高温超导体的好消息

高温超导材料在应用上的主要困难是临界电流密度太低.问题在于混合态时材料中磁通线所受的钉扎力较弱,稍大一点的电流通过会引起磁通线的运动,从而产生电阻破坏超导电性,早些时候,很多人认为这个缺点很难甚至不可能被克服. 1989年,中子辐照YBa-2Cu-3O-7样品对临界电流影响方面的实验给人们以希望.例如贝尔实验室 Bruce Van Dover 等人进行的辐照实验,辐照前,77K下YBa-2Cu-3O-7晶体最大的临界电流密度为6500A/ cm～2 ,辐照后,提高到620000A/cm～2.也许是辐照产生的小缺陷成为磁通线的钉扎中心. 临界电流密度提高100倍的结果只在一个晶…     

单晶GdBa2Cu3O6＋δ顺磁性和超导性的研究

掺杂有顺磁性稀土元素离子的高温超导体的磁滞回线因包含有顺磁的贡献而变宽，使根据Bean模型得到的临界电流密度偏离了其真实的值．本文对描述其中顺磁性磁化强度贡献的扩展Brillouin函数进行了修正，并将该种描述方法应用于单晶GdBa2Cu3O6＋δ样品．外场低于临界场HC1时，顺磁性对总的磁化强度没有贡献；外场高于HC1的磁场下，磁场增加和磁场降低时顺磁性的磁化贡献并不相等．由此验证了在GdBa2Cu3O6＋δ的晶体结构中，超导电流沿Cu-O面流动，对位于两层Cu-O面间的顺磁性离子产生屏蔽作用．GdBa2Cu3O6＋δ中超导性和顺磁性相互独立共存，超导性通过电流的屏蔽作用间接的影响了顺磁性的贡献．     

离子辐照和氧化对IG-110核级石墨中的点缺陷的影响

核级石墨是球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM)中的一种关键材料,在堆内用作燃料元件基体材料、结构材料和中子反射层材料.研究核级石墨辐照和氧化行为下的缺陷演化对反应堆安全具有重要意义.本文对IG-110石墨样品进行了一系列包含不同顺序和不同条件的离子辐照和氧化的实验,分为仅辐照、仅氧化、辐照后氧化、氧化后辐照,通过观察其结构、形貌、石墨化程度和点缺陷的演化,研究离子辐照和氧化对IG-110核级石墨中点缺陷的影响.拉曼光谱表明,随辐照剂量的增大,拉曼峰强比I_D/I_G先增大后减小,说明离子辐照使石墨中产生了点缺陷,且点缺陷在辐照剂量增大时进一步发生演化;氧化后石墨化程度增大,说明高温下的退火效应使点缺陷发生复合,因此氧化之后点缺陷数量减少.氧化后辐照样品的点缺陷含量低于仅辐照样品,辐照后氧化样品的点缺陷含量高于仅氧化样品.正电子湮灭多普勒展宽揭示了离子辐照后石墨中仅有点缺陷,而氧化使点缺陷部分回复.离子辐照和氧化对石墨中点缺陷的演化产生相反的影响,即离子辐照使平均S参数增大,平均W参数减小,而氧化使平均S参数减小,平均W参数增大.对于辐照后氧化的样品,850℃高温的退火效应不足以使点缺陷完全回复.     

单晶GdBa2Cu3O6+δ顺磁性和超导性的研究

掺杂有顺磁性稀土元素离子的高温超导体的磁滞回线因包含有顺磁的贡献而变宽,使根据Bean模型得到的临界电流密度偏离了其真实的值.本文对描述其中顺磁性磁化强度贡献的扩展Brillouin函数进行了修正,并将该种描述方法应用于单晶GdBa2Cu3O6 δ样品.外场低于临界场HC1时,顺磁性对总的磁化强度没有贡献;外场高于HC1的磁场下,磁场增加和磁场降低时顺磁性的磁化贡献并不相等.由此验证了在GdBa2Cu3O6 δ的晶体结构中,超导电流沿Cu-O面流动,对位于两层Cu-O面间的顺磁性离子产生屏蔽作用.GdBa2Cu3O6 δ中超导性和顺磁性相互独立共存,超导性通过电流的屏蔽作用间接的影响了顺磁性的贡献.     

低能离子对高温超导YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)薄膜的表面改性和机理

低能氩离子束轰击并后退火处理的离子束表面改性,会影响高温超导薄膜的表面结构和超导特性,但是其中的深刻微观机理不清楚.本文通过连续改变离子束轰击时间,系统研究了离子束表面改性对于超导膜结构和临界电流密度的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、J_(c-scanning)测试表征样品的结构特性和超导特性,并得出内应变、氧空位缺陷等参量.研究表明,经过表面改性的钇钡铜氧(YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ),YBCO)薄膜,随轰击时间增加表面形貌会变得更加均匀致密,a轴晶粒消失,并且临界电流密度有了显著的提高.由化学键收缩配对模型分析得出,临界电流密度的提高与薄膜内应变增大和引发的局部YBCO结构中Cu—O键收缩有关.     

Pr替代YPBCO超导单晶的峰效应研究

采用TSSG法在1 atm氧气氛下生长出Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7(x=0.07215)超导单晶样品;测量了该单晶样品在不同温度下的磁特性;根据Bean临界态模型,计算出不同温度下的临界电流密度Jc对磁场H的依赖关系;在对该样品的直流磁化研究中观测到了峰效应。随着温度的降低,样品的临界电流密度明显增加。     

中子辐照对熔融织构YBa_2Cu_3O_(7-δ)超导体磁学性能及微观组织的影响

本文研究了中子辐照对熔融织构生长(MTG)YBaCuO 超导样品磁学性能及微观组织的影响.采用了两种辐照剂量:2.3×10~(16)n/cm~2和1.16×10~(17)n/cm~2.通过比较辐照前后样品磁滞回线,发现临界电流密度明显提高,在77K、0.1T 磁场下,临界电流密度达到4.7×10~5A/cm~2,此辐照前样品的临界电流密度提高了几十倍.通过观察辐照前后不可逆线 T~*(H)的变化,发     

退火对He注入及随后208 Pb27+辐照的Al2O3单晶PL谱的影响

利用高能离子研究了110 keV的He+注入Al2O3单晶及随后230 MeV的208pb27+辐照并在不同温度条件下退火样品的光致发光的特性.从测试结果可以清楚地看到在375 nm,390 nm,413 nm和450 nm出现了强烈的发光峰.经过600 K退火2 h后测试结果显示,390 nm发光峰增强剧烈,而别的发光峰显示不明显.在900 K退火条件下,390 nm的发光峰开始减弱相反在510 nm出现了较强的发光峰,到1100 K退火完毕后390 nm的发光峰完全消失,而510 nm的发光峰相对增强.从辐照样品的FTIR谱中看到,波数在460-510 cm-1间的吸收是振动模式,经过离子辐照后,吸收带展宽,随着辐照量的增大,Al2O3振动吸收峰消失,说明Al2O3振动模式被完全破坏.1000-1300cm-1之间为Al-O-Al桥氧的伸缩振动模式,辐照后吸收带向高波数方向移动.退火后的FTIR谱变化不大.     

α-Al2O3: Mn单晶的三维热释发光谱研究

测量了α-Al2O3: Mn单晶中子辐照前后的三维热释发光谱.观察到α-Al2O3: Mn:Mn单晶γ射线照射后测量的三维热释发光谱中，峰温在350℃波长为680nm处有一宽发光峰，这可能与Mn2+离子有关；波长为695nm峰温在170℃和350℃的线状光谱，叠加在680nm宽发光峰上，是Cr3+离子的发光谱线,其中可能有Mn4+离子的贡献.与纯α-Al2O3单晶的热释发光谱相比，掺入Mn杂质后，γ射线照射的三维热释发光谱中完全地抑制了波长为416nm的α-Al2O3的F心发光峰.经1017cm-2中子注量辐照和退火后，γ射线照射后测量的三维热释发光谱中，在150℃出现了波长为416和695nm的发光峰，以及在250℃波长为680和695nm的发光峰，其中695nm新发光峰的强度略超过了中子辐照前α-Al2O3:Mn在350℃波长为695nm的发光峰，说明中子辐照产生了大量浅陷阱能级和F心.然而，经1018cm-2中子注量辐照和退火后，γ射线照射后测量的三维热释发光谱中，出现了峰温150℃，190℃和250℃波长为520nm的Mn2+离子发光峰，以及300℃波长为680和695nm的Cr3+（或Mn4+）的发光峰，表明增高中子注量的辐照，产生了温度为190℃，250℃和300℃深陷阱能级和F心，并使Mn2+离子发光峰明显加强. 关键词： α-Al2O3:Mn 三维发光谱 缺陷结构 发光机理     

自离子辐照对兆伏注P+硅中二次缺陷的影响

用平面透射电子显微术和剖面透射电子显微术以及卢瑟福背散射沟道谱技术研究了兆伏注P⁺硅中的二次缺陷以及自离子辐照对它们的影响.实验结果表明，二次缺陷峰的深度稍大于平均投影射程.实验还发现，用适当能量和剂量的自离子在退火之前辐照兆伏注P⁺硅样品，可以抑制二次缺陷的生成，但如果在退火之后辐照，则会得到相反效果.对此现象的物理原因进行了讨论.另外，还给出了Si⁺，P⁺在硅中形成二次缺陷带的临界剂量，并且对临界剂量与注入能量的关 关键词：     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.