增强的UV-B辐射对高粱幼苗光合和抗氧化系统的影响

由于臭氧层逐渐变薄,到达地球表面UV-B辐射不断增加,因UV-B辐射改变的太阳光谱将会对陆地植物造成不同程度的伤害。本试验以高粱龙杂5为材料,对二叶一心高粱进行四种剂量UV-B处理,恢复2d采用光合仪测定光合参数,并取样测定抗氧化酶活性。随着UV-B剂量的升高,高粱叶片褐化损伤加重,植株矮化,鲜重和干重显著降低;花青素含量显著升高,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著减少,净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数显著下降。同时,随UV-B剂量升高,高粱幼苗气孔导度、胞间CO_2浓度和蒸腾速率表现为"降-升-降"变化;POD和CAT活性呈现"降-升-降"变化;SOD和GR活性呈现"降-升"变化,APX和GPX呈现"升-降-升"变化。在供试的四种剂量中,UV-B处理6h(相当2.4J·m~(-2))的高粱幼苗净光合急剧下降,其他光合指标以及抗氧化酶活性也表现出明显转折。结果表明,增强的UV-B辐射直接导致高粱光合色素、净光合速率和叶绿素荧光参数的改变;高粱抗氧化系统对高、低剂量UV-B响应机制不同,其中ASA-GSH循环对低剂量UV-B反应更敏感,高剂量UV-B辐射不仅破坏高粱光合作用,而且启动植物酶促和非酶抗氧化系统,导致叶片褐化坏死,植株生物量累积减少、株高矮化,甚至死亡。     

Effect of gamma and UV-B/C radiation on plant cells

The biological effect of gamma-rays is based on the interaction with atoms or molecules in the cell, particularly water, to produce free radicals, which can damage different important compounds of plant cell. The UV-B/C photons have enough energy to destroy chemical bounds, causing a photochemical reaction. The biological effect is due to these processes. This paper is focused on the structural and biochemical changes of the cell wall and plastids after gamma and/or UV-B irradiation. Gamma-rays accelerate the softening of fruits, causing the breakdown of middle lamella in cell wall. They also influence the plastid development and function, such as starch-sugar interconversion. The penetration of UV-B light into the cell is limited, while gamma-rays penetrate through the cells. For this reason, UV-B light has a strong effect on surface or near-to-surface area in plant cells. UV-B radiation influences plastid structure (mostly thylakoid membranes) and photosynthesis. Some kinds of pigments, such as carotenoids, flavonoids save plant cells against UV-B and gamma irradiation. Plant cells are generally ozone sensitive. The detoxifying systems operate at the cellular level. Methods for studying structural changes in plant cells develop in direction to molecular biology, combined with immunoassays and new microscopical techniques. Nowadays, UV-B radiation is undergoing much research, being an environmental factor which causes damage to both humans and plant cells.     

UV-B辐射增加对燕麦产量及其构成因素影响研究

在大田条件下通过采用人工UV-B灯管模拟来增加太阳光辐射量5%和10%对燕麦品种-巴燕4号的有关性状的影响进行了研究.结果表明,UV-B辐射增加能显著降低燕麦种子产量,产量下降的主要原因是每穗粒数和单位面积穗数下降.粒重的变化未达到显著水平.比较燕麦同一花位的粒苇,UV-B辐射增加导致燕麦粒重显著下降,同时导致粒重较低的高花位籽粒数减少.青藏高原上来自太阳紫外辐射量的增加可能会影响燕麦的繁殖能力.     

高原地区太阳UV-B增加对燕麦有效光合叶面积及灌浆的影响研究

由于大气的污染造成大气层臭氧层变薄,从而导致来自太阳紫外线-B辐射量增加,青藏高原UV-B增加量为全球第二,主要集中在6～9月份,正是植物生长、繁殖期,因此对植物可能产生一些负面影响.试验在大田条件下通过采用人工UV-B灯管模拟来增加太阳光辐射量5%和10%,进行对燕麦(Avena sativa)叶片衰老及灌浆期处理研究.结果表明:UV-B强度增加对有效光合面积和叶绿素含量下降的速率并无显著的影响,也未出现提前结束灌浆及早衰的趋势.表明在大田群体条件下,UV-B增加并未显著加速灌浆期燕麦的衰老过程.换言之,在青藏高原上来自太阳紫外辐射量的增加不会造成对草地显著影响.     

增强UV－B辐射对植物光能传递过程的影响

为探讨增强的紫外线-B (280~315 nm)辐射对光合作用原初光能传递的光物理过程的影响,对菠菜类囊体膜及光系统II的吸收光谱、稳态荧光发射谱进行了分析.结果显示在实验条件下（温室,紫外线-B施加于植物成熟期,紫外线-B剂量1.152 kJ·m－2·d－1）,增强紫外线-B辐射并没有抑制原初光能传递过程,植物通过一系列调节机制（增强吸收短波光色素的吸收强度,调节两个光系统间能量分配,变化光合系统中色素蛋白构象、位置）保证了原初光能传递的光物理过程,将能量传递到反应中心用于光合作用.     

Transport of photochemical ozone along the western Adriatic shore near a petrochemical plant

Summary During the warm months, the whole area surrounding Ravenna's petrochemical plant, which is about 5 km inshore of the northern Adriatic coast (Po Valley region), is subject to photochemical reactions producing high values of ozone concentration. The transport offshore of oxidants' precursors by the land breeze, photochemical reactions and subsequent transport inshore of oxidants by the sea breeze, may cause high concentrations of ozone along the coast up until the late evening. Similar phenomena have already been observed in other coastal regions. Classifying the ozone data into days with different circulations, the following can be seen: on days with W or NW circulation, a regular diurnal variation of ozone correlated with solar radiation is found; with winds from E or SE, the ozone variations are irregular and ozone concentrations can maintain high levels ((40÷70) p.p.b.) even during the nightime. This is a report of the results of several field measurements aimed at showing the ozone production and destruction processes, as well as its recirculation mechanisms under breeze conditions. Paper presented at the 1^o Congresso del Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica dell'Atmosfera e dell'Oceano, June 19–22, 1984, Rome.     

UV-B诱导的大豆愈伤组织超弱光子辐射的动力学分析

为了研究细胞超弱光子辐射的动力学特征及其所揭示的生物学意义,用20 μW/cm2UV-B辐射大豆愈伤组织2 h,测定停止辐射后4 d内大豆愈伤组织在LED光诱导下的延迟发光.通过建立延迟发光动力学方程和数学拟合得到了大豆愈伤组织超弱光子辐射中的延迟发光积分强度、初始光子数、衰减参数和自发发光,讨论了这些发光动力学参数的生物学意义.研究结果表明,在停止UV-B辐射后的4 d内,大豆愈伤组织的光诱导延迟发光服从双曲线弛豫.动力学分析发现,延迟发光积分强度和初始光子数随处理后时间的进行呈现波动变化,停止UV-B辐射后,自发发光和丙二醛（MDA）含量均呈现升高的趋势,在辐射后2 d附近达到峰值,此后同步下降.用延迟发光积分强度和自发发光的比值定义细胞的状态参量Q和序参量R,发现UV-B辐射后大豆愈伤组织细胞Q值或R值的变化反映了UV-B辐射对大豆愈伤组织细胞的损伤以及细胞的恢复过程.     

增强UV-B辐射和多效唑对绿豆光合作用的影响

使用TPS-1便携式光合仪结合Farquhar和Sharkey的理论测定或计算增强UV-B辐射、多效唑（PP333）及其复合处理幼苗的相关光合指标，并同时测定核酮糖-1，5-二磷酸羧化/加氧酶（Rubisco）含量.发现UV-B辐射降低净光合速率（Pn）、气孔限制值（Ls）和气孔导度（Gs），但使胞间隙CO2浓度（Ci）增加；PP333提高Pn、Gs和Ci，却使Ls下降；与PP333处理相较，UV-B+PP333诱导Pn、Gs和Ci降低，却促进Ls增加；UV-B对Pn、叶肉细胞光合能力（Ao）、表观量子效率（AQY）、羧化效率（dPn/dCi）和Rubisco含量的降低程度大于PP333对上述指标的提高程度，亦大于PP333处理下UV-B对上述指标的抑制程度.结果表明，UV-B降低Pn的主要原因为叶肉细胞光合活性的抑制，而PP333促进Pn及PP333减轻UV-B对Pn的抑制效应主要是通过调节Gs实现的.     

Northern foehn and ground-level ozone at Ispra

Summary High ozone concentrations in tropospheric air are usually related to photochemical processes caused by anthropogenic emission on local or regional scales. In the prealpine region, comparable levels may be reached during foehn events as a result of injections of air masses from the free troposphere. From the analysis of meteorological parameters of the foehn episodes which occurred in 1988 at Ispra and the corresponding ozone levels recorded at the nearby EMEP station, a classification of different events has been attempted. In particular, a correlation between wind speed and ozone level is demonstrated.     

增强UV-B辐射和He-Ne激光辐照对小麦离体叶绿体光化学活性的影响

利用低剂量的He-Ne激光和增强UV-B处理小麦叶绿体,研究了He-Ne激光对UV-B辐射损伤的修复效应.将提取的离体完整叶绿体分成CK(对照)、L(激光)、B(UV-B)和BL(UV-B和He-Ne激光复合处理)不同处理组.B、BL组经过不同剂量的紫外辐照处理(剂量依次为0.42 kJ·m－2·d－1,0.84 kJ·m－2·d－1 ,1.26 kJ·m－2·d－1),其中BL组被UV-B辐射处理后再用He-Ne激光(5 mW·mm－2)辐照.利用低温荧光法测定不同处理组小麦叶绿体荧光发射光谱的变化;用电导仪和Clark氧电极仪分别测量叶绿体膜透性和电子传递速率,膜透性的改变从一定程度上能反应膜的损伤程度;ATPase活性采用分光光度计测量.研究表明:He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射影响叶绿体激发能的分配,UV-B辐照达到1.26 kJ·m-2·d－1时,叶绿体几乎完全失去活性；He-Ne激光则从一定程度上能促进叶绿体的光化学活性.UV-B辐射后的叶绿体再经过He-Ne激光的辐照处理后,可以恢复部分光化学活性,但当叶绿体损伤严重,光化学活性完全丧失时,He-Ne激光对其没有激活作用.