基于相位解调的双光束薄膜干涉型光纤传声器

针对基于相位解调的双光束薄膜干涉型光纤传声器的特性展开了研究,仿真分析了三路信号的直流分项、交流分项以及相位差对双光束薄膜干涉型光纤传声器输出性能的影响。采用对比法,并通过实验研究了基于相位解调的双光束薄膜干涉型光纤传声器的输出特性,实现了灵敏度为193 mV/Pa@1 kHz、频率响应为200 Hz～4 kHz@±3 dB的声信号测量。本研究能够很好地应用于声探测、语音识别等领域。     

材料吸声系数双传声器测量的参数识别方法

本文提出了在普通房间中利用双传声器对多孔性和纤维性吸声材料吸声系数测量时的参数识别方法。利用Delany&Bazley经验模型对测量数据进行了参数识别,建立了材料的阻抗模型,并计算出材料全频带的吸声系数。与驻波管方法得到的吸声系数相比,在0～3000Hz范围内,二者都能较好地吻合。通过在不同的环境中进行对比测试,说明该方法具有较好的重复性和准确性。     

采用伪随机信号激励的驻波管三点测量法

本文对伪随机信号激励的驻波管三点测量法（ＴＰＭ）进行了讨论和误差分析，并与驻波比法（ＳＷＲ）及双传声器传递函数法（ＴＴＦ）进行了比较。结果表明，伪随机信号三点法具有较高的精度，与驻波比法所得结果吻合甚好，并很好地解决了双传声器传递函数法存在的缺陷，可用于实际测量。     

基于声场重建的材料吸声系数测量方法

针对现有方法对材料吸声系数进行现场测量时存在低频测量误差大的问题,本文提出了一种利用扬声器线阵列对材料吸声系数进行现场测量的新方法。该方法使用基于能量比值约束的最小二乘法在待测材料表面进行平面波声场重建并结合双传声器传递函数法对材料的吸声系数进行测量。数值仿真表明在100～1600 Hz频率范围内,新方法在未加约束时能够对材料的吸声系数进行准确测量。在半消声室中利用新方法测量了三聚氰胺泡沫的吸声系数,分析了能量比值约束值对测量结果的影响,并和阻抗管以及其它两种现场测量方法的测量结果进行了对比。结果表明该方法能够对吸声材料在160～1600 Hz频段内的吸声系数进行准确测量,并且相较于现存的现场测量方法,新方法具有更低的测量频率下限。     

数字化声学测量技术 Ⅱ.数字式声强及声功率测量系统

本文介绍在数字声学测量分析系统中，通过双传声器信号互谱密度的计算进行声强及声功率测量的基本原理。该数学分析系统由微计算机，数字信号处理卡和Ａ／Ｄ变换卡组成。在一个数字系统中，通过快速傅里叶变换（ＦＥＴ）进行互谱计算是十分有效的。本文着重介绍了，在声强的测量分析中对声强探头两传声器的固有相位差进行补偿的重要性和补偿方法，这是声强测量的重要环节。     

声场的方向性分布和测量

传声器的指向性对声场方向性分布的测量有很大影响.文中给出了测量得的和原声场的声能方向分布间的关系.根据测量的分布可推知被测声场方向性分布中的某些成分.所能得知的声场情况受传声器指向性的限制.由上述关系,也可分析传声器指向性对声场方向性分布不均匀度的测量值的影响.     

高声压传声器校准器的校准

本文对高声压传声器校准器,腔内声压级受传声器前腔体积的影响进行了计算和测量,并叙述了校准方法。结果表明,保持校准器插入电压不变的条件下,在其工作频率范围内,传声器前腔体积变化,会使校准器腔内的声压级随频率产生不同程度的变化。若不对传声器前腔体积的影响进行修正,会带来多达几分贝的校准误差。本文采用前腔体积已知的标准传声器和激光测振仪测量腔体积,并采用激光测振仪测量活塞振幅的方法来校准高压传声器校准器.校准的声压级范围为124dB—164dB,校准精确度为±0.27dB。     

非均匀材料热学参量的光声效应检测理论

利用两种基本的数学变换，得到了非均匀材料以及相邻介质的温度场表达式，在非均匀材料的热扩散率随指数渐变的条件下，得到了气体介质温度场的解析式，利用传声器检测理论，求得光声信号的相位表达式，在非均匀材料两表面热扩散率已知的情况下，通过固体传声器测量出光声信号的相位与频率的关系，即可确定出非均匀材料热扩散率的分布，该方法具有计算量小、实验简单的特点。本文给出了有关的理论推导及理论模拟情况．     

自适应零限波束形成语音增强算法鲁棒性分析

分析了双传声器自适应零限波束形成语音增强算法对传声器不一致和本底噪声的鲁棒性。结果表明:信干比越高,算法对传声器不一致的鲁棒性越差;当信干比很低时,算法对相位不一致是鲁棒的。幅度不一致会降低算法对干扰的抑制能力,但引起的目标信号失真很小。相对于传声器不一致,本底噪声对算法性能的影响较小。对自适应滤波器权值加约束和对传声器做校准可以提高算法性能。     

某型歼击机进气道噪声测量

为了估算某型歼击机进气道结构的声疲劳特性,在试飞状态对此型飞机进行了实际声载荷测量.测量传声器采用压电晶体传声器.飞行状态包括起飞、着陆及中空和高空各种特技飞行.测量结果表明,受载状况及噪声频谱与飞行状态密切相关,它对研究歼击机进气道内的声场特性及评估进气道结构的声疲劳特性都有较高的实用价值.     

Instability of the voltage transfer function for an MR103 microphone in a coupler calibration technique

MR103 microphones are commonly used laboratory standard microphones in Japan. When the pressure sensitivity of MR103 is calibrated by using a coupler calibration technique, higher accuracy is difficult to achieve due to deviations in the measured voltage transfer function. These deviations are peculiar to MR103, but not to B&K4160, which is also a commonly used laboratory standard microphone throughout the world. Such deviations occur even when the measurements are done consecutively under the same measurement conditions, such as polarization voltage, temperature, and static pressure.This study experimentally and theoretically considered one of the possible reasons for this deviation. The results reveal that (a) this deviation can be explained by changes in the microphone’s parameters, such as the distance between a microphone’s membrane and back-plate, and the tension of the membrane, (b) grease used to prevent leakage of gas and sound out of the coupler might be one of the reasons for this deviation, and (c) insertion of polished sapphire spacers between the microphones and the coupler might help diminish this deviation.     

低速二维后向台阶流动中的壁面压强脉动

为了能排除三维结构对涡脱和剪切层旋涡的影响，使用实验方法研究了一个小展高比（AR=0.125）的后向台阶流动.该实验台类似纯二维的Hele-Shaw Cell.流动被局限在两个平行且距离为5 mm的有机玻璃板之间.台阶高度H为40 mm，扩张比2:3.在台阶下游中央沿流动方向安装16个麦克风组成的传感器阵列采集壁面脉动压强.来流速度U₀在9~26 m/s之间连续可调.通过计算脉动压强分布、频谱，不同位置的相关性和相干性系数，发现并分析流动存在一个临界Reynolds数.流场在临界Reynolds数前后存在明显不同的流动特征.实验结果表明在低Reynolds数下依然存在剪切层的低频摆动；当Reynolds数大于临界Reynolds数时，分离后流动由涡结构传播的特性主导.      

Accuracy of the random-incidence scattering coefficient measurement

The experimental results presented in this study aim at providing an useful insight into the accuracy of the measurement procedure of the random-incidence scattering coefficient as defined in ISO 17497-1:2004. A systematic experimental investigation has been conducted in a full-scale reverberation room. The tested diffusers are characterized by different geometrical distributions of hollow wooden cubes with an edge length of 20 cm, and different configurations of the measurement set-up. The accuracy of the measurement results has been evaluated considering the contribution of the different undefined aspects of the ISO method such as the microphones height, the air gap underneath the turntable, the sample shape, and the correction of the effects of the absorption and scattering coefficients of the base plate. The results showed that the accuracy of the measurement increases when a more rigid turntable and a circular sample are used, and when the air gap below the turntable is covered. Furthermore, the distance of the microphones from the sample surface was found to affect significantly the results, thus to influence the accuracy of the measurements.     

Binaural source location

It is shown how the coherence and phase spectra 0f signals from a closely spaced pair of microphones in the far-field can be used to compute the moments of a line distribution of arbitrarily correlated omni-directional sound radiators. This line source gives a far-field which is equivalent to that of model-scale and full-size turbojet engines in terms of measured power and cross-spectra 0f microphone signals. The necessary spectra can be computed rapidly on a small digital computer and the simplicity of the technique has meant that experiments could be performed in parallel with the usual far-field noise measurements. In this way, it has been possible t0 identify important properties of noise generation by turbojet engines at minimum cost and development and application of more sophisticated techniques has been accelerated. It is shown how the apparent properties of the source distribution may depend markedly on distance from the source to the microphones. Interpretation of results is guided by consideration of simple cases.     

A method of obtaining the oblique incident sound absorption coefficient through an on-the-spot measurement

A new method (tentatively called the ‘cancellation method’) of determining the sound absorption coefficient is presented. This method makes it possible to obtain the absorption coefficient of a wall material by means of an on-the-spot field measurement which has, until now, been considered very difficult. This paper shows that the reflection from a sample can be obtained by combining the outputs from two non-directional microphones through a phase inverter, and how, by comparing it with the direct sound, measured separately, the sound absorption coefficient can be estimated. Absorption coefficients of several kinds of samples obtained by this method are compared with those calculated theoretically for the locally reactive material.     

Effects of in-the-ear microphone directionality on sound direction identification

As advanced signal processing algorithms have been proposed to enhance hearing protective device (HPD) performance, it is important to determine how directional microphones might affect the localization ability of users and whether they might cause safety hazards. The effect of in-the-ear microphone directivity was assessed by measuring sound source identification of speech in the horizontal plane. Recordings of speech in quiet and in noise were made with Knowles Electronic Manikin for Acoustic Research wearing bilateral in-the-ear hearing aids with microphones having adjustable directivity (omnidirectional, cardioid, hypercardioid, supercardioid). Signals were generated from 16 locations in a circular array. Sound direction identification performance of eight normal hearing listeners and eight hearing-impaired listeners revealed that directional microphones did not degrade localization performance and actually reduced the front-back and lateral localization errors made when listening through omnidirectional microphones. The summed rms speech level for the signals entering the two ears appear to serve as a cue for making front-back discriminations when using directional microphones in the experimental setting. The results of this study show that the use of matched directional microphones when worn bilaterally do not have a negative effect on the ability to localize speech in the horizontal plane and may thus be useful in HPD design.     

Improved analysis of the electrically manifested distortions of condenser microphones

An improved analysis for the electrically manifested nonlinear distortions in condenser microphones is presented. The analysis shows that in typical condenser microphones excited by multisinusoidal sound signals, the second-order intermodulation components of frequencies ω_r±ω_s will be dominant. This result suggests that, rather than using the total harmonic distortion (THD), the use of the standard two- or three-tone tests for measurement of the nonlinear performance of condenser microphones would be more reliable and sensible.     

A technique for measuring the sound of a moving tire

A measurement and analysis technique has been developed to determine the narrow band spectra and the radiation patterns of the sound emitted by a moving tire. The sound is measured by a semicircular array of stationary microphones as the tire passes by the array and is recorded on a multi-channel tape recorder. In the analysis procedure corrections are made for effects associated with a moving sound source, such as the non-stationarity of the signal due to the time-dependent transmission path and the Döppler frequency shifts. In this way the power spectra and the radiation pattern of the sound signal are determined as if the receiver were moving with the tire at a fixed distance. A relationship between the Döppler effect and the frequency resolution associated with the finite Fourier transform is presented. This relation is used as a basis for the Döppler correction procedure.