激光应用 激光测量

P225.2 2006043066发射和接收光束同时开关的激光测距法=Laser rangingby si multaneous switching of transmitting and receivingbeams[刊,中]/赵栋(中科院上海光机所.上海(201800)) ,刘立人…∥中国激光.—2006 ,33(3) .—391-395采用同一电光器件对发射和接收光束同时开关的原理,提出了一种新颖的激光测距方法。光源发出的连续激光被待测目标反射后,往返两次通过光源端的电光晶体,在晶体上施加边沿急速变化的电压,利用其高速响应的开关特性,同时对往返光线产生影响,截取出一段包含激光往返待测距离所需时间信息的光强变化曲线。实验中…     

相位激光测距与外差干涉相结合的绝对距离测量研究

 为了克服一般绝对距离测量方法量程和精度不能同时满足的问题,提出一种相位激光测距与外差干涉相结合的绝对距离测量方案。该方案使用相位激光测距技术进行粗测,双纵模He-Ne激光器外差干涉测长技术进行精测,保证两者结合的单值性。建立测量系统,对方案的可行性进行了实验验证,并对影响系统稳定性的因素进行了分析。与双频激光干涉仪的比对结果表明：测量标准差优于1mm,可以满足一些大尺寸的测量精度要求。     

结合分类与局部PLS的近红外光谱定量分析

近红外光谱分析技术是近年来发展起来的一种快速检测技术。为了提高近红外光谱定量分析的精度,文章首先用支持向量机法对测试样本进行分类,然后选用与待测样本性质相近的同类部分校正集样品建模来预测待测属性值。为了克服分类错误样本的影响,提出了一种新的混合PLS算法(称为H_PLS法)。该算法由基于分类的局部PLS法(称为C_PLS法)和基于全部训练样本集的局部PLS法(称为D_PLS法)组成,通过比较C_PLS法和D_PLS法的输出,计算测试样本的待测属性值。针对一批汽油样本的实验结果表明,在分类完全正确时C_PLS法的预测精度高于D_PLS法,然而存在分类错误时C_PLS法的预测精度将会显著下降。H_PLS法结合了C_PLS法和D_PLS法的优点,即使存在分类错误样本,使用该方法也可以将复相关系数从D_PLS法的0.973 4和C_PLS法的0.965 6提高到0.985 8。     

净信号的局部建模算法及其在近红外光谱分析中的应用

提出了一种基于净信号分析的局部建模算法,以克服光谱定量分析中样本间差异性过大和样本待测性质与光谱之间存在非线性等问题。首先利用净信号分析方法得到校正样本和待测样本的净信号,然后用待测样本净信号和校正样本净信号之间的欧式距离作为样本相似性判据,选取一定数量的与待测样本最相似的校正样本组成局部校正子集,建立局部PLS回归模型。针对一组猪肉近红外光谱数据集的实验结果表明,该方法的预测精度显著优于全局建模方法和基于光谱欧式距离的局部建模方法。     

提高距离准测率的激光轴同步偏转控制技术

针对手动跟踪设备激光测距机对空中运动目标距离准测率低而难以建立目标航路的问题,提出了一种激光轴同步偏转控制技术。用摄像机摄取目标图像,并由图像处理器求出跟踪误差,控制测距机中的某些小型零部件偏转,同步改变激光发射和接收光轴,有效补偿跟踪误差,以达到提高距离准测率的目的。详述了激光发射和接收光轴变化的原理和计算方法以及激光发射与接收轴同步偏转控制技术的原理和实现方法,分析了使用该技术对跟踪仪性能的影响,介绍了室内台架试验和室外跟踪试验的试验情况,并由试验结果得出了在手动跟踪设备采用本技术后距离准测率可明显得到提高的结论,具有较高的应用和推广价值。     

线阵CCD棱镜摄谱中的抛物线定标

在采用线阵CCD棱镜摄谱仪测量光谱的实验中,内部定标方法普遍都是采用一种近似测量波长的方法,即用线形内插法求待测波长。在进行光谱测量实验的基础上总结出一种新定标测量方法——抛物线定标法求待测波长。通过实验对比分析,结果表明在一定范围内该方法比线形内插法求待测波长精确度更高。     

大口径标准镜绝对面形精度传递方法

提出了一种大口径干涉仪标准镜绝对面形精度的传递方法,在已知一台干涉仪参考镜绝对面形的前提下,可向待测标准镜进行精度传递。由于检测温度与使用温度的不同,待测标准镜在另一台干涉仪作参考镜时,绝对面形会发生变化,变化集中在离焦量上;在待测标准镜使用状态下,通过对经典三板互检法得到的竖直方向直线绝对面形的分析,得到标准镜使用状态离焦量的估计,以此修正直接精度传递结果,最终得到待测标准镜使用状态下的绝对面形。比较同一块光学元件在两台干涉仪上标定前和标定后的测量结果,标定后的面形差值更小且分布一致性更好,证明了本方法的有效性和可行性。     

一种改进的视觉传感器与激光测距雷达特征匹配点提取算法

激光测距雷达与视觉传感器的配准是视觉图像与激光距离信息融合的前提。激光测距雷达与视觉传感器的配准可分为点匹配与平面匹配。由于混合像素和非结构空间特征激光点丢失现象,使得基于点匹配的视觉传感器与激光测距雷达配准算法精度难以提高。通过对混合像素和非结构空间特征激光点丢失问题的分析,提出了一种结合平面建模思想,利用假想激光光束与平面模型相交提取匹配特征点的方法。验证了实验结果并进行了算法精度比较。实验结果表明,这种改进的特征匹配点提取算法解决了特征点缺失,并且提高了点匹配的精度,使匹配性能大大地改善。     

基于平行平板的折射率高精度非接触测量

常用的测量折射率的方法如偏向角法、自准直法、临界角法、 V棱镜法等,这些方法通常需特制三棱镜与待测件。待测样品不一致且过程复杂,测试定标周期长,难于自动化。为了保证待测材料的完整及实现自动化测量,进行了基于平行平板的折射率非接触测量的尝试。运用该方法进行折射率的测量,不需特制三棱镜并且待测件与待测样品一致。分析表明,通过选择合适的测量角度,该方法旋转角度精度为a=0.003（即10）,导轨精度为L=0.000 8 mm,平行平板厚度测量精度为d=0.001 mm。     

脉冲串互相关方法在远程激光测距中的应用

基于单脉冲激光测距在远程激光测距中的局限性,提出了一种基于发射脉冲串与回波脉冲串互相关的信号处理方法。该方法将多个激光发射脉冲和回波脉冲作为一次连续信号同时数字化,然后进行互相关处理。采用激光强度与发射间隔可调的激光系统来模拟不同反射强度、不同距离的测距回波信号;通过处理不同信噪比的回波信号,来探究本方法对于回波信号信噪比的提升能力以及对于尖峰噪声的抑制能力。实验结果表明,该方法能够有效提高回波信号的信噪比,信噪比为0.11的弱回波信号经过处理后信噪比被提升到5.92,从而扩展了激光测距系统的测程,有效降低了探测系统的探测虚警率,提高了远程激光测距系统的弱回波探测能力。     

Laser ranging based on electro-optic switch

Based on electro-optic switch effect in crystal, a novel laser ranging method is proposed. CW-laser emitted by laser transmitter propagates forward to the measured target, after being reflected by the target, and then goes back to the transmitter. Close to the transmitter, a special mono-block LiNbO₃ crystal is added into the round-trip light beams. High-voltage pulses with the sharp enough changes in rising edges are loaded on the crystal. Based on electro-optic effect, double refraction and internal double reflection effect in crystal, the crystal cuts off the round-trip light beams, and reflects a light pulse cut out by the crystal to a detector aside from the original beam path. The pulse width T is the period that laser propagates forward and back between the crystal and the target. The feasibility of the new idea is proved by our experiments and a brand-new way for the laser ranging is provided.     

水下运动目标激光扫描测距方法研究

相对于传统水下光电成像,水下激光扫描成像系统可以获得更远的作用距离和更好的图像质量.基于激光同步扫描技术,提出了水下运动目标的测距方法,并对测距误差进行了定量分析,为水下目标测距提供了一个新的途径.其中单探测头水下激光扫描测距方法能对合作目标进行测距,在近距离时具有较高的测距精度,双探测头水下激光扫描测距方法能对非合作...     

激光二极管抽运共轴双晶体黄光激光器

提出一种全新的单抽运源、共轴双晶体实现黄光激光的方法,并对其进行了理论分析和实验研究.利用该方法在抽运功率为1.5 W时,获得了54 mW的黄光激光输出,激光不稳定度为5%,光-光转换率为3.6%,而利用对1064 nm损耗的方法在相同条件下只获得15 mW的黄光输出. 该方法结构简单、灵活多样,可以应用到很多弱增益谱线与强增益谱线和频的结构当中,实现诸如491,488,593.5,555和500.8 nm的激光输出. 关键词： 黄光激光器 单抽运源 双晶体 和频     

Yb:LuAG单晶光纤的连续及脉冲激光性能

单晶光纤是具有准一维结构的功能晶体材料,结合了体块单晶优异的物化性能和传统光纤材料比表面积大的结构优势,是一种极具潜力的激光增益介质.目前单晶光纤激光的研究主要集中于连续激光输出,关于脉冲激光性能的研究相对较少.我们采用微下拉法(μ-PD)制备的Yb:LuAG单晶光纤(SCF)作为增益介质,获得了输出功率大于4 W、斜...     

一种新的激光车辙深度测量方法研究

车辙深度测量通常使用共梁式多路激光测距传感器测量路面多个离散点,由多个测量点组成的断面信息计算车辙深度,因横向采样点间距宽,导致测量误差较大。提出了一种新的激光车辙深度测量方法,采用线激光器和三维(3D)相机组合集成测量路面3D断面,通过3D断面解算车辙深度。3D相机以一定夹角采集激光器投射在路面的线结构光图像,获取路面的3D断面数据,对断面数据通过拉依达准则进行异常值剔除,再进行旋转、平移和模型识别,最终计算路面左右轮迹和最大车辙深度。实际证明,数据重复性和相关性都达到98%以上,与传统方法相比较,该方法采样间距小、测量精度高、成本低、通用性强,具有广阔的使用推广价值。     

激光雷达干扰效果评估方法研究

研究了光电干扰对测距和跟踪测量激光雷达干扰效果的评估方法.在深入分析激光雷达光电干扰机理的基础上,提出了相应的干扰效果评估准则.对激光测距机的距离欺骗干扰效果采用测距误差-干扰成功率准则或准测率准则定量评估,对测距机的激光盲干扰效果依据盲激光对测距准确度、测距功能的影响程度进行评估.对于跟踪测量激光雷达,根据实施干扰后其跟踪误差是否超出正常跟踪准确度的三倍判定一次干扰是否有效,再依据多次试验的干扰成功率的大小评估干扰效果.     

Research in absolute calibration of single photon detectors by means of correlated photons

There are two general methods in radiometric calibration of detectors, one is based on radiation sources and the other based on detectors. Because the two methods need to establish a primary standard of high precision and a transfer chain, precision of the standard will be reduced by extension of the chain. A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal, without needing transfer chain. Using 351.1-nm output of a tunable laser to pump β-barium borate (BBO) crystal, an absolute calibration experimental system of single photon detectors based on correlated photons is performed. The quantum efficiency of photomultiplier (PMT) at 702.2 nm is measured by the setup. Advantages of this method over traditional methods are also pointed out by comparison.     

高温高压制备Cr2+: ZnSe单晶及其光学性质

为了得到高质量、大尺寸Cr²⁺: ZnSe中红外激光晶体,以适应高功率全固态中红外激光器的发展要求,在高温高压下全石墨腔内运用布里奇曼晶体生长方法,生长出了高质量Ф 30×120 mm Cr²⁺: ZnSe单晶。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、红外稳态吸收及荧光光谱等测试方法对晶体的结构及光谱特性进行了表征,并探讨了Cr²⁺: ZnSe晶体中Cr²⁺的能级结构及跃迁机理。结果表明:所生长的Cr²⁺: ZnSe单晶结构均匀,性质稳定,1.97 μm激发的荧光光谱覆盖1.9~3 μm范围,可用于获得2~3 μm全固态中红外激光。     

Damage threshold of lithium niobate crystal under single and multiple femtosecond laser pulses: theoretical and experimental study

The damage threshold of lithium niobate crystal under single and multiple femtosecond laser pulses has been studied theoretically and experimentally. Firstly, the model for the damage threshold prediction of crystal materials based on the improved rate equation has been proposed. Then, the experimental measure method of the damage threshold of crystal materials has been given in detail. On the basis, the variation of the damage threshold of lithium niobate crystal with the pulse duration has also been analyzed quantitatively. Finally, the damage threshold of lithium niobate crystal under multiple laser pulses has been measured and compared to the theoretical results. The results show that the transmittance of lithium niobate crystal is almost a constant when the laser pulse fluence is relative low, whereas it decreases linearly with the increase in the laser pulse fluence below the damage threshold. The damage threshold of lithium niobate crystal increases with the increase in the duration of the femtosecond laser pulse. And the damage threshold of lithium niobate crystal under multiple laser pulses is obviously lower than that irradiated by a single laser pulse. The theoretical data fall in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Photorefractive and Raman light scattering in lithium niobate ferroelectric crystal

Using the methods of photorefractive and Raman light scattering, we study subtle features of the structure of LiNbO₃ single crystals with different Li/Nb ratios (pure and doped with nonphotorefractive cations) grown by different methods. We reveal that, upon the irradiation of a single crystal with visible laser light, locally fluctuating micro- and nanostructures are initially formed in it, with their physical parameters being different from the corresponding parameters of the single crystal in the absence of the photorefractive effect. Upon an increase in the irradiation intensity and in the course of time, more and more such micro-structures are formed, and they are transformed into static micro- and nanoformations, which are subsequently converted into a continuous laser track. The speckle structure of photorefractive scattering is studied in detail. We show that the photorefractive effect in single crystals of the stoichiometric composition is fairly strong for their use as materials for recording and storing information.