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1.
种子这一生命材料的传热传质,已从宏观迈向微观,从整体迈向细胞、原生质、细胞器、分子膜的水平发展,并研究了种子的生理生化特性与规律,文中用透射电镜对未干与干燥的白菜种子进行了96个切片观察表明,仅在细胞壁发现有皱褶.对初含水率为13%,经2小时、45℃干燥的白菜种子其α淀粉酶相对活性下降了5.8%,研究表明酶的活性不仅与温度有关,还是初含水率与干燥时间的函数。  相似文献   

2.
双行程红外辐射振动流化种子干燥的传热传质研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在深入研究单行程红外辐射振动流化种子干燥的基础上,本文开拓出双行程振动流化干燥,其特点是在干燥过程中种子与供热热风均经两次行程,干燥装置总高度不变,其干燥行程增加20%.通过非稳态干燥动力学实验研究表明,增加内行程种子总脱水率增加87%,总干燥周期为单行程的1/1.8,料温为其0.82(47℃/57℃)倍.由于增加内筒使恒速段延长并提高了梅这段的干燥速率,整个干燥过程适应种子的生理生化特性,因而可保持种子的活力。文中根据干燥速率方程分别实验研究了辐射、对流与导热在强化种子传热传质过程中的各自贡献.这些研究为我国的‘种子工程’尤其是品种繁多、特性各异干燥难度较高的蔬菜种子干燥提供了理论依据与技术基础。  相似文献   

3.
利用热像与生理实验法研究种子的优化传热传质   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2  
本文运用工程热物理和种子生理学科交叉的研究方法,在辐射振动流化干燥装置中,对白菜种子的动、静态干燥进行了热象测试分析,并且同步进行了种子的生理实验研究.结果表明种子的临界干燥温度是干燥时间和含水率的函数,当含水率较低及干燥周期较短时,种子的临界干燥温度可以提高,为种子的优化传热传质提供了理论依据.  相似文献   

4.
对于种子干燥方面的研究,大多是针对其宏观传热传质即干燥动力学方面。本文采用热成象技术对单颗蚕豆种子的传热过程进行了研究,用实验求解导热方程反问题的方法计算出不同含水率下单颗种子的导热系数,对种子在非稳态下内部温度场进行了测试与分析.研究结果表明,在含水率小于 20%时,其导热系数随着含水率的增加而增大,当含水率大于 25%时则表现出较强的非均质性和非稳态性。对单颗蚕豆种子内部温度场测定而得到的种子热剖面温度分布表明,种子内部存在温度梯度其热扩散具有均匀性,同时反映出种皮传热热阻的存在。这些结果对于深入研究种子内部的传热传质机理,具有重要的实际意义。  相似文献   

5.
蔬菜种子干燥中种皮的效应与优化传热传质机理   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
1前言含水率大的种子在贮存过程中极易发生劣变,使发芽力与发芽势降低山。种子干燥是一个复杂的传热传质过程,而且还涉及到生命力保存的问题。虽然种子的形态存有差异,但是种子的基本结构都是一致的。一般都由胚、胚乳和种皮三部分组成。种皮对种子具有保护与协调的功能,其透气性与透水性决定了种皮是种子与周围环境进行质量与能量交换的必经之路。为此本文综合种子的生物生理特性研究了蔬菜种子干燥中种皮的作用,并结合种皮的生物学功能探讨了优化传热传质的机理。2种皮对干燥的影响实验装置见文献[2],采用在线测量的方法可连续检…  相似文献   

6.
菜豆种子薄层干燥物料内部水分扩散系数的确定   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
本文将数值方法应用于物性测试,用反问题的研究方法,通过建立物料的内部水分扩散模型及边界条件的处理,把反映物料干燥过程动态特性的实验含水率曲线与物料颗粒内部的水分扩散结合起来,确定物料颗粒在非稳态脱水过程中的内部水分扩散系数,并分析内部水分分布及其动态特性。计算结果与实验曲线拟合的分析表明,本文的方法是可行的,对于进一步分析干燥过程参数对种子劣变的影响及确定优化的干燥工艺从而达到干燥控制的目的有重要的意义。  相似文献   

7.
基于光谱及成像技术的种子品质无损速测研究进展   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
种子是农业生产过程的重要生产资料。种子质量评价、活力与老化检测、纯度与真伪鉴别、分类与溯源研究是种子品质检测中的常见问题。种子质量主要包含种子含水率、蛋白含量、脂肪酸含量、淀粉含量等,是种子品质分级的重要指标,并且关系到种子存储过程的安全问题。种子活力是种子发芽和出苗率、幼苗生长的潜势、植株抗逆能力和生产潜力的总和;高活力种子具有明显的生长优势和生产潜力。种子老化是指种子活力的自然衰退,表现为种子变色、发芽率低、生长势差、作物减产。种子的纯度与真伪则会影响作物产量和农产品品质;而种子分类与溯源则是保证种子纯度与鉴别种子真伪的重要方法,进而为作物产量与产品品质提供保障。对于种子品质分析,传统方法通常需要对样品做不可逆的破坏性分析,且分析时间长、过程复杂,难以适应现代农业对种子生产环节的需要。因此,开展种子品质无损快速检测技术研究成为当前亟待解决的问题。近年来,随着化学计量学的发展和计算机技术的进步,近红外光谱法以其快速、无损、高效等优势,在农产品、食品、农业投入品等的无损快速分析方面得以广泛的应用。进一步地,将光谱技术与成像技术相结合,高光谱成像技术近年来日益兴起,相比较于传统的光谱技术,高光谱成像技术在获得待测样品的光谱信息的同时,还可以获取样品的空间分布信息以及图像特征。基于近红外光谱及高光谱成像等无损快速检测技术,从种子质量评价、活力与老化检测、纯度与真伪鉴别、分类与溯源研究四方面对近年来关于种子品质无损快速检测文献进行综述。在分析不同检测技术特点的基础上,分别就上述种子品质检测方面的问题加以整理。进而对种子品质无损快速检测的技术特点进行了总结与展望。  相似文献   

8.
利用北京正负电子对撞机(BEPC)上的北京谱仪(BES)收集的7.8×106个J/事例,测量得到J/-A,AAv和八八三个衰变道的分支比分别为Br(J/一A八):(l.08::0.06::0.24)x10-a,(VAAN<l.6xl0-‘(90%Cu,和&(U’)=(23l0.7ll0.8)l10-t:第一个衰变道的角分布为:(1、acos‘0),a=0.520.330.13。  相似文献   

9.
本文基于Whitaker体积平均理论建立了多孔介质热风干燥的理论模型,结合隐式有限差分法对其进行了离散求解,在处理方程的非线性效应时采用了预估-校正算法。模拟得到了湿含量随干燥时间的变化,并与文献中实验结果做了比较,二者吻合较好,验证了模型的可靠性。模拟了干燥过程中温度、液相饱和度等参数随干燥时间的变化,研究分析了固体骨架的吸附效应对干燥过程的影响。  相似文献   

10.
文中以木材红外干燥工程为背景,建立了红外辐射与对流脱水的物理模型,测量了木板的干燥速率、多点温度与湿度及干、湿球温度,研究了升速、恒速、降速三个干燥阶段的规律,推导了适于全干燥过程的非稳态干燥动力学方程,发现了升温速率对木材干燥的关键影响,并对辐射强化系数K_1、对流传质汽化系数K_t、对流放热系数H_c及总放热系数H_o进行了计算与分析。该理论对木板及难干物料的干燥,均有重要意义。  相似文献   

11.
种子活力是种子质量的一项重要指标,高活力的种子具有较强的抗逆性、生长优势及生产潜力。而种子活力在种子生理成熟时最高,随后随着贮藏时间的延长而发生着自然不可逆的降低。因此,在播种前及时、准确地对种子活力进行检测和筛选具有重要的实践意义。针对传统种子活力检测方法存在的操作过程复杂繁琐、耗时长、重复性差且对种子有破坏性等缺点,研究尝试利用高光谱成像技术建立单粒小麦种子生活力快速、无损、精确的检测方法。以高温高湿老化后的190粒小麦种子(发芽128粒,不发芽62粒)作为研究样本,先利用可见-近红外(Vis-NIR)高光谱成像系统采集样本种子的光谱图像和进行标准发芽试验,并确保光谱采集试验和标准发芽试验的小麦种子一一对应。随后提取种子光谱图像的感兴趣区域并对其光谱数据进行平均和特征分析。分别采用一阶导数(FD)、均值中心化(MC)、正交信号校正(OSC)和多元散射校正(MSC)对原始光谱数据进行预处理,结合偏最小二乘辨别分析(PLS-DA)建立全波段PLS-DA模型,比较分析,并筛选出最适预处理方法。分别利用无信息变量消除算法(UVE)、竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、连续投影算法(SPA)及耦合不同变量筛选方法对特征波段进行筛选提取,再分别基于所提取出的特征波段建立PLS-DA定性判别模型,对比分析,最终确立提取与单粒小麦种子生活力相关性最高的高光谱特征波段方法体系。结果表明:不同光谱预处理建立的模型其表现有所差异,在MC,FD,OSC和MSC中,采用MC对原始高光谱数据进行预处理,建立的全波段MC-PLS-DA判别模型,其校正集和预测集对小麦种子生活力的整体鉴别正确率分别为82.5%和83.0%,优于原始及其他预处理后建立的全波段PLS-DA判别模型,其校正集和预测集对小麦种子活种子鉴别正确率分别为94.8%和90.6%。进一步对比3种单特征波段提取方法及其耦合分析建模中,发现3种变量筛选方法耦合(UVE-CARS-SPA)的方式能够将光谱全波段的688个变量压缩至8个变量(473,492,811,829,875,880,947和969 nm),利用所筛选出的8个变量建立的MC-UVE-CARS-SPA-PLS-DA模型获得了最优秀的鉴别效果,其校正集和预测集对小麦种子生活力的整体鉴别正确率分别为86.7%和85.1%,较全波段模型(MC-Full-PLS-DA)分别提升了4.2%和2.1%,活种子的鉴别正确率分别为93.8%和84.4%,经过此优秀模型筛选后,种子批最终发芽率可达到93.1%。实验结果表明,基于高光谱成像技术结合UVE-CARS-SPA-PLS-DA模型能够实现对单粒小麦种子生活力的定性判别。研究工作为小麦种子活力的快速、精确且无损的检测提供理论支持。  相似文献   

12.
Corn is one of the most cultivated crops all over world as food for humans as well as animals. Optimized agronomic practices and improved technological interventions during planting, harvesting and post-harvest handling are critical to improving the quantity and quality of corn production. Seed germination and vigor are the primary determinants of high yield notwithstanding any other factors that may play during the growth period. Seed viability may be lost during storage due to unfavorable conditions e.g. moisture content and temperatures, or physical damage during mechanical processing e.g. shelling, or over heating during drying. It is therefore vital for seed companies and farmers to test and ascertain seed viability to avoid losses of any kind. This study aimed at investigating the possibility of using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technique to discriminate viable and nonviable corn seeds. A group of corn samples were heat treated by using microwave process while a group of seeds were kept as control group (untreated). The hyperspectral images of corn seeds of both groups were captured between 400 and 2500 nm wave range. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was built for the classification of aged (heat treated) and normal (untreated) corn seeds. The model showed highest classification accuracy of 97.6% (calibration) and 95.6% (prediction) in the SWIR region of the HSI. Furthermore, the PLS-DA and binary images were capable to provide the visual information of treated and untreated corn seeds. The overall results suggest that HSI technique is accurate for classification of viable and non-viable seeds with non-destructive manner.  相似文献   

13.
Seeds of Dactylorhiza fuchsii (common spotted orchid) and Anacamptis morio (green-winged orchid) were encapsulated in alginate beads with hyphae of the basidomycete fungus Ceratobasidium cornigerum. Pre-treatment of beads for 18 h with sucrose at an optimum concentration of 0.75 M decreased the desiccation rate in a flow of sterile air (c. 23 degree C, 30% RH) and increased seed and fungal survival after up to 16 h drying. Pre-treated and 16-h dried beads were transferred to cryo-vials and subsequently stored at a range of low temperatures for up to 30 d. Neither embryo growth of both orchids nor fungal development was detrimentally affected by 1 d storage at -196 degree C when the beads were pre-dried to c. 20% moisture content. Encapsulated D. fuchsii seed and compatible fungus had < 5% and < 45% viability when beads of the same moisture content were stored for 1 d at -20 degree C and -70 degree C respectively. In contrast, viability of the seed and the fungus remained unchanged during 30 days storage at -196 degree C but was progressively lost at 16 degree C over the same interval. The results indicate opportunities for the use of simultaneous cryopreservation as a conservation tool for diverse taxa.  相似文献   

14.
Cryopreservation protocols by dehydration and one-step freezing were developed for seeds from three Pistacia species, i.e., P. vera, P. terebinthus and P. lentiscus, which were characterised by different initial germination percentages (100%, 17% and 81%, respectively). In P. vera, a maximum of 90% germination was obtained following 8 hours drying in silica gel (corresponding to 11.7% moisture content on a FW basis) and direct immersion in LN. In P. terebinthus and P. lentiscus, shorter periods of dehydration (1 hour and 15 min, respectively) were sufficient to reduce their moisture content to about 20%, which resulted in peak seed germination percentages from cryostorage of 16% and 47%, respectively. Following cryopreservation, the seeds germinated better on semi-solid MS medium, than on cotton wool wetted with dH(2)O or liquid MS medium. Finally, in P. vera and P. lentiscus, high and significant correlation coefficients were obtained between the TTC viability test and seed germinability after recovery from LN, provided that seeds which were considered positive in the test showed completely or partially red embryonic axes coupled to completely red cotyledons.  相似文献   

15.
Introduction

Infrared (IR) drying of paper in a pilot scale has been investigated by several researchers in the past [1–3]. Both high-intensity electric heating and medium-intensity gas heating are now being used industrially either to preheat wet paper before conventional steam drying [1] or as a moisture-profile corrector just before paper sizing press [2]. Our own investigation [3] on the use of radiant energy from a gas-fired IR radiator have revealed that the drying efficiency of IR radiation is influenced by the nature of association of water molecules with cellulose in wet paper. Depending on the total moisture content of a paper, the free and bound moisture contents of paper will vary in wet paper sheet. Our previous study [3] has also confirmed that it is possible to remove free moisture more efficiently using gas-fired IR emitter operated at 1373 K rather than as 1223 K. It is reported that besides emitter temperature, the efficiency of drying also depends on the location of the emitter. In general, the efficiency is high if the emitter is installed near the preheating zone and the efficiency changes in the following order: falling rate < constant rate < preheating. Pikulik [4] compared the efficiency of hot gas impinging drying with conventional steam drying emphasizing the paper properties. The properties of a high-intensity hot gas-dried paper has been reported to be better than those of conventionally steam dried paper. An immediate quality improvement in terms of reduced moisture steaks and superior resistance to paper embrittleness was also observed when installing a high-intensity infrared drying system [5,6].  相似文献   

16.
The effects of desiccation and storage temperature on the viability and longevity of willow seeds was investigated using two hybrids, Salix rehderiana x (Salix x capreola) [cross 458] and Salix x sericans x Salix viminalis [cross 512]. Freshly harvested seed of both crosses survived silica gel drying down to c. 3 to 5% moisture content. Hybrid 458 seed stored in liquid nitrogen (-196C) for 3 d retained viability when equilibrated to < or = 45% RH (pre-storage), showed slightly reduced survival at 65% RH and exhibited no survival at > or =82% RH. The level of survival after 68 d for seeds pre-equilibrated to either c. 10 or 65% (5 or 10% moisture) and stored at four temperatures was -196C > -20C > 2C > 16C. At all temperatures, drier seed stored better than wetter seed. For hybrid 512, seed longevity at 20C > 40C > 60C, and a 10% fall in pre-storage seed RH resulted in a c. 2-fold increase in longevity at each storage temperature. The response of hybrid willow seeds to desiccation and cooling raises possibilities for the long-term seed conservation of Salix species by cryopreservation.  相似文献   

17.
Kim HH  Lee JH  Shin DJ  Ko HC  Hwang HS  Kim T  Cho EG  Engelmann F 《Cryo letters》2008,29(5):419-426
Korean ginseng germplasm is maintained as clonal germplasm since there is no practical method for long-term seed conservation. The aim of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for Korean ginseng seeds. Desiccation of undehisced ginseng seeds to a moisture content (MC) of 7.1 % did not decrease their dehiscence and germination. After cryopreservation, the dehiscence percentage of desiccated seeds decreased for MC above 12.5%; it was 26% for 22.6% seed MC and nil for 41.9% seed MC. Germination percentage did not decrease significantly between 12.5-22.6% seed MC, while germination percentage of dehisced seeds decreased below 7.2% MC, reaching 25.8% at 3.8% MC. After cryopreservation, the germination percentage decreased from 90.5-92.9% at 8.3-10.6% MC to 84.8% at 12.5% MC. At MCs below 8.3%, germination rapidly decreased from 85.0% at 7.2% MC to 34.9% at 5.3% MC. Therefore, the hydration window for cryopreservation of ginseng seeds is around 8-11% MC. Undehisced Korean ginseng seeds were characterized by their high lipid and protein content (lipids, 42.6% FW; proteins, 41.0% FW). When using thermal analysis, during the cooling phase, exothermic ice crystallization peaks were observed with dehisced ginseng seeds above 13.5% MCs (3.3 J/g FW). A second crystallization peak was detected following ice crystallization peaks.  相似文献   

18.
This study aimed at investigating the performances of air drying of blackberries assisted by airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound. The drying experiments were conducted in a self-designed dryer coupled with a 20-kHz ultrasound probe. A numerical model for unsteady heat and mass transfer considering temperature dependent diffusivity, shrinkage pattern and input ultrasonic energies were applied to explore the drying mechanism, while the energy consumption and quality were analyzed experimentally. Generally, both airborne ultrasound and contact ultrasound accelerated the drying process, reduced the energy consumption and enhanced the retentions of blackberry anthocyanins and organic acids in comparison to air drying alone. At the same input ultrasound intensity level, blackberries received more ultrasound energies under contact sonication (0.299 W) than airborne sonication (0.245 W), thus avoiding the attenuation of ultrasonic energies by air. The modeling results revealed that contact ultrasound was more capable than airborne ultrasound to intensify the inner moisture diffusion and heat conduction, as well as surface exchange of heat and moisture with air. During air drying, contact ultrasound treatment eliminated the gradients of temperature and moisture inside blackberry easier than airborne ultrasound, leading to more homogenous distributions. Moreover, the total energy consumption under air drying with contact ultrasound assistance was 27.0% lower than that with airborne ultrasound assistance. Besides, blackberries dehydrated by contact ultrasound contained more anthocyanins and organic acids than those dried by airborne ultrasound, implying a higher quality. Overall, direct contact sonication can well benefit blackberry drying in both energy and quality aspects.  相似文献   

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