湖震现象理论分析

用浅水波理论为湖震现象进行了分析，结果表明，湖震可以用驻波的概念解释。     

束团伸长效应的理论研究

 论述了束团伸长效应现有理论的不足和困难。在强流条件下，用统计力学理论解出粒子纵向分布函数，从而将目前关于束团伸长现象的平衡理论和微波不稳定性理论用统一的形式加以描述。并且在理论上证明了束团伸长效应在本质上是多束团效应，指出了窄带阻抗对束团伸长效应的重要贡献。     

关于伽利略的一个推理

伽利略曾用思辨方法指出了亚里士多德落体理论中的一个矛盾．本文用现代力学概念分析伽利略的推理，讨论这一问题与惯性质量和引力质量的等效性关系。指出这一推论虽有启发性，但严格的物理理论仍须建立在实验基础上．     

PVDF水听器加速度响应特性的有限元分析

本文用有限元法分析了压电高聚物PVDF圆柱形水听器的材料参数与几何尺寸对其加速度响应的影响。针对理论分析，进行了水听器加速度响应实验，实验结果与理论分析基本相符。     

压电陶瓷水听器加速度响应的有限元分析

本文用有限元法分析了压电陶瓷圆柱形水听器的材料参数与几何尺寸对其加速度响应的影响。针对理论分析，进行了水听器加速度响应实验，实验结果与理论分析基本相符。     

光学系统杂光黑斑测量的理论研究

根据线性空间不变系统理论和标量衍射理论，用杂光点扩散函数讨论了在光学系统中多次反射和衍射所产生的杂光分布。在此基础上，用物和接收器互相关函数系统地分析了黑斑尺寸、接收小孔光阑尺寸以及黑斑照度对杂光测量的影响     

剪切干涉仪测量激光光束质量因子M^2

在研究了激光光束质量因子Ｍ＾２理论及测量技术基础上，作者提出了一种新的用干涉测量光束质量因子Ｍ＾２的理论，技术与方法。文中概述了该技术的理论基础、实验结果及误差分析。结果表明，该方法具有精度高，适用性强，测量简便等优点，有可能进一步仪器化并推广应用。     

压缩系统喘振主动控制方式的数值分析

本文在压缩系统非定常流动理论基础上，用经典控制理论中的PID控制方法和非线性控制理论中的逆系统方法对多种喘振主动控制方式进行了数值分析，对比了不同控制方法、控制参数和结构参数对控制效果的影响，给出了喘振主动控制系统设计的参考准则。     

冲击波后温度测量的理论问题

 本文讨论了冲击波后温度弛豫的理论方法。和R. Grover及P.A. Urtiew不同，采用了非傅里叶热传导理论，结果和实验十分符合，而实验结果用傅里叶热传导理论是无法解释的。当时间趋于无穷时，这两种方法的结果又趋于一致，文章中作了物理原因的解释。     

脉冲压缩系统中气体开关对功率增益的影响

 对高功率微波脉冲压缩系统中气体开关对功率增益的一些重要影响进行了较详尽的理论分析，包括气体开关在导通过程中吸收微波能量，等离子体瞬间功率损耗使得谐振腔固有品质因数的下降，开关导通后等离子体并非理想良导体等，并将这些影响用修正系数来加以体现，对原有的用微波等效电路理论推导出的功率增益公式加以修正，使得理论公式的精确度由原来的60%提高至约85%。     

Reports on progress in polymer physics in Japan

The Calm microbalance system for plasticizer absorption in PVC resin has been used to study the different absorption behaviors of two different plasticizer systems [diisodecyl phthalate (DidP) and a mixed system] on resins of various origins [50-gal reactor and the large reactor pilot plant (LRPP)] and polymerization conditions [different killing pressures (conversion) and two different chemical additives]. The results show that these two chemical additives do not affect the plasticizer capacity of resin but do increase the maximum rate of plasticizer absorption. Killing pressure (conversion) affects both capacity and rate of absorption.     

Effect of plasticizer on electrical conductivity and cell parameters of (PVC+KBrO<Subscript>3</Subscript>) polymer electrolyte system

The effect of a plasticizer dimethyl formamide (DMF) on the properties of a potassium ion conducting electrolyte based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) complexed with potassium bromate (KBrO₃) prepared using solution-cast technique was investigated. Various experimental techniques, such as electrical conductivity (composition and temperature dependence) and transport number measurements, were used to characterize these polymer electrolyte films. It was found that the addition of plasticizer (DMF) significantly improved the ionic conductivity. Transport number for K⁺ ion ranged from 0.95 to 0.97 depending on the composition and temperature. Electrochemical cells of configuration K/PVC+KBrO₃/(I₂+C+electrolyte) and K/PVC+KBrO₃+plasticizer/(I₂+C+electrolyte) were fabricated. The discharge characteristics of the cells were studied under a constant load of 100 kΩ. The open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and discharge time for the plateau region were measured. The PVC+KBrO₃ polymer electrolyte system with added plasticizer showed an increased discharge time with respect to pure PVC+KBrO₃ electrolyte system. The features of complexation of the electrolytes were studied by X-ray diffraction.     

Blending Optimization of Non-Dioctyl Phthalate Plasticized Poly (vinyl chloride) Formulations

The use of non-ortho-phthalate plasticizers in poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) packaging materials and medical devices has been in increasing demand due to worldwide regulatory trends to minimize or eliminate phthalate plasticizers (particularly di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) or dioctyl phthalate (DOP)) in the PVC industry. This study evaluates the dry-blending cycle time of a suspension grade PVC formulated with various non-DOP plasticizers, di-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT or DOTP), tris (2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM or TOTM) and alkyl sulphonic phenyl ester (ASE), and compares them with the DOP standard. A design of experiments was also conducted to study the critical dry-blending parameters for optimization of PVC formulated with only DEHT. Effects of PVC temperature (measured during plasticizer addition to the blender), plasticizer pre-heat temperature, plasticizer and lubricant concentrations and the method of plasticizer addition on the dry-blending cycle time and peak amperage of the blender were studied. The blending cycle time is shown to be related to the resultant plasticizer efficiency and the peak amperage is related to the power consumption (the energy required to mix the PVC).     

Effect of different plasticizers on the secondary relaxation of poly(vinyl chloride)

Samples of poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with variable amounts of either dibutyl phthalate (DPB) or dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) were investigated by dynamic-mechanical measurements in the β relaxation temperature range. In this range of temperature, a superposition of the relaxation due to the cyclohexyl group with the PVC β peak was found for the samples plasticized with DCHP. By studying the dependence of the activation energy and of the peak broadness on the DCHP concentration it was possible to show that the PVC β relaxation is reduced to zero at the critical plasticizer weight fraction W₁ = 0.2. For the PVC-DBP series the β peak disappears at the same plasticizer content. These results strengthen the hypothesis that the β peak of PVC is due to a kind of cooperative motion since 1 mole of plasticizer for every 20 repeating units of the polymer is sufficient to suppress the PVC β relaxation.     

Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Plasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) with Six Different Plasticizers

Plasticized PVC formulated with different kinds of normally used plasticizers, including bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DOP), dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate (ATBC), acetyl trioctyl citrate (ATOC), trioctyl trimellitate (TOTM), and a new vegetable devived plasticizer, isosorbide ester (ID-37), were prepared by a melt blending method. The effect of plasticizer on the thermal degradation behavior of plasticized PVC was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The activation energies were calculated by three well known methods, developed by Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Friedman and Kissinger, respectively. The TGA conducted in N₂ atmosphere showed that the type of plasticizer had an obvious influence on the thermal stability of plasticized PVC. It was found that the peak temperatures (T_P) of the thermal degradation processes shifted to higher temperature with the increase of the heating rate, with two processes being shown. The activation energy of the first thermal decomposition process (E₁), calculated by the Kissinger method, was between 118 and 130 kJ/mol, while the activation energy of the second thermal decomposition process (E₂) was between 261 and 305 kJ/mol, except 499 kJ/mol for the PVC/TOTM formulation. The corresponding values of E₁ and E₂ obtained by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method were similar to the above data. E of the sample with TOTM also showed a higher value than the others; the results demonstrated that the PVC plasticized with TOTM was more thermally stable than with the others. The activation energies for certain conversion degrees were calculated by the Friedman method and the FWO method. The value of activation energy for 20%, 50%, and 80% conversion calculated by the Friedman method, exhibited an apparent difference from that calculated by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method; the results showed that the value of E obtained by the Friedman method was much more reasonable than that obtained by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method.     

Microdomain structure in plasticized PVC

Several electron microscope techniques have been used to characterize the microdomain morphology of plasticized PVC. The plasticizer was found to be heterogeneously distributed in samples processed at low temperatures. The 100—200-Å microdomains, which are essentially unplasticized, do not fuse at temperatures up to 165°C. However, at 180°C they begin to fuse, resulting in a more homogeneous distribution of the plasticizer. With increasing plasticizer level, the additional plasticizer was found to favor regions where it was already present, the unplasticized regions being almost unaffected. Milling time at 165°C was found to have little effect on the plasticizer distribution.     

Synthesis and characterization of an enhanced heterogeneous cation exchange membrane via nanoclay

Electrodialysis (ED) is a separation process based on the transport of ions through ion exchange membranes. Ion exchange membranes are the key factor of this system. In this research, PVC/HIPS/ABS blended heterogeneous cation exchange membranes were made by solution casting method using tetrahydrofuran as solvent and cation exchange resin. The blend of various ratios of these polymers was prepared, and the best ratio was selected as the polymeric matrix. Montmorillonite K10 nanoparticles (with cation exchange characteristics) were then added to the appropriate polymeric matrix to enhance the electrochemical properties of the membrane. All the electrochemical properties of the synthesized membranes (with and without additives) were investigated. Montmorillonite K10 particles enhanced the membrane properties due to their cation exchange capacity. The best results were obtained with PVC/ABS binder and 0.03 additive ratio, where the membrane electrical resistance was decreased 37% while the IEC and transport number were improved 75 and 6%, respectively.     

Infrared spectral changes with crystallization in poly(vinylchloride): Correlations with X-ray and density data

The influence of crystallinity and stereoregularity on the infrared (IR) spectrum of atactic PVC in the solid state has been studied by many researchers [1-12]. Although the molecules in commercial PVC consist of both syndiotactic and isotactic sequences, the bulk polymer is not highly stereoregular, having approximately 50% syndiotacticity. Its infrared spectrum is different from that of highly syndiotactic PVC [3,5,7,9,10-12], particularly in the carbon-to-chlorine stretching region where there are three bands located at 610(615), 635, and 690 cm^?1. These three bands are known to be of complex origin, since each band consists of more than one absorption frequency and its relative intensity depends on the physical state or history of the specimen [3,5,7,9,10-12]. The spectrum in this region is most rigorously interpreted in terms of chain conformational structure, the spatial arrangement of the atoms around the C-C1 bond. Thus, while changes in absorbance intensities for the bands with history do not necessarily reflect changes in crystallinity, their history dependence renders these bands potentially useful as crystallinity indicators.     

Physicochemical Investigations of Metolose Coating Films

In the course of film coat preparation it is very important to carry out preformulation investigations. The film formed by Metolose^® SM-4 polymer containing Macrogol 2000 (polyethylene glycol) as plasticizer showed structure changes depending on the concentration of the plasticizer during storage. This could be explained by the fact that the small quantity of plasticizer can be built in among the methyl cellulose molecules more easily, while the greater amount of plasticizer forms a separate phase in the beginning and can be built in into the film structure only later. On the other hand, the water bound by the hygroscopic property of the plasticizer can further influence the properties of the film as water also serves to function as a plasticizer. The increase in the quantity of the plasticizer enhanced the tensile strength of the film: the resulting film was less breakable and easier to handle mechanically. The studied films proved to be suitable for forming a protective coat of different solid dosage forms (pellets, tablets).     

Rheology of PVC compounds. I. Effect of processing variables on fusion

The rheological and fusion behavior of PVC compounds play a dominant role in the processing operations and in the development of physical properties in the processed material. These processes are governed by the complex morphological structure of PVC resin, compound composition, and processing conditions. Understanding morphological changes in the fusion process and their effect on the viscous and elastic properties of the melt is of great importance for development of PVC compounds.

The fusion process of PVC rigid compounds was investigated by a combination of several techniques. Samples with a varying state of fusion were prepared in a temperature-programmed Brabender Plasticorder. The degree of fusion of processed compounds was characterized by a rheological method based on the entrance pressure loss. The morphological changes in the fusion process were evaluated by electron microscopy. The process of fusion and the elastic response of processed material were correlated with the particle breakdown and the degree of interpenetration of particulate domains. The applicability of the rheological technique to follow the course of fusion of PVC compounds is discussed.