二次气流速度对水平输送管速度场的湍流扰动影响研究

本文对气力成栓的浓相气力输送中二次气流对输送主管的管内气固两相流动进行数值研究。考虑了二次气流的气流速度对主输送管流场的湍流扰动影响,在给出了在二次气流速度作用下,输送主管的气相场、颗粒相场的压力、速度、浓度分布的基础上;考虑了不同的二次气流对输送主管速度场的湍流扰动作用,分别给出高二次气流速度和低二次气流速度时对输送主管流场压力、气相和固相速度的扰动结果;得出二次气流速度参数对气相速度和固相速度的影响不同的结论。气流场采用修正的κ-ε湍流模型进行计算,采用相间滑移数值方法(IPSA)求解全流场的N-S方程;模拟结果与文献试验比较吻合一致。研究结果为浓相气力输送设计提供了重要的理论依据。     

使用莫尔条纹法测量气流密度

把莫尔条纹应用于对称的和非对称的流场，测出了从喷嘴喷出的不完全膨胀气流的密度分布。气流的内部密度分布通过使用数字表示的转化方法转变成了莫尔条纹图像数据，这些莫尔条纹图像数据表明了同种光在穿过气流时将会发生折射。这一现象可以通过改变气体喷口的压力比来完成并观察到。实验表明：不同形状的喷嘴喷出的气流密度分布各不相同，而且复杂程度也不同，但沿着喷嘴气流轴的气流密度变化大致相似。     

临近声速气流条件下电子束空气等离子体特性

为了研究高速动态气流中的电子束等离子体特性,建立了一个由蒙特卡罗模型、多组分等离子体模型与计算流体力学模型组成的多阶段耦合数值模型,在临近声速气流条件下,对1.33×104 Pa空气电子束等离子体特性进行了研究。结果表明,电子束能量沉积具有极强的空间不均性,电子束激发下的风洞流场呈现不同的性质,亚声速流场下游边界区密度减小,而在超声速流场中可诱发弱激波;相比于静止气体,在动态气流中等离子体密度下降,且存在额外的输运行为,使其向气流下游输运,但在临近声速条件下,气流速度大小对气流下游等离子体分布的影响不大;电子束入射角对等离子体空间分布和大小均有影响。     

离子束流剖面分布离线诊断方法探索

提出了一种基于二次离子质谱分析技术的离子束流剖面分布的离线诊断方法,具有分辨率高、可同时给出束流剖面分布和成分信息的特点。利用数值模拟方法对该诊断方法的可行性进行了分析和讨论,并结合原理实验给出了验证结果。结果表明:该方法可以用于真空密封型中子发生器离子束流剖面分布的诊断,能够成为其他诊断方法的验证手段和有力补充。     

气流动态特征管内迁移研究

空调环境的动态化是对传统空调的改进,而送风动态化是实现空调环境动态化的一个途径。气流紊动特性是影响建筑热环境和人体舒适性的重要因素之一。利用FLUENT软件对速度入口呈模拟自然风波动的气流在管道中的流动进行了模拟,选择k-ε模型求解,分析其动态特征的变化。分别为:湍流强度、速度概率分布偏斜度、频谱分布。计算结果表明了几种典型的送风管道管件出口处湍流强度、风速概率分布偏斜度、功率谱密度曲线的变化情况;人体敏感区域(0.01—1Hz)区间双对数功率谱密度曲线的负斜率增大。这种方法为管道入口的送风提供了参考依据。     

硅中掺杂元素砷的三维微分析

利用同步辐射Ｘ光微区分析和全反射Ｘ射线荧光分析技术测定了硅中掺杂元素砷浓度的三维分布，其中深度剖面分布的测定结果与二次离子质谱进行了对照，两的一致性是比较满意的。     

超声速气流中液体横向射流的非定常特性与振荡边界模型

针对液体圆柱射流垂直喷入超声速横向气流中的非定常分布特性开展实验研究, 并建立穿透深度方向上的射流振荡分布模型. 利用脉冲激光背景成像方法“冻结”拍摄马赫2.1(Ma=2.1)气流中煤油射流/喷雾瞬态图像, 结合最大类间方差法(Otsu)和Canny算法提取瞬态图像特征, 基于统计方法并引入间歇因子(γ)定量描述射流振荡分布特性; 通过研究多参数协同作用下的射流振荡分布规律, 提出振荡分布数学模型, 研究的参数变量包括超声速来流总压(642-1010 kPa)、 液体喷注压降(0.36-4.61 MPa)、液体喷嘴流道直径 (0.48 mm/1.0 mm/1.25 mm/1.52 mm)、距离喷嘴的流向距离(10-125 mm)以及液气动量通量比(0.11-7.49). 研究中利用射流振荡分布模型成功预测出水射流在Ma=2.1气流中的的振荡分布, 预测分布与实验结果符合良好.     

氧碘化学激光器新型气帘实验

在氧碘化学激光器中，光腔气流的稳定度表明了反应气流组分在光腔中的稳定浓度分布。浓度越稳定，输出功率越稳定。通过气动光学一体化平台的前期实验，可以明显地观察到在光腔内静压曲线均有一个先升高后降低的过程。这是由于光腔与光腔盒之间有一段空穴，主气流在通过光腔时会在空穴处产生旋涡。光腔盒气帘的作用是为了避免主气流中的介质在出光期间对腔镜造成损伤。     

太阳能热气流电站系统研究

由于现有模型不足以准确描述太阳能热气流发电系统的物理机制,本文提出一个更完善的数学模型去分析太阳能热气流电站系统的相对压力分布和系统抽力．模型中考虑了太阳辐射和系统尺寸参数对系统相对压力和系统抽力的影响。以西班牙试验电站为例进行数值模拟,探索系统尺寸参数和太阳辐射对系统相对压力和系统抽力的影响。数值计算结果与理论分析具有良好的一致性．     

外加气流对脉冲激光烧蚀制备纳米Si晶粒尺寸分布的影响

提出一种控制脉冲激光烧蚀制备纳米Si晶粒尺寸分布的新方法。在10Pa的Ar环境中,采用脉冲激光烧蚀高阻抗单晶硅靶沉积制备了纳米Si晶薄膜。在羽辉正上方2.0cm,距靶0.3～3.0cm范围内的不同位置引入氩气流,在烧蚀点正下方2.0cm处水平放置单晶Si(111)衬底来收集制备的纳米Si晶粒。利用扫描电子显微镜观察样品表面形貌,并对衬底不同位置上纳米Si晶粒进行统计。结果表明:在不引入气流时,晶粒的尺寸随靶衬间距的增加先增大后减小,晶粒尺寸峰值出现在距靶1.7cm处;引入气流后,晶粒尺寸分布发生变化,在距靶1.7cm引入气流时晶粒尺寸峰值最大,在距靶3.0cm引入气流时晶粒尺寸峰值最小,且出现晶粒尺寸峰值的位置随着引入气流位置的增加而增大。     

Effect of pulsed plasma and high-current electron beam treatments on the structure and properties of nickel-based coatings

Using plasma-detonation technology (PDT), nickel-based powder (PGAN-33, PG-10N-01 and PG-19N-01) coatings 80–300 μm thick were deposited on a low-carbon St-3 steel substrate. Coatings were then subjected to additional treatment either by a high-current electron beam (HCEB) or by a high-velocity pulsed plasma jet until melting. The structure was analyzed using x-ray diffraction and conversion Mössbauer spectroscopy in the transmission and scattering modes. The morphology and elemental composition were studied using scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis. The micro-and nanohardness, volumetric wear, and corrosion resistance of the grown coatings were measured. It was found that, as the HCEB and PDT energy density increase, the phase composition changes, phase redistribution occurs, and new phases are formed. The last process is caused by mass transfer from the erosion plasmatron electrode and from a gas plasma jet, and interdiffusion of coating and substrate elements. After the exposure to concentrated energy fluxes, the coating surface roughness decreased. It is shown that physicochemical and mechanical characteristics of modified coatings improve in the case of optimum treatment conditions.     

Effect of Jet Swell and Jet Stretch on the Structure of Wet-Spun Polyacrylonitrile Fiber

The jet swell effect in the wet spinning of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber was studied by optical microscopy and the jet swell ratio was obtained through directly measuring the diameter of the freely extruded fibers. For reflecting the actual drawing situation of the fibers in the coagulation process, the jet stretches were then corrected from the apparent values to the true values, and their effect on the cross-sectional morphology, internal structure, and orientation of the wet-spun PAN fibers was studied by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The results showed that jet stretch plays an important role in eliminating the adverse effects caused by the jet swell effect and affects the fiber structure; PAN fibers of uniform denier, dense and homogenous structure, and high orientation can only be obtained at a suitable jet stretch.     

局域环境中微波等离子体电子密度诊断实验研究

为了研究局域真空环境中微波等离子体喷流电子数密度的分布规律及其影响因素，利用发射/郎缪尔探针测量等离子体的空间电位，再测量等离子体的电流-电压特性曲线，根据空间电位测量结果，在等离子体的电流-电压特性曲线上能准确地获取饱和电流，从而处理出电子数密度.最后的诊断实验表明：在有约束边界条件下，微波等离子体发生器以60 W以下的微波功率击穿流量范围是21—105 mg/s的氩气时，所产生的喷流中电子数密度分布在8.8×10¹⁴—7.53×10¹⁶/m^{3关键词： 等离子体诊断技术 等离子体基本过程 等离子体基本特性}     

Single molecule diffraction

For solving the atomic structure of organic molecules such as small proteins which are difficult to crystallize, the use of a jet of doped liquid helium droplets traversing a continuous high energy electron beam is proposed as a means of obtaining electron diffraction patterns (serial crystallography). Organic molecules (such as small proteins) within the droplet (and within a vitreous ice jacket) may be aligned by use of a polarized laser beam. Iterative methods for solving the phase problem are indicated. Comparisons with a related plan for pulsed x-ray diffraction from single proteins in a molecular beam are provided.     

Features of electrical explosion alloying of metals and alloys

The kinetics of the electrical explosion of foils has been investigated and the parameters of the plasma jet, the radius of the plasma-affected zone, the pressure and temperature of the plasma in the shock-compressed layer near the irradiated surface, and the accepted power density at the jet axis have been calculated in relation to the dimensions of the plasma accelerator, the distance from the nozzle exit section to the irradiated surface, and the charge voltage of the energy store. Modes of electrical explosion alloying of metals have been determined experimentally which are associated with surface melting, splashing of melt, effects of convective heat and mass transfer, aftereffect, and also with physicochemical and physicomechanical features of the materials used. Methods of optical, scanning, and transmission electron diffraction microscopy have been used to examine the relief, phase composition, and defect substructure of the surface layers of metals after various types of one-and two-component electrical explosion alloying. A multilayer structure has been revealed which is characterized by the degree of variation of the phase-structure state and of the material mechanical characteristics. Based on the features of the multiphase jet that serves as a tool for affecting the surface, some propositions have been made on the physical nature of the processes occurring in a material subject to electrical explosion alloying. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 5, pp. 71–83, May, 2008.     

Top flavour signal in thep\bar p collider events—A detailed analysis with flavour creation and excitation models

The single jet electron events recently observed by the UA1 collaboration at the protonantiproton collider are analysed in terms of top flavour production using both flavour creation and excitation mechanisms. A top particle of mass ～ 35 GeV can naturally account for both the event topology (isolated electron coming back to back with a jet) and the neutrinop _T distribution relative to the electron, irrespective of the production mechanism. Each of the two production mechanisms gives an event rate any where between the observed rate and an order of magnitude lower, depending on the model parameters. They can be easily distinguished, however, by studying the jet coming back to back with the electron. It is predicted to be a fat jet containing a top particle for flavour creation and an ordinary narrow jet for flavour excitation. A detailed list of other predictions is given, which can be tested with the available or the forthcoming data. Some of these provide further tests of the top signal irrespective of the production mechanism, while others can discriminate between the two mechanisms as well as between different models for flavour excitation. It is also shown that not only are the available event characteristics naturally explained by top, but they cannot be explained by any other mechanism explored so far.     

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The electron densities in the atmospheric pressure helium plasma were calculated by means of electron drift velocity and the jet velocity respectively. The electron velocity and jet velocity can be calculated by means of helium plasma jet current measured by a dielectric probe and plasma discharge current signal measured by voltage probes. The results show that the estimated electron densities of the helium plasma jet calculated from electron drift velocity and the jet velocity are in the order of 10 ¹¹ cm ^-3 and they increase with applied voltage. There is a little fluctuation in the value of the electron density along the jet axis of the plasma. This result is the same as the measured electron density in atmospheric pressure helium non-thermal plasma jet by using a Rogowski coil and a Langmuir probe. This is in one order lower than the electron density measured by microwave antenna.     

Radial profile of bottom quarks in jets in high-energy nuclear collisions

Angular correlations between a heavy quark(HQ) and its tagged jet are potentially new tools to gain insight into the in-medium partonic interactions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions.In this work,we present the first theoretical study on the radial profiles of B mesons in jets in Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider(LHC).The initial production of a bottom quark tagged jet in p+p is computed by SHERPA,which matches the next-toleading order matrix elements with contributions of parton showers,whereas the massive quark traversing the quarkgluon plasma is described by a Monte Carlo model,SHELL,which can simultaneously simulate light and heavy flavor in-medium energy loss within the framework of Langevin evolution.In p+p collisions,we find that at lower p_T~Q the radial profiles of heavy flavors in jets are sensitive to the heavy quark mass.In 0-10% Pb+Pb collisions at S_(NN)~(1/2)=5.02 TeV,we observe an inverse modification pattern of the B meson radial profiles in jets at 4 p_T~Q 20 GeV compared to those of D mesons:the jet quenching effects narrow the jet radial profiles of B mesons in jets while broadening those of D mesons in jets.We find that in A+A collisions,the contribution dissipated from the higher p_T~Q 20 GeV region naturally has a narrower initial distribution and consequently leads to a narrower modification pattern of the radial profile;however the diffusion nature of the heavy flavor in-medium interactions will give rise to a broader modification pattern of the radial profile.These two effects consequently compete and offset with each other,and the b quarks in jets benefit more from the former and suffer less diffusion effect compared to that of c quarks in jets.These findings can be tested in the future experimental measurements at the LHC to gain better understanding of the mass effect of jet quenching.     

不同入射角度下强流脉冲电子束能量沉积剖面和束流传输系数模拟计算

 强流脉冲电子束在材料中的能量沉积剖面、能量沉积系数和束流传输系数受其入射角的影响很大，理论计算了0.5~2.0MeV的电子束以不同的入射角在Al材料中的能量沉积剖面和能量沉积系数，并且还计算了0.4~1.4MeV电子束以不同入射角穿透不同厚度C靶的束流传输系数。计算结果表明，随着入射角的增大，靶材表面层单位质量中沉积的能量增大，电子在靶材料中穿透深度减小，能量沉积系数减小，相应的束流传输系数也减小；能量为0.5~2.0MeV的电子束当入射角在60°~70°时在材料表面层单位质量中沉积的能量较大。     

非均匀磁场中等离子体射流质量色散强度

研究了非均匀磁场中多质量射流的运动轨迹,推导出质量色散强度表达式。考虑到不同入射方式及羽流角度的情况下,应用MATLAB模拟射流的运动轨迹,计算出质量色散强度,并同均匀磁场中的质量色散强度大小相比较,以确定该种磁场中射流质量分离的效果。模拟结果表明:非均匀磁场中多质量射流的质量色散强度大于均匀磁场的情况,可实现等离子体射流的高效质量分离。