撬装式LNG汽车加气站结构设计

介绍了撬装式LNG汽车加气站的基本结构设计及工作原理,着重对LNG加气站的3个主要系统包括储存系统、管路系统、控制系统进行了说明,并给出主要技术参数。分析了LNG加气站设备潜在的安全隐患,提出相关防范措施。实际运行表明,该加气站加气稳定、计量准确,各项指标符合设计要求。     

液化天然气BOG在不同条件下的处理工艺

大型LNG接收站、卫星站、车船加注站需以合理的工艺处理液化天然气BOG(Boiled Off Gas),以保障设备处在可控压力范围内,运营处于安全保护下,同时也能够节能降耗,减少天然气的浪费,降低营运成本。文章以类比分析、实验、定量分析等方法分析接收站和卫星站BOG在不同工况下的能耗,并提出相关建议。     

LNG储罐内BOG再液化工艺研究

LNG储罐是各类LNG工厂和LNG站必不可少的重要设备,由于LNG温度远低于环境温度,尽管对储罐采取绝热措施,但蒸发仍是不可避免的,LNG蒸发使储罐内压力和温度升高,对储罐产生不利影响。为了减少LNG储罐内低温蒸发气(BOG)直接放空或燃烧造成的污染与浪费,在以往BOG再液化工艺基础上进行优化,设计出适用于LNG站储罐内BOG再液化工艺。该工艺利用LNG站对外供气过程中输出的LNG自身冷能,在压缩机、冷凝器等设备的作用下将LNG储罐内BOG再液化,并以60方LNG储罐为例,用Aspen Plus软件对工艺参数进行优化。研究结果表明:该工艺利用对外供气过程中输出的LNG自身冷能不仅可提高BOG的回收率,使BOG在LNG储罐中循环利用,同时可有效减少LNG冷能浪费;60方LNG储罐,输出LNG流量达到110kg/h即可满足BOG冷凝要求;具有设备少、投资小、能耗低、操作简单的优点,为各类LNG站储罐内BOG再液化处理均有应用价值。     

LNG加气站槽车卸车过程BOG计算

LNG槽车卸车过程车产生的BOG量占加气站BOG总量的50%以上,BOG对加气站安全运行带来不利影响,同时也会造成较为严重的经济损失。建立了LNG槽车卸车过程BOG计算模型,实例计算了槽车卸车BOG量,并分析了BOG量与槽车压力和泄放初始压力的关系。     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环余热回收系统性能研究

燃气发电是我国城市供电的主要形式之一,针对LNG接收站一体的电厂发电模式进行研究,提出一种新型燃气-蒸汽联合循环热电联供系统,利用超临界CO₂布雷顿循环结合有机朗肯循环(ORC)辅助发电,将LNG作为冷源,对烟气余热进行三级利用。通过构建热力学和经济模型,以Aspen Plus软件模拟值为基础,结果表明:在消耗燃料1.704 kg/s(LNG)的条件下,联合循环净发电功率可达45 MW,供热量41.5 MW,余热利用率,热效率和?效率分别为88.50%,52.79%和46.69%。结合热-经济学与参数分析,利用Matlab优化后的最小单位发电成本为0.1529 CNY/kWh。考虑到碳排放价格,供电、供热、供气收益,燃料价格和设备成本,电厂每年的理想收益可达2989.5万元。     

兰州燃气LNG调峰装置技术分析

JA工艺流程和设备方面详细分析了兰州燃气LNG调峰装置主工艺区各个单元包括预处理单元、液化单元、冷剂补充单元、蒸发气单元、储存单元、火炬单元及公用工程、仪表自控方面的技术特点,给出了主要设备的技术参数,总结了其在工艺和主要设备选择上的优越性.实际运行表明,兰州燃气LNG调峰装置在技术和经济上是非常可行的.     

利用天然气管网压力能的小型液化流程设计

针对城市天然气高中压管网调压站的压力能回收利用,综合考虑LNG储运过程中广泛面临的BOG(Boiloff gas)问题,提出了一种结合混合工质循环、利用天然气压力能生产高品质LNG的小型液化流程。研究分析了预冷温度、动部件效率、低温换热器性能及液化天然气温度对流程天然气液化比的影响,优化的流程结果参数表明,当所得液化天然气储存在4bar,-160℃时,流入系统18.26%的天然气可被液化,其余部分外输中压管网;提出了在LNG买卖市场中根据LNG品质议价的建议,以从根本上减少LNG储运、装卸及使用过程的BOG排放量,进而减少经济损失与能源浪费。该流程可应用于城市燃气调峰,也可进行二次销售,具有较好实用性和经济性。     

天然气管网压力能利用方案

以北京燃气集团西集镇天然气调峰示范站项目为例,建立LNG调峰装置调节管网天然气供应与消耗的平衡,提出天然气增压透平膨胀机预冷流程,采用气体轴承增压透平膨胀机回收利用天然气管网向用户供气调压过程中产生的冷能,提供给LNG液化系统预冷,可使流程中天然气液化功耗降低1.3%,提高了能源利用率以及天然气管网运行的经济性。     

液化天然气冷能发电效益分析

通过分析LNG的温焓、温熵特性和不同压力下的可用能,揭示LNG冷能发电循环效率最大化原则和影响可用能利用率因素。同时对实际有机朗肯+直接膨胀复合循环进行参数计算,分析循环在不同压力下的LNG冷源条件下的效率及变化特点,并与不可逆卡诺循环和普通朗肯循环进行比较。结果表明,各种循环都存在一个最佳LNG冷能利用温度,使得循环性能最佳,而且随着LNG汽化压力的增大,循环效率呈下降趋势。在LNG汽化压力较高的情况下,回收直接膨胀功使得复合循环的效率及可用能利用率明显优于普通有机朗肯循环。     

中小型低温储罐选型分析

中小型低温储罐作为气体工业和天然气工业中的核心设备,在空分装置、中小型LNG装置、LNG储配站及气化站得到广泛应用,其型式的选择关系着装置的造价及运行成本。结合已建部分工程实例,对1500m3、3000m3、5000m3、10000m3球形低温储罐和立式平底圆筒形低温储罐,从结构、材料用量、建造难度及建造周期、基础及运行费用等方面进行了详细对比分析。对比结果为:球形低温储罐在结构承压受力、绝热、基础占地及安全性方面要优于立式平底圆筒形低温储罐;容积较小时,二者的材料成本和运行费用相当;容积较大时,立式平底圆筒形低温储罐各项指标优势明显。结论是:容积在200m3~10000m3之间中小型低温储罐,如考虑工艺要求需带压储存,应选用球形低温储罐;无需带压储存,以1500m3为限,小于者选用球形低温储罐为优,大于者选用立式平底圆筒形低温储罐具有更好的经济性。     

基于FLACS的某城市燃气储配站气云爆炸安全评估

随着城市的发展,位于城市边缘的燃气储配站逐渐转移到了城市中心,而储配站存在燃气泄漏爆炸的可能,给城市公共安全带来潜在的风险。基于GIS技术建立了南京某燃气储配站所在区域的几何模型,导入FLACS软件进行甲烷气云爆炸数值模拟,研究了储配站气云爆炸发展过程与荷载分布规律,讨论了气云大小、点火位置以及气云位置对爆炸超压的影响,最后根据模拟结果划出爆炸损伤范围。结果表明:将GIS技术应用于FLACS模型建立可以大大缩短建模时间并提高模型精度;当气云尺寸不小于60 m且点火位置存在明显约束或障碍时,点火后可能产生爆燃;气云位于储罐西南侧时将造成大范围的人员轻伤和建筑物轻微损坏,并造成一定范围的人员重伤和建筑物的严重损坏;为避免气云爆炸产生严重后果,储配站附近应尽量减少高大密集的建筑群。     

Thermodynamic efficiency of expander-generator units at the plants for technological decompression of transported natural gas

The thermodynamic efficiencies of throttling devices and expander-generator units used for technological decompression of transported gas in gas distribution stations (GDS) and gas control points (GCP) of the gas supply system are compared. Various designs of the expander-generator units generating either electricity or electricity and cold are considered. The exergy efficiency is used as a criterion of the thermodynamic efficiency. It is shown that the replacement of the throttling device by the expander-generator unit under conditions taken for calculations leads to an increase in exergy efficiency of the station of technological decompression of the transported gas at all considered schemes of this unit inclusion: with no gas heating in the expander-generator unit, with gas heating after the expander, before the expander as well as before and after the expander.     

A full-duplex radio-over-fiber system based on dual quadrupling-frequency

We proposed and simulatedly demonstrated a novel full-duplex radio-over-fiber system using an external modulator and an optical interleaver to generate dual quadrupling-frequency optical millimeter waves for carrying two base station downstream data and wavelength reuse for uplink connection. The simulation results reveal that the power penalties for the downstream and upstream signals of both base stations are less than 0.8 dB. In this new scheme, the configuration of the both base stations is simplified further because there is no additional laser at two base stations. The frequency of local oscillator signal is reduced due to frequency quadrupling. The cost of the new system is largely reduced.     

基于IAGA的空间测量定位系统测站优化部署

空间测量定位系统是一种基于光电扫描的角度交汇测量系统,由于该系统是在多测站协同作用下实现坐标测量,因此测站的布局优化是应用时面临的重要问题。为了解决该问题,提出了一种基于改进自适应遗传算法的测站优化部署方案。以系统定位精度、覆盖度和使用成本作为多目标优化函数;将进化代数衰减因子与自适应遗传算法相结合,根据多目标函数建立改进自适应遗传算法优化流程;对2~4个测站进行仿真优化分析。仿真结果表明,与传统自适应遗传算法相比,该方法能在10~20代内收敛到最优解并获得更优的目标函数值。因此该方法在空间布局优化设计中能有效提高系统的测量性能。     

Rain Height in Relation to 0°C Isotherm Height Over Some Indian Tropical Locations and Rain Attenuation for an Indian South Coastal Station for Microwave and Millimeter Wave Communication Systems

There is a dearth of results on rain height over Indian tropical stations.The results on rain height in relation to 0°C isotherm height over four stations having different latitudes are presented in this paper. Four stations have been chosen in such a way that all have different latitudes and are located in different geographical regions having different local weather conditions. The seaonal variation of rain height in relation to 0°C isotherm height has been found to be appreciable over the station located in Indian east coast and Gujarat region, while seasonal variation is not significant at lower and intermediate probability levels over the stations located in Indian south-east coast and island. The prevailing local weather conditions over different stations also have been discussed. Based on observed rain heights and rain rates, the attenuation of radio wave at different frequencies lying in the range from 10 GHz to 150 GHz for different probability levels over Indian south-east coastal station have been deduced and presented in this paper.     

激光拉曼光谱法测定天然气组成标准研究

进行了天然气组成分析-激光拉曼光谱法标准化研究，探讨了激光拉曼天然气组成分析方法标准化的可行性。采用激光拉曼光谱进行天然气组成分析，无需将天然气中各组分分离便可实现多组分同步检测，减少分析时长，提高测量的实时性，实现快速分析，通过国内外激光拉曼天然气分析方法和标准的研究和实验，掌握了国内外激光拉曼天然气分析方法技术现状及发展方向，积累了激光拉曼天然气分析试验数据，结果表明激光拉曼天然气分析具有可快速检测(10 s)、连续记录和操作简单的优点，适用于天然气录井、井站、集气站原料气气质分析和天然气净化处理中过程控制中实时快速获取气质数据，建议制定激光拉曼光谱天然气分析方法标准，测量组分为CO₂，N₂，H₂S，CH₄，C₂H₆，C₃H₈，测量范围分别为：CH₄：75%~99.9%，C₂H₆：0.005%~20%，C₃H₈：0.005%~10%，H₂S：0.001 5%~10%，N₂：0.02%~10%，CO₂：0.01%~10%(上述浓度均为摩尔分数)，为上游领域天然气勘探开发及过程控制服务。     

星地光通信地面站空间分集技术研究

 通过建立星地光链路模型对地面站空间分集技术中站址的选择、站址间距离以及地面站数量进行研究,结果表明：站址的合理选择可以提高星地链路的可用性;站址间的距离在保证各站天气不相关的同时不能过大,当站址间距离与卫星高度的比值达到1时,由链路天顶角增大带来的衰减高达10 dB以上;单地面站的可用性越高,所需的地面站数也越少,当单站的可用性达到0.6时,只需3个地面站即可达到与射频链路相当的高可用性。     

Research on Multi-Dimensional Optimal Location Selection of Maintenance Station Based on Big Data of Vehicle Trajectory

In order to rationally lay out the location of automobile maintenance service stations, a method of location selection of maintenance service stations based on vehicle trajectory big data is proposed. Taking the vehicle trajectory data as the demand points, the demand points are divided according to the region by using the idea of zoning, and the location of the second-level maintenance station is selected for each region. The second-level maintenance stations selected in the whole country are set as the demand points of the first-level maintenance stations. Considering the objectives of the two dimensions of cost and service level, the location model of the first-level maintenance stations under two-dimensional programming is established, and the improved particle swarm optimization algorithm and immune algorithm, respectively, are used to solve the problem. In this way, the first-level maintenance stations in each region are obtained. The example verification shows that the location selection results for the maintenance stations using the vehicle trajectory big data are reasonable and closer to the actual needs.     

Coordinated scheduling of electricity and natural gas infrastructures with a transient model for natural gas flow

This paper focuses on transient characteristics of natural gas flow in the coordinated scheduling of security-constrained electricity and natural gas infrastructures. The paper takes into account the slow transient process in the natural gas transmission systems. Considering their transient characteristics, natural gas transmission systems are modeled as a set of partial differential equations (PDEs) and algebraic equations. An implicit finite difference method is applied to approximate PDEs by difference equations. The coordinated scheduling of electricity and natural gas systems is described as a bi-level programming formulation from the independent system operator's viewpoint. The objective of the upper-level problem is to minimize the operating cost of electric power systems while the natural gas scheduling optimization problem is nested within the lower-level problem. Numerical examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution and to compare the solutions for steady-state and transient models of natural gas transmission systems.