一种获得低温的制冷技术及其应用

本文介绍一种获得低温的制冷技术－Ｇ－Ｍ循环制冷机的工作原理及其热力学循环过程，以及循环过程中的温度特性，并介绍了Ｇ－Ｍ循环制冷机的应用。     

空间逆布雷顿循环制冷机浅析

采用微型全动压气体轴承透平机械和金属紧凑式换热器的空间逆布雷顿循环制冷机 ,可获得 10 K～ 70 K温度级 1～ 5 W的冷量 ,是空间应用领域内热力循环性能系数最好的制冷机之一。而且具有无振动、长寿命的优点。通过对逆布雷顿循环制冷机系统和部件的改进 ,还可实现 4 .2 K～ 10 K温度下 m W级的冷量。文中主要分析了单级逆布雷顿循环制冷机的系统及主要部件 ,并对实现更低温度级的双级逆布雷顿循环制冷机作了简单介绍     

变截面脉管制冷机──一种新型结构的脉管制冷机

变截面脉管制冷机──一种新型结构的脉管制冷机许名尧，何雅玲，陈钟颀（西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院西安７１００４９）关键词脉管制冷机；制冷机；低温工程１引言自从脉管制冷机发明以来，由于其结构简单，没有低温下的运动部件，工作可靠，寿命长等优点，已引起周...     

小型透平逆布雷顿循环空气制冷机的研制

随着高效紧凑换热器和低温透平膨胀机特别是高速气体轴承透平膨胀机的发展 ,逆布雷顿循环空气制冷机在普冷和深冷领域拥有更广阔的应用前景。为了深入研究逆布雷顿循环空气制冷机系统及其主要部件低温透平膨胀机、换热器的运行性能 ,西安交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所研制了 30 Nm3/ hr小型透平逆布雷顿循环空气制冷机     

1W/80K@60℃分置式斯特林制冷机的研制

为满足红外系统的要求 ,设计和开发了一种低成本的分置式斯特林制冷机。压缩机结构为线性对动自由活塞型以降低振动 ,冷指为无气动腔的自由排出器结构。在环境温度为 6 0℃的条件下 ,实测性能指标达到 1.1W/ 80 K,整机重量为1.3kg,环境温度为 2 3℃时带 6 g紫铜热负载的降温时间小于 4分钟 ,对制冷机在 - 40℃～ +6 0℃环境温度范围内的性能进行了测试 ,并对高低温循环条件下制冷机的 MTTF寿命进行了摸底实验。文中还对该制冷机的测试结果进行了报道。     

1W/8OK@6O℃分置式斯特林制冷机的研制

为满足红外系统的要求,设计和开发了一种低成本的分置式斯特林制冷机.压缩机结构为线性对动自由活塞型以降低振动,冷指为无气动腔的自由排出器结构.在环境温度为60C的条件下,实测性能指标达到1.1W/80K,整机重量为1.3kg,环境温度为23℃时带6g紫铜热负载的降温时间小于4分钟,对制冷机在-40C～+60℃环境温度范围内的性能进行了测试,并对高低温循环条件下制冷机的MTTF寿命进行了摸底实验.文中还对该制冷机的测试结果进行了报道.     

脉冲管制冷机机理研究新进展

脉冲管制冷机是近年来空间微型机械式制冷机研究的前沿课题，作者通过精确的实验测量和分析，首次发现了双向进气型脉中管制冷机存在直流分量，该直流分量是脉冲管制冷机的一种损失，并指出多种旁能流程可以减小直汉损失，提高脉冲和制冷机的制冷性能。     

多级燃气涡轮的最优设计

多级燃气涡轮的最优设计陈林根，彭义恒，龚建政（海军工程学院武汉４３００３３）关键词：多级燃气涡轮，最优设计，效率，质量一、前言提高燃气涡轮性能的途径之一是采用最优化技术。已有一些文献讨论了涡轮的最优设计问题，包括叶型的优化·通流部分平均截面参数的优化...     

有限大低温热源混合工质节流制冷循环特性分析

通过深入分析和比较各种单级压缩混合工质节流制冷循环在低温热源为有限大热源时的热力学性能,揭示了不同循环型式之间的内在热力学关系,阐明了该类节流制冷机能够实现深度制冷的内在原因是利用了制冷机的内部热交换来减少节流制冷机所固有的节流过程的不可逆损失,并用实验进行了验证。     

使用脉冲管制冷机的高温超导电子学子系统的初步研究

利用微型制冷技术的最新成果，设计和制作了一台适用于高温超导微波子系统的脉冲管制冷机．制冷机冷头微振动精密测量表明，这台脉冲管制冷机冷头的最大振动比商品化的传统制冷机要小１～２个数量级左右．首次成功地将特殊设计的高温超导谐振腔与上述制冷机组成实用电子学子系统．实验表明，在同样条件下器件在传统制冷机（斯特林机）内出现的噪声，在脉冲管制冷机中完全消失，充分表明了脉冲管制冷的优越性，显示了由脉冲管制冷机与高温超导器件组成的实用电子学子系统的潜在应用前景．     

Modeling and Performance Optimization of an Irreversible Two-Stage Combined Thermal Brownian Heat Engine

Based on finite time thermodynamics, an irreversible combined thermal Brownian heat engine model is established in this paper. The model consists of two thermal Brownian heat engines which are operating in tandem with thermal contact with three heat reservoirs. The rates of heat transfer are finite between the heat engine and the reservoir. Considering the heat leakage and the losses caused by kinetic energy change of particles, the formulas of steady current, power output and efficiency are derived. The power output and efficiency of combined heat engine are smaller than that of single heat engine operating between reservoirs with same temperatures. When the potential filed is free from external load, the effects of asymmetry of the potential, barrier height and heat leakage on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. When the potential field is free from external load, the effects of basic design parameters on the performance of the combined heat engine are analyzed. The optimal power and efficiency are obtained by optimizing the barrier heights of two heat engines. The optimal working regions are obtained. There is optimal temperature ratio which maximize the overall power output or efficiency. When the potential filed is subjected to external load, effect of external load is analyzed. The steady current decreases versus external load; the power output and efficiency are monotonically increasing versus external load.     

Parametric optimum analysis of an irreversible Ericsson cryogenic refrigeration cycle working with an ideal Fermi gas

An irreversible model of an Ericsson cryogenic refrigeration cycle working with an ideal Fermi gas is established, which is composed of two isothermal and two isobaric processes. The influence of both the quantum degeneracy and the finite-rate heat transfer between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs on the performance of the cycle is investigated, based on the theory of statistical mechanics and thermodynamic properties of an ideal Fermi gas. The inherent regeneration losses of the cycle are analyzed. Expressions for several important performance parameters such as the coefficient of performance, cooling rate and power input are derived. By using numerical solutions, the cooling rate of the cycle is optimized for a given power input. The maximum cooling rate and the corresponding parameters are calculated numerically. The optimal regions of the coefficient of performance and power input are determined. Especially, the optimal performance of the cycle in the strong and weak gas degeneracy cases and the high temperature limit is discussed in detail. The analytic expressions of some optimized parameters are derived. Some optimum criteria are given. The distinctions and connections between the Ericsson refrigeration cycles working with the Fermi and classical gases are revealed.      

正、反向两源热力循环有限时间热力学性能优化的研究进展

有限时间热力学所得结果具有普适性,其研究结果已成为热物理学的一个重要基础.许多学者利用有限时间热力学方法对单级和多级正、反向两热源热力循环最优性能和最优构型进行了大量研究,获得了一些比经典热力学对于工程设计和优化更具有实际指导意义的新结论.综述了利用有限时间热力学理论对不同传热规律下单级和多级正、反向两热源热力循环最优性能和最优构型研究的最新进展,包括不同传热规律下内可逆和不可逆卡诺热机、制冷机和热泵循环的最优性能研究进展,两热源热机、制冷和热泵循环最优构型及多级复杂热力系统最优构型研究进展.     

工质变比热条件下内燃机循环普适特性

用有限时间热力学的方法分析空气标准不可逆内燃机循环,导出了考虑工质变比热情况下,存在摩擦及传热损失时,由两个加热过程、两个放热过程和两个绝热过程组成的普适的空气标准不可逆内燃机循环的功率与压缩比、效率与压缩比以及功率和效率的最佳特性关系,同时由数值计算分析了工质变比热和循环过程对循环性能的影响特点,比较了工质恒、变比热时循环性能差异。所得结果包含了不可逆往复式Diesel、Otto、Brayton、Atkinson、Dual和Miller 循环的性能特性。     

不可逆四热源吸收式热变换器的最优性能

在恒温内可逆四热源吸收式热变换器循环模型的基础上,建立了线性(牛顿)传热定律下考虑泵热空间向环境的热漏、工质的内部牦散以及工质与外部热源间的热阻损失的不可逆四热源吸收式热变换器循环模型。导出了在总换热面积一定的条件下,循环泵热率和泵热系数的基本优化关系、最大泵热率和相应的泵热系数、最大泵热系数和相应的泵热率以及最佳工质工怍温度和最佳换热面积分配关系。     

矩形肋片热沉(火积)耗散率最小与最大热阻最小构形优化的比较研究

针对矩形肋片热沉, 分别以最大热阻最小化和基于(火积)耗散定义的当量热阻最小化为优化目标, 采用二维传热模型并结合有限元数值仿真对其进行构形优化, 比较了两种目标下的热沉最优构形, 并分析了全局参数(综合了对流换热系数、肋片占据的总面积及其热导率的函数)和材料占比对两种目标(最大热阻、当量热阻)及其对应最优构形的影响. 结果表明: 热沉外形固定时, 两种目标下均不存在最优的肋片厚度; 热沉外形自由变化时, 两种目标下的最优构形存在一定的差异. 此外, 全局参数对两种目标下的最优构形均没有影响, 而材料占比对两种目标下的最优构形均有较大影响. 提高全局参数和材料占比均可以减小最大热阻最小值和当量热阻最小值, 但对两种目标的减小程度不同. 总体上, 调节热沉结构参数使当量热阻最小, 可以同时获得很好的局部极限性能; 而调节热沉结构参数使最大热阻最小, 获得的整体平均散热性能却较差. 因此, 对本文热沉模型进行优化时, 以当量热阻最小化为优化目标更合理.     

Performance Analysis and Optimization for Irreversible Combined Carnot Heat Engine Working with Ideal Quantum Gases

An irreversible combined Carnot cycle model using ideal quantum gases as a working medium was studied by using finite-time thermodynamics. The combined cycle consisted of two Carnot sub-cycles in a cascade mode. Considering thermal resistance, internal irreversibility, and heat leakage losses, the power output and thermal efficiency of the irreversible combined Carnot cycle were derived by utilizing the quantum gas state equation. The temperature effect of the working medium on power output and thermal efficiency is analyzed by numerical method, the optimal relationship between power output and thermal efficiency is solved by the Euler-Lagrange equation, and the effects of different working mediums on the optimal power and thermal efficiency performance are also focused. The results show that there is a set of working medium temperatures that makes the power output of the combined cycle be maximum. When there is no heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are parabolic-like ones, and the internal irreversibility makes both power output and efficiency decrease. When there is heat leakage loss in the combined cycle, all the characteristic curves of optimal power versus thermal efficiency are loop-shaped ones, and the heat leakage loss only affects the thermal efficiency of the combined Carnot cycle. Comparing the power output of combined heat engines with four types of working mediums, the two-stage combined Carnot cycle using ideal Fermi-Bose gas as working medium obtains the highest power output.     

Performance characteristics and optimal analysis of a nonlinear diode refrigerator

This paper establishes a model of a nonlinear diode refrigerator consisting of two diodes switched in the opposite directions and located in two heat reservoirs with different temperatures.Based on the theory of thermal fluctuations,the expressions of the heat flux absorbed from the heat reservoirs are derived.After the heat leak between the two reservoirs is considered,the cooling rate and the coefficient of performance are obtained analytically.The influence of the heat leak and the temperature ratio on the performance characteristics of the refrigerator is analysed in detail.     

Performance characteristics and parametric optimization of an irreversible magnetic Ericsson heat-pump

Taking into account the finite-rate heat transfer in the heat-transfer processes, heat leak between the two external heat reservoirs, regenerative loss, regeneration time, and internal irreversibility due to dissipation of the cycle working substance, an irreversible magnetic Ericsson heat-pump cycle is presented. On the basis of the thermodynamic properties of magnetic materials, the performance characteristics of the irreversible magnetic Ericsson heat-pump are investigated and the relationship between the optimal heating load and the coefficient of performance (COP) is derived. Moreover, the maximum heating load and the corresponding COP as well as the maximum COP and the corresponding heating load are obtained. Furthermore, the other optimal performance characteristics are discussed in detail. The results obtained here may provide some new information for the optimal parameter design and the development of real magnetic Ericsson heat-pumps.     

The performance analysis of a micro-/nanoscaled quantum heat engine

A new model of micro-/nanoscaled heat engines consisting of two thin long tubes with the same length but different sizes of cross section, which are filled up with ideal quantum gases and operated between two heat reservoirs, is put forward. The working fluid of the heat engine cycle goes through four processes, which include two isothermal processes and two isobaric processes with constant longitudinal pressure. General expressions for the power output and efficiency of the cycle are derived, based on the thermodynamic properties of confined ideal quantum gases. The influence of the size effect on the power output and efficiency is discussed. The differences between the heat engines working with the ideal Bose gas and Fermi gas are revealed. The performance of the heat engines operating at weak gas degeneracy and high temperatures is further analyzed. The results obtained are more general and significant than those in the current literature.