单级超声气体引射器

对中心引射式单级超声气体引射器的主要结构参数,进行调节,即可获得较佳的引射性能;在本实验所采用的各种喷管中,当=1.3-2.17,=3-5时,高真空度的引射性能较好,改变一、二次气流温度,n θ~(1/2)基本保持为常数,并联引射器可以保持单个引射器的性能。     

等截面超-超引射器流场结构及引射性能

为考察超声速引射器直接引射超声速二次流时的性能,采用纹影技术和压力测量手段对一等截面超-超引射器的流场结构及其引射性能进行了实验研究。研究结果表明:一、二次流交汇后在混合室前段形成了复杂的超声速流场结构。根据二次流在混合室入口流动状态的不同,可将超-超引射划分为非饱和超-超引射和饱和超-超引射两种工作状态;二次流在混合室入口处产生的激波提高了引射器的压力匹配性能;在给定的引射系数下,引射器的增压性能随二次流马赫数的增大而降低,而引射马赫数对引射器压力恢复性能的影响不大。     

等压混合引射器设计与实验研究

 采用1维处理方法，建立了便于设计人员使用的等压混合引射器性能计算分析与工程设计方法，并详细分析了等压混合引射器各主要参数对性能的影响。该分析方法基于气体焓的变化，因此可应用于各种引射气体与被引射气体。为了控制尺寸，还首次将多喷嘴引射方式与等压混合结合起来。实验结果验证了等压混合引射器性能计算分析与工程设计方法的可靠性以及多喷嘴引射方式应用于等压混合引射器的可行性。     

两段式喷嘴引射器制冷循环系统性能的实验研究

使用两段式喷嘴的引射器可以将喷嘴中较大的制冷剂液滴破碎,从而有效提高两相流引射器及制冷系统的效率。以R134a为工质,对采用两段式喷嘴引射器的两相流引射制冷系统进行了实验研究,重点分析了固定工况下喷嘴的几何尺寸对引射比及系统性能的影响。结果表明,随着引射器喷嘴第一喉部面积的增加,其引射比逐渐增大,系统COP整体上呈上升趋势;随着引射器喷嘴第二喉部面积的增加,引射比也逐渐增大,而系统COP先升高后降低,在第二喉部面积为2.83mm2时达到最大值;较小的第一段喷嘴扩张角可显著提高引射器的引射比。     

引射器结构参数对R134a制冷系统性能的影响北大核心

两相流引射器回收部分压力能,提高压缩机进气压力,从而减小压缩机的耗功、提高系统的性能。对R134a两相流引射制冷系统进行了实验研究,探讨引射器的结构参数对引射器和整个系统的性能的影响情况。实验结果表明,在蒸发温度/冷凝温度为-10℃/40℃,当喷嘴距为0mm时,引射器的引射比和压力提升比均最大,此时系统耗功最小,制冷量最大,系统的性能最优。在蒸发温度/冷凝温度为-10℃/40℃,引射器的扩张角为8°时,引射器的性能最佳,整个系统的性能最好。     

引射器结构参数对R134a制冷系统性能的影响

两相流引射器回收部分压力能,提高压缩机进气压力,从而减小压缩机的耗功、提高系统的性能。对R134a两相流引射制冷系统进行了实验研究,探讨引射器的结构参数对引射器和整个系统的性能的影响情况。实验结果表明,在蒸发温度/冷凝温度为-10℃/40℃,当喷嘴距为0mm时,引射器的引射比和压力提升比均最大,此时系统耗功最小,制冷量最大,系统的性能最优。在蒸发温度/冷凝温度为-10℃/40℃,引射器的扩张角为8°时,引射器的性能最佳,整个系统的性能最好。     

可调式引射器对两相流引射制冷循环系统性的影响

在两相流引射制冷循环中,采用引射器来代替膨胀阀,回收节流过程中的膨胀功。采用可调式喷嘴引射器,通过调节喷针的位置调节引射器喷嘴出口的流通截面积来改变工作流体的流量。对以R134a为工质的两相流引射制冷循环系统进行实验研究并对引射器内部的流动进行数值模拟,分析喷嘴喉部截面积和扩张角对R134a两相流引射制冷系统性能的影响。模拟结果和实验结果均表明:在定工况条件下,引射器的引射比随喷嘴喉部截面积的增大而升高,而随喷嘴扩张角的增大先升高后减小,在喷嘴扩张角为3°时取得最大值。系统的COP随喷嘴喉部截面积的增大先升高后减小,在喷嘴喉部截面积为2.84mm2时,系统COP取得最大值。     

汽液分离器对两相流引射器制冷系统性能的影响

针对汽液分离效果差的问题,重新设计了应用于两相流引射器制冷系统的汽液分离器,将使用新汽液分离器的两相流引射器制冷系统的性能与原系统进行了比较,分析了汽液分离器对引射器性能及制冷系统性能的影响。实验结果表明:重新设计的汽液分离器分离效果大大改善,对于不同的实验工况条件,采用新设计的汽液分离器的两相流引射制冷系统,主蒸发器制冷量由占总制冷量的21.1%~27.8%,提升到82.2%~87.3%,主蒸发器起到了主要作用;在引射器结构参数相同的条件下,引射器的引射比由0.2~0.46提升到0.56~0.64;采用新设计的汽液分离器系统制冷量和COP均与原系统基本相同。     

带二次流的多喷管超声速引射器性能实验研究

 为研究多喷管超声速引射器在有二次流情况下的性能，采用模拟器产生给定总温和总压的模拟二次流，在多喷管超声速引射器实验台上进行了一系列实验。重点考察了多喷管引射器的性能以及一次流总压和喷管安装构型对其性能的影响。实验结果表明：多喷管超声速引射器可保证二次流在设计工况下正常工作；二次流的加入大大减小了一次流的总压损失；较低的一次流总压具有更好的压力匹配性能，但引射增压能力也有所降低；合理的喷管安装构型可同时提高引射增压能力和压力匹配能力。提出了将二次流作为“助推器”，以帮助多喷管引射器在较低工况下实现启动的方案，在不增加系统复杂度的前提下提高了引射器的压力匹配能力。     

双节流跨临界CO_2两相流引射制冷系统的实验研究

文中介绍在跨临界CO_2制冷系统中采用的双节流装置,第一膨胀阀用来控制高压侧压力,第二膨胀阀用两相流引射器代替,以回收系统膨胀功。对双节流装置引射制冷系统的性能进行了实验研究,分析了两段式喷嘴几何尺寸和工况变化对引射器性能和系统COP的影响。实验结果表明,在固定工况下,随着第一喷嘴扩张角的增加,引射比和压缩机耗功先增大后减小,而系统制冷量和系统COP呈相反的趋势;随着第一喉部当量直径的增加,引射比和系统COP都先增大后减小。在固定几何尺寸下,蒸发温度为-1℃和-3℃时,系统COP和引射比分别取得最大值;随着气冷器出口压力的升高,引射比逐渐增加,而系统COP逐渐减小。     

单级高负荷向心透平三维黏性非定常计算

对一台单级高负荷向心透平进行了三维黏性定常和非定常计算,计算得到的动叶出口以及下游的周向平均流场与文献提供的实验结果符合良好。在此基础上对流动的非定常特性进行了分析,发现由于动叶转速较高,且动叶下游不存在下一级静叶的干涉,流动的非定常效应主要体现在叶片排之间的区域以及动叶通道进口,动叶出口以及下游流动的非定常特性并不明显。非定常计算结果透平的级效率随时间的波动幅度达到了1.3%。     

轴流压气机转子叶尖泄漏涡和尾迹在静子尖区的传播

用三维激光多普勒测速系统测量了轴流压气机设计状态转子叶尖泄漏涡和尾迹在静子尖区的传播过程。结果表明,转子叶尖泄漏涡和转子尾迹周期地扫过静子通道尖区,导致该区出现周期性的流动阻塞和脉动。转子尾迹在静子通道内追赶上从前一转子叶片通道内下来的叶尖泄漏涡,二者的相互作用和掺混导致静子尖区更为复杂的二次流动。同转子尾迹相比,转子叶尖泄漏涡对静子尖区的影响更为明显和深远。静叶尾部吸力面出现流动分离,分离流同低能物质之间发生相互作用和掺混。     

二维超-超引射器混合室流场特性

搭建了二维超-超引射器实验系统,进行了二次喉道型式引射器启动特性和负载特性实验,获得了引射器混合室内流场纹影图,结果表明:超声速引射器临界启动状态下,混合室内存在反压引起的激波系;引射器完全启动状态下,主激波系可始于混合室后段,无需被完全吞入二次喉道内;二次流对引射器启动有助推效果,可使混合室内激波系后移;一次流对二次流有压缩作用,且一次流工作压力越高,压缩作用越强;一次流、二次流之间会形成明显的混合层,当一次流、二次流静压不匹配时,一次流喷管出口内端壁处将形成较强斜激波,其在固壁与混合层之间反射、交叉,并向下游延伸,会降低一次流引射性能。     

Numerical Simulation of Mixing Characteristics in a Vane Extruder

The polymer vane extruder, whose plasticating and conveying theory is based on elongational rheology, is a significant development in plastic processing equipment. As a result of its unique structure, it is desirable to use numerical simulation to study it. The results can be useful to set process parameters and optimize its structure. In this paper, numerical simulation of the mixing characteristics of the vane extruder was performed with the finite element computational fluid dynamics program POLYFLOW. To visualize the mixing process of the melts in a vane extruder based on the calculation of the transient flow, a particle tracking method was applied. By using the statistical post-processor program POLYSTAT, dispersive mixing and distributive mixing characteristics were evaluated in terms of shear rate, stretching rate, mixing index, and time average mixing efficiency. The simulation results showed that strong stretching existed in the vane extruder demonstrating that the vane extruder generated a more appropriate flow than a common twin-screw extruder to break material particles into smaller ones. The probability functions of mixing efficiency showed that the position near the outflow had the highest mixing efficiency. Furthermore, the time average mixing efficiency of most particles in the vane extruder were larger than that in a twin-screw extruder, indicating that in the vane extruder more mechanical energy was used to generate stretching.     

叶片倾角变化对扩压器中非定常流动的影响

本文对离心压气机中扩压器与叶轮匹配时的非定常流动进行了数值研究,主要研究了不同扩压器叶片倾角对扩压器中流场的影响,结果显示,扩压器叶片倾角的改变对扩压器中的流场有很大影响,适当调整扩压器叶片的倾角可以减小扩压器流场的波动,同时,叶片与机匣和轮毂的夹角的变化,对于扩压器中流动的分离的发展有重要影响.因此选择合适的扩压器叶片倾角可以改善离心压气机级的性能.     

Numerical Simulation of Mixing Characteristics and Energy Consumption in Vane Extruders with Different Structure Parameters

Numerical simulation was performed with the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis software POLYFLOW (ANSYS, Inc., USA) to investigate the melt transportation energy consumption and mixing characteristics of vane extruders. By modifying related parameters in the numerical simulation models, the effects of vane arrangement and eccentricity between rotor and stator were studied. The results showed that for different vane arrangements, the vane unit with four vanes distributed uniformly had the lowest energy consumption per unit melt transported in one cycle and the best mixing characteristics. With the increase of eccentricity, the average rotational power transmitted by the vanes to the melt increased, and the rate of increase increased. The same tendency occurred for the maximum shear rate and stretching rate experienced by the particles in the vane extruder. This suggested that the mixing performance of the vane unit increased significantly with the increase of eccentricity.     

The surface roughness effect on the performance of supersonic ejectors

The paper presents the numerical simulation results of the surface roughness influence on gas-dynamic processes inside flow parts of a supersonic ejector. These simulations are performed using two commercial CFD solvers (Star- CCM+ and Fluent). The results are compared to each other and verified by a full-scale experiment in terms of global flow parameters (the entrainment ratio: the ratio between secondary to primary mass flow rate - ER hereafter) and local flow parameters distribution (the static pressure distribution along the mixing chamber and diffuser walls). A detailed comparative study of the employed methods and approaches in both CFD packages is carried out in order to estimate the roughness effect on the logarithmic law velocity distribution inside the boundary layer. Influence of the surface roughness is compared with the influence of the backpressure (static pressure at the ejector outlet). It has been found out that increasing either the ejector backpressure or the surface roughness height, the shock position displaces upstream. Moreover, the numerical simulation results of an ejector with rough walls in the both CFD solvers are well quantitatively agreed with each other in terms of the mean ER and well qualitatively agree in terms of the local flow parameters distribution. It is found out that in the case of exceeding the “critical roughness height” for the given boundary conditions and ejector’s geometry, the ejector switches to the “off-design” mode and its performance decreases considerably.     

Mixing in a T-shaped micromixer at moderate Reynolds numbers

In the present work, the regimes of the flow and mixing of fluids in a T-shaped micromixer in the range of the Reynolds numbers from 1 to 1000 are investigated systematically with the aid of numerical modeling. The flow and mixing regimes are shown to alter substantially with increasing Reynolds numbers. Five different flow regimes have been identified in the total. The dependencies of the friction coefficient and mixing efficiency on the Reynolds number are obtained. A sharp increase in the mixing efficiency at a flow transition from the symmetric to asymmetric steady regime is shown. On the other hand, the mixing efficiency slightly drops in the laminar-turbulent transition region. A substantial influence of the slip presence on walls on flow structure in the channel and mixing efficiency has been revealed.     

Ejectors for pressure recovery systems of supersonic chemical lasers

Results of a numerical study of performance characteristics of supersonic ejectors with nozzles of different types are reported. The work was carried out with the aim of developing a high-performance ejector for pressure recovery systems of supersonic chemical lasers. A specific feature of the operation of ejectors in pressure recovery systems consists in that, in this case, the ejecting and ejected gases, as they undergo mixing, have different thermodynamic properties, and the ejection coefficient depends on the ratio between the temperatures of the gases and on the ratio of their molecular masses. Since the operation of an ejector is based on the mixing process, the task consisted in intensification of this process using nozzles of special geometries. The performance of ejectors was judged considering an integral parameter, the product of induction by compression ratio. The calculations of the 3D viscous gas flow in the ejector channel were performed using ANSYS software. In verifying the numerical model, a comparison with experimental data obtained earlier on a model ejector facility and during tests of real pressure recovery systems in operation with supersonic chemical lasers was performed.