Injection laser sources for fiber optic communications

This paper describes some of the laser designs and GaAs and GaAlAs epitaxial and wafer-processing technology currently used in the fabrication of laser diodes intended for incorporation into fiber optic communication or data link systems. Two classes of laser diodes are described: cw laser diodes emitting up to 75 mW and devices emitting in excess of 200 mW peak pulsed power at 27°C at duty cycles up to 10%. The fabrication and assembly of these devices is presented in detail, and the problems encountered in the transfer of these processes from a research environment to a manufacturing operation are discussed. Data are presented showing laser-emitted power, both pulsed and continuous, the angular distribution of emitted power, emission wavelength and bandwidth, optical coupling efficiency to various fibers, and laser lifetimes. In addition, the interaction between laser threshold current density, thermal impedance, emitted beam distribution, and fiber optic coupling is described. Several fiber optic laser coupling schemes are described. Finally, the results of testing pulsed laser diodes to see if they meet military environmental and performance test requirements are described with specific data presented showing the value of burn-in testing to eliminate lasers that exhibit abnormally short lifetimes from test lots.     

一种测量高温中间包的蓝宝石光纤温度计

介绍了一种测量高温的蓝宝石光纤温度计.蓝宝石单晶光纤由于其极好的高温物理化学性能,适用于高温下光纤测温应用,可用作辐射型光纤温度传感器.蓝宝石光纤温度计采用激光加热小基座法生长出端部掺Cr3+的蓝宝石光纤荧光温度传感头.用激光加热小基座,把对荧光有温度反应的材料如红宝石晶体光纤生长在蓝宝石光纤上,制成具有结构紧凑,耐高温,功能稳定的传感探头.通过荧光寿命的检测,可以测量所对应的温度.根据表面温度,可以依据温度场得到内部温度,用于测量连铸炉中的中间包钢水温度,并给出了温度计的实验系统以及原始实验数据.实验数据表明,此结果精度高,可实现非接触测量.     

Study of the 110°C TL peak sensitivity in optical dating of quartz

As the 110°C TL emission in quartz uses the same luminescence centers as the OSL emission, the 110°C TL signal from a test dose may be used to monitor the OSL sensitivity change. It is thus important to study the relationship between the 110°C TL peak and the OSL sensitivity in studies related to optical dating from quartz. We have conducted a series of experiments using sedimentary quartz, where the annealing temperatures were varied between 260 and 1000°C before the measurement of OSL and 110°C TL sensitivities. Another series of experiments on two sedimentary quartz samples investigated the 110°C TL peak and OSL dose-dependent sensitivity change after different annealing temperatures. In these experiments, the 110°C TL and OSL signals from the test dose are shown to have similar sensitization characteristics: the 110°C TL sensitivity change is proportional to the OSL sensitivity change if the annealing temperature is lower than 500°C. It is concluded that the 110°C TL signal can be used to correct the OSL sensitivity change in the single-aliquot additive-dose protocol.     

Ruggedized multimode star coupler for military applications

The development of a high-performance, ruggedized multimode star coupler intended for use in fiber optic data transmission networks aboard naval surface ships is reported. The coupler was designed to exhibit superior optical performance in terms of both low loss and highly uniform coupling. It was also designed to survive a range of severe environmental and mechanical tests, including impact from a 400-lb hammer dropped from a 5 foot height, and a temperature range of - 62°C to 125°C. The coupler sizes produced ranged from 8 × 8 to 64 × 64 port devices. Essential features of the design along with sample performance data are presented.     

Ln1−xSrxCoO3(Ln = Sm, Dy) for the electrode of solid oxide fuel cells

The perovskite-type oxides were synthesized in the series of Ln_1−xSr_xCoO₃(Ln = Sm, Dy). The formation of solid solutions in Dy_{1 − x}Sr_xCoO₃ was limited, compared with that in Sm_{1 − x}Sr_xCoO₃. The electrical conductivities of the sintered samples were measured as a function of x in the temperature range 30 to 1000 °C. The highest conductivity of around 500 S/cm at 1000 °C was found in Sm_0.7Sr_0.3CoO₃. The reactivity of all the samples with YSZ was examined at 800–1000 °C for 96 h. The Sr-doped perovskite oxides were more reactive with YSZ and produced SrZrO₃ at 900 °C after 96 h. However, no reaction product between SmCoO₃ and YSZ was observed at 1000 °C for 96 h. The cathodic polarization of the oxide electrodes, sputtered on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), was studied at 800–1000 °C in air. SmCoO₃ shows no degradation of the electrode performance at higher temperatures. The thermal expansion measurements on the sintered samples were carried out from room temperature to 1000 °C. Large thermal expansion coefficients were found in these samples.     

New plastic optical fiber using polycarbonate core and fluorescence-doped fiber for high temperature use

This article describes the development of a plastic optical fiber composed of a polycarbonate core with a glass transition temperature of 150°C, and a cladding of newly developed poly-4-methyl penten-1, which softens at 173°C. This cladding is suitable for use at temperatures up to 130°C. The minimum optical attenuation is 0.8 dB/m at 765 nm in the near-infrared region. The cause of the attenuation of the PC-core fiber was analyzed and the intrinsic loss limit was estimated to be 0.4 dB/m at 765 nm. The fiber has excellent characteristics, including thermal stability up to 125°C, high flexibility, high strength, and self-extinguishing properties.

The polycarbonate core fiber, doped organic fluorescing materials, has also been developed for automotive uses such as light guide and illuminator. Light can be transmitted through this fiber with incident optical beam perpendicular to the fiber as well as the beam parallel to the fiber.     

基于光纤轴向角保角性的象束端面垂直度测定

本文利用光纤轴向角保角性的原理,提出了基于此原理测量光纤传象束端面垂直度的可行性,分析了光纤传象束光束输入与输出特征,并给出了测量象束端面垂直度的实现方案.     

The temperature dependence of the short wavelength transmittance limit of vacuum ultraviolet window materials—I. Experiment

The short wavelength transmittance limit or cut-off wavelength, λ_co, of LiF, MgF₂, CaF₂, LaF₃, BaF₂, sapphire, synthetic crystal quartz and fused quartz has been measured from about 100°C to about 10°K. λ_co is not a well denned quantity, so for the purpose of this experiment it has been arbitrarily taken as the wavelength where transmittance could just be measured, usually 0.1-0.5 per cent. With one exception λ_co shifted to shorter wavelengths as the sample was cooled; the shift varied from about 40 to 80 Å over the temperature range from 100°C to 10°K, depending on the material, with the largest shift occurring in BaF₂;. The exception was LaF₃ which showed no measurable change in λ_co wth temperature. Over the temperature range from 20° to 100°C the slope of λ_co, with temperature for all materials was fairly constant, but below 20°C it decreased, approaching zero as the temperature approached 20°-10°K. In the case of synthetic crystal quartz, for example, the slope changed from about 0.28 Å/°K at room temperature to about 0.055 Å/°K at 80°K.     

Surface composition of Ni-10at%A1(111) in thermodynamic equilibrium

Ion-scattering spectroscopy using 1000 eV He ions was applied to determine the equilibrium concentration at the (111) surface of Ni-10at%Al. Special care was taken to eliminate the falsification of the results by sulfur segregation as well as by the effects of sputtering. A technique for rapid determination of the surface concentrations is presented. It was found that the surface has to be annealed at 800°C or higher to reach the equilibrium with 25 at% Al. The surface composition remains unchanged if the temperature is subsequently varied between 700°C and 1000°C.     

Influence of preheating treatment on the luminescence properties of adularia feldspar (KAlSi3O8)

During the firing of ceramics that contain alkali feldspar grains (up to 900°C in bricks and 1200°C in porcelains) the metastable equilibrium of these natural materials is altered (refractory minerals, neo-formed minerals and new glassy components). Hence, potassium rich feldspar lattices, which are being used in some routines of archaeological dating and retrospective dosimetry, suffer minor modifications by preheating and irradiation treatments (K-self-diffusion, stretching, etc.). In this paper, some pre-heatings of a K-feldspar (adularia) from Saint Gothard (Switzerland) attempted to simulate the temperatures and conditions undergone in brick manufacturing processes (1000°C for 24 h and 1200°C for 240 h). Some changes in the behavior of the TL and RL spectral curves were detected after combinations of thermal pretreatments (at 400°C for 48 h; 500°C for 72 h; 600°C for 96 h and 700°C for 144 h) and irradiations. Comparisons between high temperature annealed (1000 and 1200°C) and non-annealed adularias show spectacular changes in the shape of the TL glow curves: natural-irradiated adularia displays a single large peak at 100°C, whereas annealed adularias show a very complex structure. The observed modifications, probably due to thermal alkali self-diffusion through the lattice interfaces, tilting of the Al–Si crankshafts and phase exsolutions, have been detected by X-ray diffraction.     

Microwave acoustic delay lines

The established technology for making evaporated thin film piezoelectric transducers has made the construction of delay lines at microwave frequencies possible. Thin films of CdS on sapphire delay media have been used to make c.w. and pulsed delay lines from 1–11GHz, with delays from 1–14μs operating at 77°K and 300°K. The performance of some of these lines is described. The parameters governing the choice of delay media, transducer material and electrode structure are discussed and the importance of careful electrical matching of transducer to generator is emphasised.     

XPS and RBS investigations of Si–Er–O interactions on a Si(1 0 0)-2x1 surface

The interactions among erbium, oxygen and silicon atoms on a Si(1 0 0)-2x1 reconstructed surface have been studied by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Erbium and oxygen were deposited at 600 °C on the Si surface and their behavior has been observed after different thermal processes. It was found that at 600 °C, the formation of a stable surface complex Er–O–Si is obtained together with Si oxidation; after an 800 °C annealing, the amount of oxygen bound to Si decreases and the remaining O atoms are mainly bonded to Er. An abrupt change was observed after 900 and 1000 °C annealings, which bury the Er atoms about 60 Å below the substrate surface. Our results give some hints to hypotise the O diffusion towards the Si bulk.     

光锥的光学传递函数测试方法研究

从传像方式上给出了光锥的理论传递函数,并提出了利用星点像分析测试其MTF的方法,通过具体实验给出了MTF的测试结果.测试结果表明,合理的选取测试组件参数,可以得到光锥在较大频率范围内的光学传递函数(>100 lp/mm) .从MTF趋势上看,测试结果与理论推导呈一致性.     

3D photon counting imaging at 1550 nm with 1.5-GHz sine-wave-gated InGaAs/InP GAPD

We demonstrated a 3D laser imaging system at 1550 nm with a 1.5-GHz sine-wave gated Geiger-mode InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiode (APD). An optical fiber bundle with 100 individual fiber outputs was implemented at the focal plane of the telescope, providing a 2.5-mrad imaging view. The system used single-pixel near-infrared single-photon detector to measure photons at fiber outputs instead of a photon counting array. The 1.5-GHz gated Geiger-mode InGaAs/InP APD with a timing jitter of 290 ps was operated in quasi-continuous mode with detection efficiency of ∼4.3%. We achieved higher than 6-cm surface-to-surface resolution at single-photon level, showing a potential of low-energy and eye-safe laser imaging system for long-distance measurements.     

Investigations on composition and morphology of electrochemical alumina and alumina–yttria stabilised zirconia deposits

Conversion coatings modified by deposits of electrolytic alumina added or not with yttria and/or zirconia, have been studied which are well known for their resistance to chemical attack and high temperature. Conversion coating, characterised by a particular morphology and strong interfacial adhesion with the substrate, facilitate the electrochemical deposition of ceramic layers and enhance their adhesion to the substrate. Zirconia–alumina coating behaviour at 1000°C is similar to that of alumina coating; from 800°C, the chromium diffuses from the stainless steel through the electrolytic refractory coating up to the external interface, provokes discontinuities and can modify its protective character. Yttrium stabilises the cubic and the tetragonal form of the zirconia; so, during cooling, the phase transformation near 1000°C of tetragonal zirconia to monoclinic form cannot take place.     

Temperature measurements using fiber optic polarization interferometer

A novel measurement method of temperature based on the phenomena that the phase difference between principle polarization states in the optical retarder is function of temperature is described. The polarization state of optical beam is changed as it passes through the optical retarder, which depends on the temperature. The temperature of optical retarder is determined by comparison of the power difference between principal polarization states. We demonstrate successfully the temperature measurement by using a polarization maintaining fiber as the optical retarder. With a 100 mm length of the fiber optic retarder, the change rate of phase difference on temperature was 0.236 rad/°C and the measurement error was ±0.038°C over the temperature range of −2.6 – +3.4°C. With a 11.5 mm length of the fiber optic retarder, the change rate of phase difference on temperature was 0.021 rad/°C and the measurement error was ±0.79°C over the temperature range of −8.5 – +86.5°C.     

Raman study of the phase separation in ZrO2-12 mol% CeO2 ceramic

We present Raman spectra of the ZrO₂-12 mol% CeO₂ ceramic heat- treated at 1000°C, 1200 °C and 1420 °C in the flowing mixture gas of H₂+Ar. Raman spectra reveal the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition and three Raman bands are observed at 279 cm^-1, 410 cm^-1 and 456 cm^-1 at temperatures above 1200 °C; it turned out that these Raman bands are assigned to neither of the monoclinic phase nor the tetragonal phase. It is suggested that the starting ceramic undergoes phase separation in the heat-treatments in the mixture gas of H₂+Ar; the phase separation probably takes place as a result of the valence change of Ce during the heat-treatments, which leads to destabilization of the original tetragonal phase.     

Optical fiber coupling to single-mode silica-based planar lightwave circuits with fiber-guiding grooves

To enable alignmentfree optical fiber coupling to single-mode silica-based waveguides, fiber-guiding grooves are fabricated in the same substrate as waveguide circuits.These grooves are used successfully to couple optical fiber to Waveguides. An average, fiber-to-waveguide coupling loss of 0.6 dB per interface is obtained with eight arrayedguiding grooves, and it is expected that this will further be reduced to 0.2 dB per interface. The coupling loss varies by ±0.3 dB during thermal cycling between -10°C and +60°C.     

Effect of γ-irradiation on the electrical conductivity of some soda lime silicate glass containing blast furnace slag

The effect of electric field strength on conduction in soda lime silicate glass doped with blast furnace slag with different concentration was studied and the value of jump distance was calculated. The structure and the mixed anion effect in the conductivity have been examined by measuring the electrical conductivity of glass samples at temperature ranging between 20 and 250 °C. The results showed that the electrical conductivity of the examined glasses are divided into three ranges depending on the temperature range. The first is from room temperature to about 49.5 °C, the second is at a temperature range of 60.3–104 °C where the glass shows a decrease in its conductivity with the increase in temperature. This was followed by another increase in the electrical conductivity with the increase in temperature. The results also showed that the glass becomes more insulating as the slag content increased. The effect of irradiation was also studied by exposing glass samples to two different irradiation doses. It can be noticed that irradiation causes an increase in the electrical conductivity, especially at high temperature. The results were discussed and correlated according to the molecular structure of the prepared glass.     

Optical properties of a high-efficiency glass ceramic X-ray storage phosphor

The turbidity, photoluminescence, and photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) of fluorozirconate glass containing barium chloride nano- and micro-crystals have been measured for samples prepared by isochronal (70 min) annealing over a temperature range of 220–283°C, and correlated with the microstructure as determined by X-ray diffraction measurements. Crystallization of hexagonal phase barium chloride commences at around 220°C, but until 275°C the material retains excellent transparency although it displays negligible PSL. Between 275°C and 277°C, the hexagonal phase converts to the orthorhombic phase, the transparency abruptly decreases, and the PSL rises to a value of around 13% of that found for the commercial storage phosphor BaFBr:Eu. For a slightly higher temperature of 280°C, new phases appear which correspond to the onset of bulk crystallization, and at 283°C the relative PSL rises to 33%, while the transparency falls further. The trade-off between optical transparency and PSL over this narrow temperature window for X-ray imaging plate applications is briefly discussed.