dünnen Zylindern

The critical parameters (upper critical field, critical temperature) of a thin type II superconducting cylinders are considerably changed by coating with normal metal. Below a minimum cylinder radius, the superconductivity can no longer exist. The oscillations of the critical temperature with magnetic field are also modified. For good conductive metals, only an aperiodic effect appears. The decrease of the critical temperature produced by coating is given. The thin-film quantization effects the existence of jumps in the field dependence of the critical temperature.     

相干彩虹的形成机制

用一束白光激光聚焦照射液体(水、丙酮、无水乙醇、汽水等)或固体(冰、有色玻璃、塑料、彩色蜡等),出现了多级的彩色干涉环,即相干彩虹.高强度白光局部地加热了液体(固体),改变了它的密度(以及折射性质),从而导致光程差的出现,不同波长的光都发生干渉,形成了彩色的干涉环.有色玻璃在反射模式下也出现了相干彩虹,此时的干涉完全来自于玻璃表面轮廓的变化,并且无参数拟合的结果定量地符合观测到的干涉图案.     

Backscattering enhancements for tilted solid plastic cylinders in water due to the caustic merging transition: observations and theory

Bulk shear and longitudinal waves give rise to important contributions to the scattering of ultrasound by tilted finite plastic and rubber cylinders in water. This occurs in situations where either the shear or longitudinal speed is less than the speed of sound in the surrounding water. At a certain critical tilt angle, large backscattering enhancements are observed for finite cylinders, where the wave vector can reverse direction upon reflection from the cylinder truncation. The scattering process is analogous to the enhancement produced by the merging of rainbow caustics of primary rainbow rays in the scattering of light by long dielectric cylinders, also known as the caustic merging transition [C. M. Mount, D. B. Thiessen, and P. L. Marston, Appl. Opt. 37, 1534-1539 (1998)]. A ray theory was developed to model the backscattering mechanism at the critical tilt angle. It employs the idea of the Bravais effective refractive index, convenient for constructing ray diagrams for the projections of rays in the base plane of the cylinder. There is general agreement between the theory and the experiment down to relatively low ultrasonic frequencies (ka as small as 10). The enhancement is the most significant backscattering contribution for a wide range of tilt angles.