红细胞携氧功能随孵育时间动态变化的研究

血红蛋白氧合与脱氧的周期循环在体内驱动红细胞结构与功能调节中发挥着重要作用,已引起广泛关注;但是对体外培养的红细胞在单个活态水平上进行携氧功能随孵育时间动态变化研究未见报道。本研究应用显微激光共聚焦拉曼散射技术,采集不同时间的活态红细胞拉曼光谱,分析表征血红蛋白携氧能力特征峰(1 636和1 562cm~(-1))和构象敏感的酰胺Ⅲ谱带(1 240~1 300cm~(-1))随时间变化规律;同时结合扫描电镜观察相应RBC形态。结果发现,在0~24h内,结构稳定、变构协同功能正常的血红蛋白发生着携氧量增加与减少和构象R态与T态交替变化,与此同时扫描电镜下双凹圆盘型红细胞也发生"伸长"与"收缩"交替变化。本结论不仅为体外研究红细胞携氧功能提供来自单个活细胞内的多水平特征参数,同时也为体外开展针对红细胞筛选活性组分、评价药物药效和毒副作用研究开拓思路。     

细胞内单颗粒示踪技术的进展

单颗粒示踪（Single particle tracking，SPT）技术是应用显微镜系统对细胞内单个特定荧光或散射颗粒的定位和追踪。由于SPT能够实时监控活细胞内复杂、高度动态的组织结构的变化并提供结构—功能间的动力学关系，因此在细胞生物学上有重要的应用。本文总结了SPT的机理以及在细胞上的应用，首先介绍了SPT的动力学原理，包括单颗粒定位，轨道重建以及轨道分析，然后总结了SPT技术现阶段重点发展的光学材料及仪器，最后阐述了SPT在细胞膜、细胞内信号通路、分子转运机制、遗传信息表达以及病毒感染机制的应用。此外，本文还对SPT技术未来的发展进行了展望。     

分子马达的调节机制

细胞维持生命就需要不断与外界进行物质交换，并且在细胞内部也频繁地进行着物质交换。细胞内部高度分化，由不同的细胞器（如细胞核，高尔基复合体等）组成，我们将细胞器比做“工厂”，每个工厂都有自己独一无二的“产品”（货物），细胞器是如何将产品分配给他们的“消费者”以及其他的工厂呢？在细胞内，运输货物的主要任务由分子马达（简称马达）家族中的肌球蛋白，驱动蛋白及动力蛋白来完成。马达完成运输的过程可分为三步：（1）识别货物并与货物结合；（2）沿着各自的“轨道”完成多个化学．力学循环，运输的过程中可能需要马达之间任务的交接；（3）将到达目的地时，识别目的地并将货物卸下。为了深入的介绍马达的调节机制，在内容上作了如下安排：1．介绍马达的基本概念及分类。2．介绍马达的结构及其运动特性。     

应用胰凝乳蛋白酶消化法比较冬季和夏季鲢鱼肉肌球蛋白的构造特性

以夏季和冬季鲢为研究对象,利用胰凝乳蛋白酶能水解羧基端含芳香族氨基酸残基肽键的特性,根据其特异性酶切部位,结合电泳手段来分析肌球蛋白的内部构造差异性。结果表明,与夏季样品相比,冬季鲢的肌原纤维蛋白经酶切生成的肌球蛋白头部S-1较长,在高温下分子量为165 ku的重酶解肌球蛋白HMM容易被再降解成小片段的135 ku HMM,呈现出冬季肌球蛋白的结构不稳定性。在不同温度下加热夏季和冬季肌球蛋白,其ATPase失活速度和酶解肌球蛋白生成S-1的产生量的减少速度呈现一致性,说明酶解生成的S-1只来源于有活性的肌球蛋白。同时,冬季肌球蛋白热变性温度较夏季肌球蛋白要低6 ℃,表明冬季肌球蛋白的不稳定性。     

乙醇胁迫酵母凋亡过程的单细胞喇曼光谱

在群体细胞水平和单个酵母细胞水平上,应用光镊喇曼光谱技术对高浓度乙醇胁迫过程中细胞内生物大分子物质的动态变化进行实时监测.基于两种水平上的研究结果显示:在高浓度乙醇胁迫下,归属于核酸的喇曼峰(721,1 083,1 301cm-1)、归属于蛋白质的喇曼峰(721,858,1 001,1 301,1 445,1 608,1 657cm-1)和归属于脂类(1 083,1 301,1 445cm-1)喇曼峰的峰强度都随处理时间的延长而显著降低,说明了高浓度乙醇诱导酵母凋亡过程中核酸、蛋白质、脂类等物质的含量是逐渐降低的.结合单因素分析法与重复测量分析法发现,群体细胞与单个细胞光谱的变化有明显差异性,反映基于群体细胞的研究,个体细胞的信息被平均光谱信息所掩盖,无法体现个体间所存在的差异.应用激光镊子喇曼光谱技术基于单个细胞水平上的研究能更直接、真实地反映高浓度乙醇胁迫下细胞内生物大分子变化的动态信息.     

活细胞内单个大分子的行为

以往细胞内大分子活动的研究,多数是许多分子活动的一个平均结果,即一种集群平均（ensemble averaging）的结果,随着各种技术,特别是光学及荧光检测技术的成熟,实时视见活细胞内单个大分子的时代已经到来.在现时条件下,有许多方法可供选择,如荧光共振能量转移、原子力显微镜、全内反射显微技术、荧光相关光谱法等等.“活细胞内单个大分子的行为”的研究有可能为了解活细胞内单个分子的活动带来完全新的认识,但目前还存在不少方法学上的局限性,有待进一步提高,如有效的特异标记物、细胞深部荧光的检测、新型显微镜的开发等.     

共振Q~2相关的极化结构函数性质的研究

在组分夸克模型基础上，极化质子、中子结构函数随Ｑ~２演化关系得到了研究．同时理论对总的光吸收截面也给出了相应的预言．计算结果与实验数据相一致．     

与金精三羧酸抑制剂的相互作用

用分子对接方法(Docking)研究了HIV-1整合酶与其抑制剂金精三羧酸的结合过程．为弄清金属离子在结合中所起的作用，选择含有一个Mg+2或不含Mg+2的两种不同的整合酶受体分别与金精三羧酸对接．结果表明，Mg+2对稳定配体与受体的结合起了重要作用．金精三羧酸配体与含有一个金属Mg+2的整合酶受体对接，最优结合自由能为-45．19kJ／mol.当Mg+2失去后，整合酶的活性中心构象将发生变化，使金精三羧酸抑制剂与整合酶的结合自由能(-24．35kJ／mol)明显增加．预测了未知的HIV-1整合酶与其抑制剂金精三羧酸的复合物结构，并可对基于结构的抗HIV-1整合酶的药物设计提供重要信息．     

金属插层对C60／A1N一维光子晶体带隙的影响

利用传输矩阵方法，研究了金属Ag插层对C60／A1N一维光子晶体带隙宽度以及反射率的影响．结果表明：在C60，与A1N之间插入Ag组成的[C60／Ag／A1N]n一维光子晶体，与未插入Ag层相比可使带隙增宽73．91％．最大反射率提高到91．01％．该结构可望用于制作紫外线波段的宽带反射镜．     

基于马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的单个光子操控

分别利用空间和光纤马赫—曾德尔干涉仪对空间和光纤传输中的单个光子的干涉现象进行了研究，干涉对比度可达到90％以上，实现了空间和光纤中的单个光子的路由操控。实验采用脉冲调制加衰减的方法产生单个光子，获得了每个脉冲中只包含0．1个光子的准单光子源。通过改变压电换能器的电压控制马赫—曾德尔干涉仪的单个光子在两个输出端的选择，实现了光子在节点上的路由。采用同步符合检测技术，利用重复频率为1kHz，脉冲宽度为100ns的同步信号对输出信号进行符合，实现了量子效率高于70％，暗计数小于0．2s^-1的单光子高灵敏度检测，观测到了单个光子在相位操控下出射到两个输出端的有序分配现象。验证了基于马赫—曾德尔干涉仪的单个光子路由操控实现的可能性。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.     

Real-time restoration of rotational blurred image using gradient-loading

The key to the restoration of rotational motion blurred image is how to restore the image under a low cost and to correct the irreversibility of the degradation function matrix.Based on the special qualities of degradation function matrix and precise deduction in space-domain, we present a new approach using gradient-loading for restoration of rotational blurred image.By easily adding a gradient operator, the irreversibility of the original matrix is corrected and can be applied for inverse filtering then.Gradientloading is the optimized approach which combines the advantages of both the approaches using constrained least square filtering and traditional diagonal-loading.Compared with the approach using least square filtering, its peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved from 3.18 to 6.46dB, while the computing time is reduced to 1/2-1/3.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, noise-resistibility, robustness, and low complexity of this approach, which make it more suitable for real-time environment.     

All-Optical Logic Device Using Bent Nonlinear Tapered Y-Junction Waveguide Structure

We propose an all-optical logic device made of a bent tapered Y-junction waveguide with a Kerr-type nonlinear interface. It could provide an AND gate, OR gate, and exclusive-OR (XOR) gate. We could obtain different transmission results by adjusting the bending angle. The numerical simulation results show that the device functions as AND, OR, and XOR gates.     

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz imaging by a pyroelectric camera

Real-time, continuous-wave terahertz (THz) imaging is demonstrated. A 1.89-THz optically-pumped farinfrared laser is used as the illumination source, and a 124 × 124 element room-temperature pyroelectric camera is adopted as the detector. With this setup, THz images through various wrapping materials are shown. The results show that this imaging system has the potential applications in real-time mail and security inspection.