A new type of high power composite ultrasonic transducer

A new type of high power composite ultrasonic transducer was proposed and studied. The composite transducer consists of a sandwich longitudinal piezoelectric transducer, an isotropic metal hollow cylinder with large radial dimension, and the front and back metal radiation mass. By means of its special structure and Poisson’s effect, the composite transducer can produce vibrations both in its longitudinal and radial directions, and therefore, it can radiate sound waves in three-dimensional space. The electro-mechanical equivalent circuit of the composite transducer was derived and the resonance frequency equation was obtained analytically. Numerical methods were used to simulate the vibration of the composite transducer, and the vibrational displacement distribution, the resonance frequency and the radiation sound field are given. Some composite transducers are designed and manufactured; their resonance frequencies and the radiation acoustic field are measured and compared with the analytical and numerical results. It can be seen that the measured frequencies and acoustic field contour are in good agreement with the analytical and numerical results. It is expected that this kind of composite ultrasonic transducer can be used in more and more power ultrasonic applications, such as ultrasonic cleaning, ultrasonic extraction, ultrasonic sonochemistry and other ultrasonic liquid processing, where high ultrasonic power and large ultrasonic processing space are needed increasingly.     

Study on the multifrequency Langevin ultrasonic transducer

Langevin ultrasonic transducers are widely used in high-power ultrasonics and underwater sound. In ultrasonic cleaning, a matching metal horn rather than a metal cylinder is used as the radiator in order to enhance the radiating surface and improve the acoustic matching between the transducer and the processed medium. To raise the effect of ultrasonic cleaning, the standing wave in the cleaning tank should be eliminated. One method to eliminate the standing wave in the tank is to use the multifrequency ultrasonic transducer. In this paper, the Langevin ultrasonic horn transducer, with two resonance frequencies, is studied. The transducer consists of two groups of piezoelectric ceramic elements: the back metal cylinder, the middle metal cylinder and the front matching metal horn. The vibrational modes of the transducer are analysed, and resonance frequency equations of the transducer in the half-wave and the all-wave vibrational modes are derived. According to the resonance frequency equations, transducers with two resonance frequencies are designed and made. The resonance frequencies, the effective electromechanical coupling coefficients and the equivalent electric impedances of the transducers are measured. It is shown that the measured resonance frequencies are in good agreement with the computed results, and the transducer can be excited to vibrate at two resonance frequencies, which correspond to the half-wave and the all-wave vibrational modes of the transducer.     

Analysis of the sandwich piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer in coupled vibration

The coupled vibration of the sandwich piezoelectric transducer with a large cross-section is analyzed using an approximate analytic method. The resonance frequency equations of the transducer are derived and the effect of the geometrical dimensions on the resonance frequency is studied. It is illustrated that when the radial vibration in the transducer is considered, the vibration of the sandwich transducer becomes more complex. Apart from the longitudinal resonance frequency, the radial resonance frequency can also be obtained. For comparison, numerical methods are also used to simulate the coupled vibration; the resonance frequency and the vibrational displacement distribution are computed. Compared with one-dimensional longitudinal theory, the radial dimensions of the transducer are no longer limited because the coupled vibration is considered. Compared with numerical methods, the physical meaning of the analytic method is concise. It is illustrated that the resonance frequencies obtained from the coupled resonance frequency equations are in good agreement with those from numerical methods, and they are in better agreement with the measured results than those from one-dimensional theory. Since the radial and the coupled vibration are considered in the analysis, more resonance frequencies can be obtained. Therefore, using the coupled resonance frequency equations, the sandwich transducer with multifrequency or wide frequency bandwidth can be designed and used in ultrasonic cleaning, ultrasonic sonochemistry and other applications.     

Study on the prestressed sandwich piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducer of torsional-flexural composite vibrational mode

Based on the classical torsional and flexural vibrational theory of a slender rod, the prestressed sandwich torsional-flexural composite mode piezoelectric ceramic ultrasonic transducer is studied. This type of transducer consists of the slender metal rods and the longitudinally and tangentially polarized piezoelectric ceramic rings. The resonance frequency equations for the torsional and flexural vibrations in the transducers are derived. The simultaneous resonance of the torsional and flexural vibrations in the transducer is acquired by correcting the length of the metal slender rods resulting from the piezoelectric ceramic elements. The experimental results show that the measured resonance frequencies of the transducers are in good agreement with the computed ones, and the measured resonance frequencies of the torsional and the flexural vibrations in the composite transducers are also in good agreement with each other.     

Operating characteristics analysis of a dual-excited full-wavelength piezoceramic ultrasonic transducer

A dual-excited full-wavelength piezoceramic ultrasonic transducer as a cascade of two half-wavelength sandwich piezoceramic transducers is studied.The relevant parameters' expressions of the figure of merit N for the transducer are derived,and the effects of the structure and material parameters of the transducer on its characteristics are further analyzed by numerical calculation.The results show that when the two piezoceramic stacks are respectively located at the displacement nodes of their own half-wavelength transducers,or the two piezoceramic stacks have the same number of pieces in the case of a certain number of piezoceramic pieces,the figure of merit of the transducer can reach a maximum.With increasing of the number of piezoceramic pieces in a fairly large range,the figure of merit of the transducer slightly decreases,but the force factor of the transducer increases rapidly.The metal materials of the transducer have little effect on its figure of merit.Thus it can be seen that the dual-excited full-wavelength transducer can effectively increase the volumes of the piezoceramic stacks in the case of that the transducer's comprehensive performance has only a little bit of degradation,so it's power capacity and load capability can be dramatically improved,which means the transducer is more suitable for high power and heavy load applications.     

双激励全波长压电陶瓷超声换能器工作特性分析

对由两个半波长夹心式压电陶瓷换能器级联而成的双激励全波长压电陶瓷超声换能器进行了研究,给出了这种换能器优值的相关参量表达式,通过数值计算分析了该换能器的结构和材料参数对其特性的影响。研究结果表明,当两组压电陶瓷堆分别位于各自所在半波长换能器的位移节点,或者在压电陶瓷片数量确定情况下两组压电陶瓷堆的片数相同时,换能器均能得到最大的优值;在相当大的范围内增加压电陶瓷片的数量,换能器的优值稍有降低,但力因子迅速增大;金属块材料对换能器的优值影响甚微。可见双激励全波长换能器能在不明显降低换能器综合性能的情况下有效增加压电陶瓷的体积,因而可大幅提高换能器的功率容量和负载能力,更适用于大功率重负载的场合。      

Study of the sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic torsional transducer

The sandwiched piezoelectric ultrasonic torsional transducer was studied. The transducer consists of front and back metal cylinders, and coaxially segmented, tangentially polarized, piezoelectric ceramic tubes. The torsional vibration of the tangentially polarized piezoelectric ceramic slender tube was studied first and its electromechanical equivalent circuit was derived. Based on the network theory and the electromechanical equivalent circuit, the torsional vibration of the piezoelectric ceramic cylinder, formed by stacking a number of identical short piezoelectric ceramic rings, was analysed and the electromechanical equivalent circuit of the piezoelectric ceramic stack in torsional vibration was developed. Finally, the sandwiched ultrasonic torsional transducer was studied and resonance frequency equations were derived which can be used to design and calculate the torsional transducers for different applications.     

夹心式径向复合压电超声换能器

对夹心式径向复合压电换能器径向振动特性进行了研究。该换能器由弹性内芯、预应力金属管及柱面压电陶瓷晶堆径向复合而成.利用机电类比法,得到了换能器的径向振动等效电路及频率方程。探讨了换能器第1、2阶径向共振频率及有效机电耦合系数与其几何尺寸的关系。研究表明,换能器第1阶径向共振频率随其内芯内径及预应力管壁厚度增大而降低;第2阶共振频率随内芯内径增大存在极小值,但随预应力管壁厚度增大单调下降。此外,采用第2阶径向共振模式能获得较高的有效机电耦合系数,并且压电陶瓷处于位移节线时,换能器有效机电耦合系数达极大值。对换能器共振频率的测试与有限元仿真表明。理论与实验及仿真结果符合较好。      

纵-扭复合振动模式指数型复合超声变幅杆的研究

本文对指数型纵－扭复合振动模式的复合超声变幅杆进行了理论及实验研究，该变幅杆由均匀截面直棒及指数型截面杆组成。文中推出了变幅杆中纵向振动及扭转振动的共振频率方程，通过发迹指数型变截面棒的截面变化规律，实现了同一变幅杆中纵向振动与扭转振动的同频共振。     

基于二维声子晶体的大尺寸夹心式换能器的优化设计

夹心式换能器应用极为广泛,但当其横向尺寸过大时,存在耦合振动,影响其辐射面的位移分布.本文通过在大尺寸夹心式换能器的前盖板中加工周期排列的槽,来形成一种二维声子晶体结构.随后,采用有限元法对基于二维声子晶体的大尺寸夹心式换能器的振动传输特性、共振频率以及发射电压响应进行仿真模拟,讨论了开槽高度和开槽宽度对其带隙、共振与反共振频率、带宽以及辐射面位移分布的影响.研究结果表明,通过在大尺寸夹心式换能器中应用声子晶体结构可对其进行优化设计.当大尺寸夹心式换能器的工作频率位于其带隙范围内时,二维声子晶体结构能有效地抑制其横向振动,从而改善换能器辐射面位移分布的均匀程度.此外,在大尺寸夹心式换能器的前盖板中加工二维声子晶体结构,能有效提升换能器的带宽,进而拓宽大尺寸夹心式换能器的工作频带.