声学标准

19 GBJ 75-84建筑隔声测量规范 本规范为了统一实验室和现场对建筑物和建筑构件的空气声和撞击声隔声测匿,规定了测量方法和测量条件,使所测得的同一建筑物或建筑构件(包括墙、楼板、门和窗等)的隔声性能尽可能地接近,具备相互可比的统一基础,以便于建筑隔声的设计.编制中参考了国际标准ISO 140/1-8-1978 《声学——建筑物和建筑构件的隔声测量》。本规范共分六章为:总则、建筑构件空气声隔声的实验室测量、建筑物内两室之间空气声隔声的观场测量、外墙和外墙构件空气声隔声的现场测量、楼板撞击声隔声的实验室测量和楼板撞击声隔声的现场测量,及七个附录为:名词解释、测     

统计能量分析应用于墙隔声的研究

本文开始简述了统计能量分析(简称SEA)的基本原理。根据SEA模型把各种墙:单墙、双墙、龙骨联系双墙的隔声计算变成求解线性代数方程组,并对方程组系数,即SEA参数的赋值进行了讨论。选择有纸石膏板墙作为对象,测量了辐射声阻、损耗因素和传声损失。在电子计算机上计算了十七种不同构造型式的石膏板墙的隔声,计算结果和实测数据符合得较好。最后对影响墙隔声的几个因素作了讨论。     

特殊隔声构件的现场测量

近年来,有不少新建房屋由于使用上的需要,对隔声提出了很高的要求。这类建筑物隔声构件的设计是很复杂的,到目前为止,还难以用理论公式对其隔声量作出精确的估计。我们虽曾对某些特殊构件作过实验室测量,但由于实际房屋中还存在着侧向传声等因素的影响,往往与实验室的测量结果不一致,两者之间还缺乏定量的关系,因而进行现场测量仍很重要。     

联合扩散场激励与近场声全息重建的建筑构件隔声测量方法

提出了一种联合扩散场(DAF)激励与近场声全息(NAH)辐射声强重建的建筑构件空气声隔声测量方法。该方法首先通过DAF激励构件振动并获取入射声功率,然后利用NAH技术从辐射声压场中重建构件表面高空间分辨率的法向声强分布,最后根据声强分布来计算辐射声功率和定位辐射热区,从而实现构件隔声量和隔声缺陷测量。隔声室实验研究表明,在测试距离和采样间距均为0.04 m的条件下,该方法测量的隔声量与声压法的误差在100～5000 Hz频带小于3.3 dB,在250～3150 Hz频带小于1.3 dB,对圆孔(直径8 mm)和矩形缝(长80 mm、宽3 mm)的定位精度高达厘米级;同时,该方法在一定混响和背景噪声影响下的稳定性较强,接收室混响时间从1.0 s增至3.4 s (步长0.6 s)以及信噪比从10 dB降至0 dB (步长5 dB),隔声量测量误差分别在0.8 dB和0.3 dB以内,缺陷定位误差在0.037 m和0.035 m以内。所提方法有助于提高实验室中建筑构件隔声特性的测量能力,同时对接收室测试环境具有较强的鲁棒性。     

门窗隔声的现场测量

在测量大片墙面上的局部构件如门和窗的隔声性能时,往往比较困难。通常的测量结果只能说明门窗与墙的组合体的隔声效果,而且有时在门或窗一侧空间的声学条件比较特殊,如遇到走道等很不扩散的声场时,规范化的测量方法就不适用。为此,我们曾作了一些考虑和尝试。测量的方法是利用25只直径为20厘米的纸盆扬声器作5×5平面排列,组合成一个强指向性的声源(总电功率75瓦)。声源布置在距门扇3—5米处,面向门扇发声。根据门开和门关时声源室内同一位置上(距门约2米处)的声压级差(L_开-L_关),和该测量点上门开启和关闭时的混响时间T_开和T_关的修正,便可得到该门的隔声量,即     

明代姚广孝及其隔声建筑

一般认为，隔声建筑是20世纪初的科技成果，文章以历史文献证明，明初姚广孝发现多孔墙体吸声现象并于1399年秘密地建成隔声房，明末，方以智在《物理小识》中总结多孔墙吸声的道理并最早使用“隔声”一词，从此隔声建筑的技术为中国人所知晓。，     

影响轻钢龙骨轻质板隔墙的隔声性能的因素

单层墙体因受质量定律的限制，必须是重墙才能获得良好的隔声性能。     

住宅建筑中相邻房间的侧向传声预测

侧向传声作为建筑中声传递的组成部分,对住宅的整体隔声效果具有重要的影响,通过将建筑中相邻房间的各建筑构件划分为若干子系统,应用统计能量分析(Statistical Energy Analysis,SEA)理论,从系统的声功率平衡的角度建立侧向传声的预测模型,在描述各路径的传声规律的同时确定主要传声路径。研究结果表明:当外围护结构为重质结构,且为匀质单一材料构造时,(1)在低频处,全程通过两相邻房间的侧墙或楼板的非通过隔墙的侧向路径成为主要侧向传声路径;(2)在中高频,各侧向路径的声压级差趋于一致,此时的建筑隔声性能取决于通过隔墙的直接路径上的声传递;(3)采用重质隔墙可以缩小侧向传声影响的频率范围。本研究为改善住宅的声环境质量及建筑隔声设计提供了理论依据。      

钢结构装配式住宅墙板连接方式对隔声性能的影响*

为提升其隔声性能,通过有限元法数值分析,比较了不同位置墙板的连接方式对房间隔声性能的影响。结果表明：(1)侧墙墙板柔性连接处理对侧向传声的抑制作用显著,当侧墙墙板采用柔性连接后,房间的隔声量在低频段平均可以提升3 dB左右;(2)公共隔墙墙板的柔性连接对房间低频段隔声量提升不明显,甚至在160 Hz、400 Hz、500 Hz等频率下隔声量有所降低。最后,基于模拟分析结果对装配式墙体连接方式提出了改进策略。     

水下隔声结构设计及评价方法

为使用混响法快捷地测量水下结构物的辐射噪声,需基于港口或海岸建造海上混响水池。针对内外都是水情况下的海上混响水池壁面隔声问题,设计了一种带梁空气夹层板水下隔声结构,通过仿真比较了不同参数的空气夹层板的隔声性能。为评价声波无规入射情况下水下大尺寸隔声结构隔声性能,提出了一种混响评价方法,通过隔声实验比较了混响法与脉冲法的不同。结果表明：带梁空气夹层板的水下隔声性能优异,声波无规入射情况下,面板厚度0.015 m、空气层厚度0.020 m的带梁空气夹层板在2～10 kHz频段插入损失大于20 dB;混响法可以有效评价大尺寸水下隔声结构的平均隔声性能,其反映的声波无规入射的平均隔声性能更接近于实际应用情况。     

Effect of surface treatment on sand erosion behavior of glass beads-filled epoxy resin

Effects of the adhesion between filler particle and matrix on the erosion rate were studied in cured epoxy resin filled with glass beads having mean diameter 17 um. In order to observe the effect of adhesion on erosion rate. the filler particles were treated with silane coupling agent, silicone oil and washed by acetone as well. The filler content of the specimen was varied and also the specimens were attacked by different size angular particles. The comparison of each type of specimen shows that by using acetone and silicone oil for surface treatment, the erosion rate is relatively high. Whereas the specimen in which the filler was treated by silane have low erosion rate. The difference of erosion behavior is influenced by impacting particle size and filler content. Using small impacting particles and also low filler content, the erosion behavior between silane and acetone treated was quite different. On the other hand, using large impacting particles and high filler content, the erosion behavior between them was similar.     

The effect of accelerator contents on the vulcanizate structures of SSBR/silica vulcanizates

Physical properties of rubber compounds are affected by the filler–rubber interaction, filler dispersion in the rubber matrix, and cross-link structure formed during vulcanization. In particular, the cross-link structure is closely related to the physical properties of vulcanizates and has been analyzed using the swelling test and Flory-Rehner equation. However, the relationship between the structure and physical properties of vulcanizates cannot be explained by the cross-link density obtained using these methods. The cross-link density obtained from the swelling test is a complex result of the filler–rubber interaction occurring during the compounding as well as the chemical cross-link structure formed by sulfur during the vulcanization. Moreover, the rubber vulcanizates that use silica need to be separately analyzed for each factor as its physical properties are affected more by the filler–rubber interaction than by carbon black. Therefore, this study determines the factors that contribute to the total cross-link density of vulcanizates into chemical cross-link density and filler–rubber interaction via quantitative analysis using the swelling test results and Flory-Rehner and Kraus equations. The vulcanizates used for the analysis were carbon black-filled and silica-filled non-functionalized SSBR compounds with varying cure accelerator for each filler loading. Their chemical cross-link density was measured and the effect of the filler–rubber interactions on their mechanical and dynamic viscoelastic properties was investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between the structure and physical properties of rubber vulcanizates was elucidated.     

Modified nanofiller epichlorohydrin elastomer composite

A Zn-ion coated nanosilica filler has been developed and tested as vulcanizing activator and reinforcing filler for poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide-co-allyl glycidyl ether); Hydrin 400. In this study ZnO has been replaced by the Zn-ion coated nanosilica filler with the aim of studying the dual role of this nanofiller. The Zn-ion coated nanosilica filler proved to be a better reinforcing and curing agent than the ZnO added from outside. Poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide-co-allyl glycidyl ether) and ethylene thiourea (NA22) was more reinforcing with high state of cure when Zn-ion coated nanosilica filler was used in presence of mercaptobenzoimidazole, in comparison to the peroxide curative system. However, the peroxide cure system offers better thermal stability. ZnO, when added from outside, is less reinforcing than Zn-ion coated nanosilica filler because of improved elastomer–filler surface interaction.     

Reactive surface treatment for calcium carbonate filler in polypropylene

Calcium carbonate has been modified with three surface modifying systems based upon stearic acid, acrylic acid and a reactive coating comprising acrylic acid with dicumyl peroxide through dry blending. Polypropylene homopolymer was compounded with the coated and uncoated fillers (0 to 65 wt%) through twin screw extrusion. Infrared and extraction investigations showed that the acrylic acid coatings reacted extensively with the filler surface to produce both tightly bound and loosely bound calcium acrylate. Direct evidence for transfer grafting between the calcium acrylate and the polypropylene in the reactive coating was obtained through selective dissolution of the matrix phase and filler with hot xylene and dilute hydrochloric acid, respectively. For coatings without peroxide, complete dissolution of the compound into the inorganic and organic phases was possible, whilst for those with peroxide, an insoluble fraction was obtained. Infrared analysis showed that this was a grafted structure comprising calcium carbonate and polymer. For the filler coating containing acrylic acid with peroxide it was found that the amount of bound polymer at the filler surface was higher for compounds with larger filler loadings indicating a commensurate increase in the extent of the reaction at the filler surface for compounds with higher filler loadings.     

Shungite - a carbon-mineral filler for polymeric composite materials

Shungite rock material after fine grinding was investigated as a filler for polymeric composites. Shungite carbon structural and physico-chemical peculiarities predetermine shungite filler behaviour in polymeric matrixes. Specific interaction between the network of globules (the main structural units of shungite carbon of nanoscale size) and the network of mineral phase structural units in every shungite filler particle leads to the amphiphylic surface properties of the filler. Influence on rheological properties of different polymeric composite materials was demonstrated as an example of advanced potential possibilities of shungite filler. The metastable structure of shungite carbon and its reactivity seemed to be the key to understanding the observed effect.     

Polyethylene green composites modified with post agricultural waste filler: thermo-mechanical and damping properties

The aim of the study was to determine thermo-mechanical properties and applicability of sunflower husk waste as a filler for ultra low density polyethylene composites. The post agricultural waste filler was milled and chemically treated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (3-APS). The amount of filler used was 5, 10 and 20 wt%. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composites containing unmodified and modified natural fillers were determined in the course of static tensile test, rebound resilience by Schob method, and dynamic mechanic thermal analysis. The influence of filler loading and chemical modification of the filler on the morphology of natural composites was evaluated by SEM analysis.     

Nonisothermal Crystallization Kinetics and Microhardness of PP/CNT Composites

The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics and microhardness of nanocomposites consisting of a polypropylene matrix (PP) and carbon nanotube filler (CNT) have been investigated. Three types of PP matrixes have been used: two of them are nonfunctionalized PP that differ slightly in their melt flow index, whereas the third is grafted with maleic anhydride (MA). Ozawa formalism has been used to study the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics. The results show that the CNT filler has a nucleation role in the nonisothermal crystallization of PP. For all nanocomposites, the nonisothermal crystallization rate increases up to 4% CNT and then decreases slightly or remains almost constant at the higher filler content. This fact has been interpreted in terms of an aggregation of the particles at high filler concentration, which leads to a decrease of the nucleation ability of the filler because the number of heterogeneous nuclei decreases. The crystallization mechanism of the PP matrixes almost does not change in the presence of the CNT filler. The microhardness of the two nonfunctionalized PP increases when the filler content increases and then remains constant above a certain filler content. The experimental microhardness values of the composites based on the functionalized PP are lower than those of the corresponding calculated additive values. The decrease of the creep constant with the filler addition is not significant, as should be expected when inorganic filler is added to a polymer matrix. This is due to the very fine dispersion of the fillers into the polymer matrix at the nanoscale level.     

掺杂含量对环氧纳米复合电介质陷阱与空间电荷的影响

环氧纳米复合电介质具有抑制空间电荷积聚、高电阻率、高击穿强度等优异性能,对直流电力设备的发展具有重要的作用.但纳米粒子含量对纳米复合电介质陷阱、电导率和空间电荷的影响机理尚不清楚.本文在纳米复合电介质交互区结构模型的基础上提出了计算交互区浅陷阱和深陷阱密度的方法,得到了浅陷阱和深陷阱密度随纳米粒子含量的变化关系.随着纳米粒子含量的增加,浅陷阱密度逐渐增大,深陷阱先增加然后由于交互区重叠的影响而逐渐减少.研究了纳米粒子含量对浅陷阱控制载流子迁移率的影响,发现随着纳米粒子的增多,浅陷阱大幅增多,浅陷阱之间的平均间距迅速减小,导致载流子更容易在浅陷阱间跳跃迁移,浅陷阱控制载流子迁移率增大.建立了纳米复合电介质的电荷输运模型,采用电荷输运模型计算研究了环氧/二氧化钛纳米复合电介质的空间电荷分布、电场分布和电导率特性.发现在纳米粒子添加量较小时,交互区的深陷阱对电导的影响起主导作用;纳米粒子添加量进一步增加,浅陷阱对电导的影响将起到主要作用.     

Tribological and mechanical properties of composites based on ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene and quasicrystalline Al−Cu−Fe filler

Samples of composites, in which ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer is used as a matrix and quasicrystalline Al?Cu?Fe powder as a filler with 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 vol % concentrations, are prepared. Electron microscopy studies of the sample structure are carried out. The influence of the filler on the crystallinity and temperatures of sample melting and destruction is investigated. The mechanical and tribological properties of the samples are tested. It is found that an increase in the filler content changes neither the mechanical nor thermodynamic characteristics of the material but significantly improves the tribological characteristics. The friction coefficient decreases twice at 1 vol % of the filler and the wear resistance increases by 40 times at 8 vol %. Experimental data indicate the probability of good adhesion of the filler particles to the fluoropolymer matrix. The composites under investigation may be of interest as promising materials for polymer friction bearings.     

Interface effect in the silicone rubber/mineral powder composites

Silicone rubber/mineral powder composites have been prepared by surface modification and ultrafinecrashing of mineral powder, mixing and vulcanizing with silicone rubber resin. The surface and interface energy for mineral filler and silicone rubber matrix were investigated. It was found that there is a correlation between W _a/σ_SL (interfacial adhesive work/interfacial tension) and the tensile strength of the corresponding composite, especially for unmodified ultrafine mineral filler. On the other hand, the chemical modification of the surface changes the surface group on the mineral filler and results in improvement of the interfacial interaction between silicone rubber matrix and mineral filler, consequently, altering the reinforcing effect of the mineral filler.