甲基乙烯醚和OH反应机理的理论研究

利用量子化学从头计算的方法对甲基乙烯醚的两个异构体之间的转化,羟基与顺式-甲基乙烯醚和反式-甲基乙烯醚的加成反应,以及羟基提取甲基上的氢原子的反应机理进行了研究.研究结果表明:顺式-甲基乙烯醚比反式-甲基乙烯醚更加稳定,在QCISD/6-31G(d,P)//BHandHLYP/6.311 G(d,P)理论水平下,OH加到顺式-甲基乙烯醚1号住的碳原子上需要跨越的能垒比其它反应通道需要跨越的能垒少7.5～34 KJ/mol,因此是主要的反应通道,而OH加在反式.甲基乙烯醚2号位的碳原子上所需要跨越的能垒比其它反应路径所需要跨越的能垒少8.3～26.7 kJ/mol,因此是主要的反应路径.利用经典过渡态理论计算了总的速率常数     

臭氧、二氧化硫与不饱和脂肪酸的非均相化学反应的研究

利用傅里叶变换显微红外光谱仪(micro-FTIR)研究臭氧、二氧化硫与不饱和脂肪酸(UFAs)之间的非均相化学反应。通过分析实验光谱发现,臭氧和二氧化硫在油酸和亚麻酸的油膜上都能发生反应,生成含有羟基和酯基官能团的臭氧化物以及硫酸等产物。油酸与亚麻酸的分子结构是比较相似的,但是不饱和程度不一样,油酸含有一个双键,而亚麻酸含有三个C=C双键。从实验结果中明显可以看出亚麻酸反应后的臭氧化物较多且反应速率快。     

单个水分子影响OH+O3反应的理论研究

利用CCSD(T)和MP2的理论方法研究了OH与臭氧反应,并考虑大气中水分子的影响．理论计算探索了OH与臭氧反应的两个反应通道,计算出的能垒与以前的实验和理论符合得较好．当水分子被加入时,反应变得更加复杂,发现了六个反应通道,更重要的是反应能垒降低约4.18 kJ/mol．为了评估这些过程在大气化学中的重要作用,用过渡态理论计算了反应速率．计算结果表明,在298 K,对于没有水参加反应的反应速率为5.16×10^-14 cm³/(molecule s)与实验一致．     

二乙基铍与二叔丁基铍热解机理的理论计算

考虑了各种可能的自由基和多渡态裂解反应通道,采用分子体系第一性原理计算研究了二乙基铍与二叔丁基铍单分子热解机理．分别用B3LYP、CCSD(T)和G3B3研究了分子裂解反应的势能面,给出了各反应物、产物和过渡态的几何结构、振动频率和相对能量．结果显示从热力学角度,对于上述两个分子,其主要的热解均是通过协同消除的过渡态反应而进行的．分析了这两个分子热解势能面的差 异,并计算了相关反应通道的反应焓变和反应速率常数．     

硝基胍H迁移异构化反应动力学的从头计算研究

采用MP2/6-31G(d,p)从头计算方法优化获得硝基胍两种异构体及过渡态的几何结构,在相同水平上计算了各驻点频率,并进行了IRC分析.利用过渡态理论,计算了在200~1773K的H迁移异构化反应的速率常数.结果表明,β型硝基胍中形成大范围的离域大∏键,存在显著的共轭效应使其比α型稳定,能量比α型低28.16kJ/mol;硝基胍由α型向β型H迁移异构化反应的活化能为132.95kJ/mol.298K时速率常数为1.99×10-11s-1,平衡常数为1.00×105;硝基胍的异构化是一个典型的同面H迁移放热反应,随温度升高,平衡常数逐渐减小,不利于α型通过H迁移向β型转化.     

N-甲硝胺异构化和分解反应机理和动力学的理论研究

在QCISD(T)/6-311+G*//B3LYP/6-311+G*水平上详细地研究了N-甲硝胺(CH3NHNO2)异构化和分解反应的势能面， 探讨了其反应的可能机理． 计算结果表明， 四个最低能量的反应通道是：(i) N-NO2键断裂通道，(ii) CH3NHNO2先异构化为CH3NN(OH)O(IS2a)， 然后IS2a异构化为其它异构体，(iii) HONO消除通道，(iv) CH3NHNO2先异构化为CH3NHONO(IS3)， 然后IS3通过N-ONO或O-NO键断裂而分解． 用CTST理论计算了这些反应的最初反应步(决速步)的反应速率常数， 得到这些决速步在298-2000 K的阿仑尼乌斯公式为k6(T)=1014:8e-46:0=RT ，k7(T)=1013:7e-42:1=RT ，k8(T)=1013:6e-51:8=RT 和k9(T)=1015:6e-54:3=RT s-1． 在503-543 K时计算的总包反应速率常数和实验测得的速率常数吻合很好．通过分析这些反应的速率常数， 发现在低温下CH3NHNO2异构化为CH3NN(OH)O的反应是主要通道， 而在高温下N-NO2键断裂和CH3NHNO2异构化为CH3NHONO的通道与异构化为CH3NN(OH)O的反应通道竞争．     

从头计算研究1-甲基-次黄嘌呤的电离能

采用从头计算B3LYP/Aug-cc-pVDZ方法研究了1-甲基-次黄嘌呤最稳定的六种可变异构体. 两种异构体N7H 和N9H有着相当的能量,远比其它异构体稳定. 理论计算了各种可变异构体的转动常数和偶极矩. 运用电子传播子理论P3近似方法计算稳定异构体外价壳层轨道的电离能,计算结果与光电子能谱实验结果符合较好. 根据异构体的相对能量以及理论模拟电离能谱和实验光电子能谱之间的比较,说明在气相光电子能谱实验中至少存在两种可变异构体.     

撞击诱导硝基甲烷分子第一步分解反应的动力学计算

本文基于分子温度与压强的关系,计算在不同压强下基态和最低三态硝基甲烷的分子温度,对应计算其沿着CN键裂解反应的热化学和动力学参数.发现基态的硝基甲烷沿着CN键的分解反应是吸热反应,不具自发性,反应转换温度为1550.2 K,平衡常数在80-1202 K温度范围内很低.最低三态的硝基甲烷沿着CN键的裂解是放热反应,反应的Gibbs自由能在80-2558.5 K范围内为负,有好的自发性,且反应较为彻底.298.15-2558.5 K温度范围内反应活化能随着温度的升高而改变,使反应速率随着温度的升高而急剧增大.对应硝基甲烷爆压15 GPa,其分子温度为4617.6 K,该温度下三态分子分解反应的反应速率为1.088×10~8cm~3·mol~(-1)·s~(-1).推算硝基甲烷沿着CN键分解反应混合物的终态温度,当混合物为硝基、甲基和基态的硝基甲烷分子时,反应的终温为1611.37 K,等效能为1676.47 cm~(-1).当混合物为硝基、甲基、基态和最低三态的硝基甲烷分子时,反应的终温为1184.79 K,等效能为1232.65 cm~(-1).两种情况下终态等效能都足以维持硝基甲烷分子沿C-N键裂解反应的发生.这个能量也足以导致混合物中的NO_2分解为NO和O,这与实验检测的结论相一致.     

虚时间分裂算符方法研究溶剂电子转移动力学

在Sumi-Marcus理论中，采用虚时间分裂算符方法研究电子转移动力学．此方法具体应用于计算嗪-1和N,N-二甲基苯胺分子之间的电子转移速率常数．通过计算得到的两种反应物态的平均速率常数和一个长时间的速率常数，揭示了不同的sink函数时的电子转移动力学．在数值模拟过程中还发现了一些新的电子转移特性．     

单脉冲激波管中1,2-二氯乙烷的热裂解

在单脉冲激波管上 ,研究了 1,2 二氯乙烷的热裂解 .实验的激波条件为 :温度区间 10 2 0K 相似文献   

Effect of chlorine atoms in chlorinated ethylene on the rate and mechanism of its reaction with ozone

The UQCISD, UB3LYP, UMP2, and MRMP2 methods in conjunction with the 6-31+G**/6-311+G** and aug-cc-PVDZ basis sets are used to study the primary reaction of ozone with chlorinated ethylene derivatives: tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene, 1,2-cis-dichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and chloroethylene. The reaction is studied for both concerted and nonconcerted ozone addition. The UB3LYP DFT method in conjunction with the 6-31+G** basis set is used to examine various modes of addition of ozone to these chlorinated ethylenes by the Criegee and DeMore mechanisms. The geometry and energy of the transition states, the enthalpy and entropy, and the rate constants and ratios thereof for all the reactions are calculated. The UB3LYP method generally satisfactorily describes the two reaction pathways and, largely correctly predicts the rate constants, in agreement with the available experimental data. At the same time, this method appears to be inapplicable to modeling the interaction of ozone with 1,1-dichloroethylene. In this case, the single-determinant approximation turns out to be unsuitable, and, therefore, MCSCF methods should be used. The MRMP2 method yields reasonable values of the rate constants for the DeMore mechanism, whereas in the case of the Criegee mechanism, the MP2 method does well. The UB3LYP/6-31+G** and UQCISD/aug-cc-PVDZ methods give similar values of the ratio between the rate constants for the two pathways, a result that demonstrates the versatility of the first one.     

Mechanism and kinetics of the atmospheric degradation of 2-formylcinnamaldehyde with O3 and hydroxyl OH radicals – a theoretical study

In the present investigation, the reaction mechanism and kinetics of 2-formylcinnamaldehyde (2-FC) with O₃ and hydroxyl OH radicals were studied. The reaction of 2-FC with O₃ radical are initiated by the formation of primary ozonide, whereas the reaction of 2-FC with the hydroxyl OH radical are initiated by two different ways: (1). H-atom abstraction by hydroxyl OH radical from the –CHO and –CH = CHCHO group of 2-FC (2). Hydroxyl OH addition to the –CH = CHCHO group to the ring-opened 2-FC. These reactions lead to the formation of an alkyl radical. The reaction pathways corresponding to the reactions between 2-FC with O₃ and hydroxyl OH radicals have been analysed using density functionals of B3LYP and M06-2X level of methods with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set. Single-point energy calculations for the most favourable reactive species are determined by B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) and CCSD(T)/6-31+G(d,p) levels of theory. From the obtained results, the hydroxyl OH addition at C8 position of 2-FC are most favourable than the C9 position of 2-FC. The subsequent reactions of the alkyl radicals, formed from the hydroxyl OH addition at C8 position, are analysed in detail. The individual and overall rate constant for the most favourable reactions are calculated by canonical variational transition theory with small-curvature tunnelling corrections over the temperature range of 278–350 K. The calculated theoretical rate constants are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The Arrhenius plot of the rate constants with the temperature are fitted and the atmospheric lifetimes of the 2-FC with hydroxyl OH radical reaction in the troposphere calculate for the first time, which can be applied to the study on the atmospheric implications. The condensed Fukui function has been verified for the most favourable reaction sites. This study can be regarded as an attempt to investigate the O₃-initiated and hydroxyl OH-initiated reaction mechanisms of 2-FC in the atmosphere.     

Enthalpies of formation of olefinic ethers by G3(MP2)//B3LYP calculations

The gas‐phase enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K of a number of acyclic and cyclic olefinic ethers (mainly α,β‐unsaturated ethers), together with those of a few cyclic mono‐ and dienes, have been estimated by G3(MP2)//B3LYP calculations. In most cases, the computational and experimental data (if available) are in good mutual agreement. Whenever significant deviations between the experimental and computational data were found, the experimental enthalpies of formation arise from a single data source, and it appears that small experimental errors are embedded therein. A marked error was found in the experimental enthalpy of formation of 2‐chloroethyl ethyl ether, used in this work as a reagent for estimation of the enthalpy of formation of 2‐chloroethyl vinyl ether by an isodesmic reaction. Moreover, significant errors were also found in the literature values for the computational (B3LYP/6‐311G**) enthalpies of formation of several Me‐substituted derivatives of methyl vinyl ether. The present computational method, besides providing acceptable enthalpies of formation for unsaturated ethers, was also found to give accurate Δ_fH(g) values for cyclic mono‐ and dienes. Thus, the G3(MP2)//B3LYP computational method proved to be a valuable tool for investigating the energetics of olefinic ethers and hydrocarbons. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Probing O2 dependence of hydroperoxy-butyl reactions via isomer-resolved speciation

Degenerate chain-branching mechanisms of n-alkanes are centered on the formation of hydroperoxy-alkyl radicals (̇QOOH), formed via ̇R + O₂ reactions, and the ensuing competition between unimolecular decomposition and second-O₂-addition. Quantitative measurements of partially oxidized intermediates formed via reactions of ̇QOOH provide critical constraints that are required for accurate modeling of combustion chemistry. To examine the influence of temperature and oxygen concentration on intermediates from unimolecular decomposition of ̇QOOH, isomer-resolved speciation measurements were conducted on n-butane oxidation at 835 Torr in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) from 500 – 900 K. Resulting from negative-temperature coefficient behavior, cyclic ether formation peaked at two temperatures, 650 K and 800 K, which were selected for separate experiments to quantify the O₂-dependence of species profiles using O₂ concentrations of 4.2 · 10¹⁷ – 1.1 · 10¹⁹ molecules cm^–3.Utilizing vacuum-ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and electron-impact mass spectrometry, cyclic ether isomers were quantified separately, including explicit resolution of cis- and trans- isomers of 2,3-dimethyloxirane. Stereoisomers of 2-butene were also quantified explicitly. For all cyclic ethers, a common trend in O₂-dependence emerged: species concentrations reach a maximum near 3.0 · 10¹⁸ molecules cm^–3 (equivalence ratio of 0.5). Although quantitative disparities are evident, chemical kinetics modeling qualitatively reproduces the O₂ dependence of species at 650 K. However, at 800 K, weak dependence on O₂ is predicted, which is in contrast with the measurements. Two carbonyls, diacetyl and methyl vinyl ketone, were also quantified and follow similar dependence on [O₂] and temperature as the cyclic ethers, which indicates some fraction forms via ̇QOOH-mediated reactions. The discrepancies between the measured and model-predicted species profiles indicate that sub-mechanisms for important intermediates may require additional elementary reactions, including stereochemical-specific reactions, to improve the fidelity of n-alkane combustion modeling.     

Theoretical investigations of the gas phase reaction of limonene (C10H16) with OH radical

The rate coefficients of hydroxyl radical (OH) reaction with limonene were computed using canonical variational transition state theory with small-curvature tunnelling between 275 and 400 K. The geometries and frequencies of all the stationary points are calculated using hybrid density functional theory methods M06-2X and MPWB1K with 6-31+G(d,p), 6-311++G(d,p), and 6-311+G(2df,2p) basis sets. Both addition and abstraction channels of the title reaction were explored. The rate coefficients obtained over the temperature range of 275–400 K were used to derive the Arrhenius expressions: k(T) = 4.06×10^?34 T^7.07 exp[4515/T] and k(T) = 7.37×10^?25 T^3.9 exp[3169/T] cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1 at M06-2X/6-311+G(2df,2p) and MPWB1K/6-311+G(2df,2p) levels of theory, respectively. Kinetic study indicated that addition reactions are major contributors to the total reaction in the studied temperature range. The atmospheric lifetime (τ) of limonene due to its reactions with various tropospheric oxidants was calculated and concluded that limonene is lost in the atmosphere within a few hours after it is released. The ozone production potential of limonene was computed to be (14–18) ppm, which indicated that degradation of limonene would lead to a significant amount of ozone production in the troposphere.     

The Mechanism of Ozone Addition to Acetylene

The primary stage of the reaction between ozone and acetylene was studied by the HF, MP2, and B3LYP quantum-chemical methods using the 6-31G family of basis sets and the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set. The formation of the transition state was shown to be preceded by the formation of a complex. Subsequently, the reaction could occur as concerted (the Criegee mechanism) or nonconcerted (the DeMore mechanism) addition. The geometry and energy of transition states, the entropy and enthalpy of activation, and rate constants were calculated for both reaction paths. It was shown that there was a competition of the Criegee and DeMore mechanisms, and the fraction of the reaction along the nonconcerted addition channel was 1–10%. The UB3LYP method was found to be the most suitable for solving this problem in the one-determinant approximation     

Time-resolved Fourier-transform and continuous-wave ESR studies on photo-initiated polymerization

Radical polymerization of vinyl monomers as initiated by the diphenylphosphinoyl (DPO) radical which is formed by the photo-cleavage of 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl diphenylphosphine oxide (TMDPO) was investigated by continuous-wave electron spin resonance (cw ESR) and Fourier-transform (FT) ESR. Well-resolved hyperfine structures (hfs’s) of the starting radicals were observed by the time-resolved cw ESR for vinyl acetate, ethyl vinyl ether, styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and isoprene. The rates of formation and the spin-lattice relaxation were determined by time-resolved FT ESR for these starting radicals. In the polymerization of MMA and isoprene the primary propagating radicals were found for the first time by the observation of their well-resolved hfs’s with timeresolved cw ESR. On the basis of the kinetic analysis including the spin-lattice relaxation, the rates of formation and the spin-lattice relaxation were determined by simulation of the time profile of FT ESR for the primary propagating radicals of MMA and isoprene. The rate of the primary propagating step was found to be by two orders greater than an average value of whole propagating steps as obtained by a steady-state measurement.     

The reaction of ozone with hexafluoropropylene: Competition of concerted and nonconcerted addition

The initial stage of the reaction between ozone and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) was studied by the DFT/B3LYP quantum-chemical method using the family of 6-31G basis sets and the cc-pVDZ+ basis set. Two reaction paths were compared, concerted (the Criegee mechanism) and nonconcerted (the DeMore mechanism) addition. For both reaction paths, the geometry and transition state energies, entropy, and thermodynamic and electronic enthalpy were calculated and the rate constants of the reaction were estimated. It was shown that the DeMore mechanism should be given preference for the reaction of HFP with ozone. UB3LYP calculations for the DeMore mechanism give reaction rate constants close to the experimental values.     

Low-temperature oxidation of diethyl ether: Reactions of hot radicals across coupled potential energy surfaces

Electronic structure calculations and transition state theory are used to compute rate coefficients for the low-temperature oxidation of diethyl ether. Additional rate coefficients are computed to account for rovibrationally excited species that react with O₂ prior to thermalization in a process known as non-Boltzmann reactions. A detailed, low-temperature kinetic mechanism for DEE combustion is developed. Ignition delay curves are computed using two mechanisms, one that includes only thermal reactions and a second that also includes 8 non-Boltzmann reactions. Simulations suggest that at an initial pressure of 1 atm and temperatures below 800 K, the inclusion of non-Boltzmann reactions decreases the predicted ignition delay by a factor of 2 or more. As the pressure increases, the effective contribution of these reactions diminishes. These results suggest that non-Boltzmann phenomena can have a significant effect on real-world applications.