声呐信号测向技术仿真研究及实现

方位估计是声呐信号处理中的一个核心问题，本文基于分裂波束原理，针对声呐系统中常用的单频ＣＷ信号和双曲调频ＨＦＭ信号，给出ＣＷ信号的互谱法法定向和ＨＦＭ信号的正交相关法定向的方法，计算机仿真实验分析了本文方法的精确性。     

数字多波束目标被动定向仿真技术研究

对被动工作方式来说，目标方向是水下探测系统最重要的估计参数。本文以被动多波束目标方位估计的三波束抛物线法为基础，提出了一种对多波束目标定向进行数字仿真研究的实用方法，该方法包括目标被动仿真信号的产生、被动多波束输出信号的产生、以及被动多波束目标定向等的仿真研究。利用本文开发的仿真软件，进行了大量的仿真试验。试验的结果验证了本文所采用的理论及方法的实用性和有效性。     

基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术

大孔径拖曳线列阵受舰艇横向机动、洋流影响和水动力影响时会产生一定的阵形畸变，阵形畸变使得波束形成时阵列流型失配，进而降低了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。在无法进行阵形估计时，基于时延估计的分裂阵时域波束形成技术将大孔径拖曳线阵分为左右两个子阵分别做波束形成，通过加权广义相关时延估计算法估算对应波束的时延差，再依据估算时延差对左右两个波束进行延时求和得到最终的波束信号。仿真和海试数据证明，相对于全阵直接做波束形成的方法，基于时延估计的分裂阵的时域波束形成技术有效提高了目标方位分辨率和阵处理的增益。     

数字式声纳多波束显示系统方位历程显示技术研究

数字式声纳的多波束显示是检测目标的重要手段。方位一历程显示是检测微弱信号的有效技术。本文给出了这种利用迹迹相关原理显示方法的理论说明，推导声纳多波束系统输出和输入信噪比的关系。把方位历程显示和传统的方位幅度显示作了比较。理论与实验结果表明，对于弱信号检测，高灰度级的方位历程显示与方位幅度显示比较，有5—7dB的性能改善。     

改进MVDR波束形成性能的计算机模拟

本文补充前一篇文章＂一种改善ＭＶＤＲ波束形成性能的方法＂计算机模拟结果。模拟实验表明：只要适当地设计波束形成器加权向量中的增强因子，就能够提高目标的方位估计精度和分辨力，并且不损失信噪比增益。从统一考虑信号检测和方位估计的观点看来，这种波束形成方法最适用于信号的基阵处理。     

微弱信号源的和波束定向方法与分裂波束定向方法的性能比较

本文讨论水下辐射噪声源的精确定向问题，给出被动声纳和波束定向与分裂波束定向方法的性能比较。指出在一定信噪比下，分裂波束精确测向技术比和波束定向技术具有较高的定向精度。但是，随着信噪比的下降，两者趋于一致。推导了估计定向精度的分析表达式，给出在直线阵和圆弧阵情况下，延时估计和声源入射角偏差之间的换算公式和数值模拟结果。同时给出数字式声纳用以计算入射信号左波束和右波束数据的互谱来实现分裂波束定向的方法。     

十七无十字阵水下合作目标远程定位方法

结合水声对抗的实际需求,针对海洋环境下目标定位困难且定位距离有限的问题,利用多水听器十字阵接收信号,并对信号进行加权来提高接收信号信噪比,以达到定位水下合作目标的目的。具体通过波束形成和信号相关,依据目标方位与波束形成方位一致时能量最大的原则,实现对远距离水下合作目标方位和距离的估计,并通过仿真和试验验证了所提定位方法的有效性。     

利用阵不变量的浅海宽带声源距离深度估计方法

现有阵不变量方法未能确定声源深度,且通常对远距离声源的测距误差较大。针对这一问题,提出一种利用阵不变量的宽带声源距离深度估计方法。该方法先对宽带接收信号进行频域波束形成和傅里叶逆变换，转换到波束-时间域以实现模态分离，波束-时间域各峰值位置的连线形成波束时间迁移曲线,曲线形状由阵不变量参数决定且与声源距离相关,曲线上能量分布由各阶模态激励决定且与声源深度有关;再沿波束时间迁移曲线提取波束时间强度并进行匹配处理,最终实现声源距离深度估计。SWellEx-96实验数据处理结果表明,本文所提方法的声源距离和深度估计平均相对误差分别为3.9%和3.4%,而常规阵不变量方法的平均相对测距误差为5.1%,验证了所提方法的优越性能。     

旋转运动声源的频率波动修正波束形成方法

针对前飞状态的旋翼气动噪声信号频率存在周期性波动,且频域波束形成方法只能应用于稳态声源的问题,提出一种频率波动声源的波束形成方法。该方法利用已知的声源频率变化规律进行频率修正,在时域将频率波动信号等效为单频信号,基于该单频信号进行波束形成声源定位,实现了旋转运动的频率波动声源准确定位。数值仿真结果表明,提出的方法能够在频率波动幅值为127 Hz的情况下准确呈现出声源分布情况。在旋翼模型的风洞试验中,利用提出的频域波束形成方法其声成像结果中声源最大能量位置均在旋转轨迹上,而未进行频率修正的波束形成方法结果无法准确呈现出声源的位置。该方法扩展了频域波束形成方法中的单频声源假设,实现了旋转运动声源在频率波动状态下的波束形成,适用于前飞状态下旋翼气动噪声源的声源定位。      

频率自适应最优权重阵列干涉条纹处理技术

考虑长基线水平阵列波束形成对声场模态呈现的滤波特征,建立了一种随频率改变滤波通带的阵列权矢量设计方法。基于简正波理论,结合声场波束形成特点,在分析了常规波束形成信号LOFAR谱图干涉条纹的清晰度和条纹结构不同于单水听器输出信号条纹现象基础上,采用线性等式约束的二次优化模型,给出了一种频率自适应的最优权重估计。数值仿真验证和试验数据分析表明,利用该方法设计的最优权重阵列波束处理,可以滤波出SRBR(Surface-Reflected Bottom-Reflected)或N-SRBR(Non-Surface-Reflected Bottom-Reflected)模态组成的波束形成信号,信号谱图干涉条纹斜率与理论分析基本一致。      

Optimal design of FIR beamformer with frequency invariant patterns

Two approaches to the optimal design of FIR beamformers with frequency invariant patterns using second-order cone programming (SOCP) are proposed. The first approach is a two-step method, which is implemented via separately optimal array pattern synthesis and optimal FIR filters design. The array weights for each frequency bin within the working frequency band are designed to insure that the array patterns approximate the reference ones. And the FIR filter corresponding to each sensor is designed to insure that the frequency responses approximate the array weights. The second approach is a direct method, in which the beam response is expressed as a linear function of FIR filter tap weights and the filters are designed by jointly optimizing the spatial and frequency responses to achieve the desired array patterns. All the optimal design problems (array pattern synthesis, FIR filter design and joint optimization) are formulated as the SOCP, which can be solved efficiently using the well-developed interior-point methods. Results of computer simulations and lake experiment for a twelve-element semicircular array confirm satisfactory performance of the two approaches proposed in this paper.     

基于最差性能优化的运动声源稳健聚焦定位识别方法研究

基于被动合成孔径原理,提出了一种具有高稳健性的运动声源高分辨聚焦定位识别方法.该方法采用综合优化手段,通过矢量最大似然聚焦定位算法生成虚拟阵列坐标及数据矩阵,进而利用基于最差性能优化的稀疏虚拟阵列聚焦算法,获取稳健的高分辨定位识别效果.理论及仿真研究表明,该方法对于非匀速运动以及与基阵存在运动倾角的复杂情况具有较强的适用性,聚焦空间谱表现出更大的动态范围、更为尖锐的聚焦峰尺度以及更强的背景噪声起伏压制能力.湖上试验进一步验证,在高分辨最小方差信号无畸变响应法(MVDR)聚焦算法动态范围仅为3.5 dB的相 关键词： 稳健性 运动噪声源定位识别 矢量阵 最差性能优化     

Baseline optimization for scalar magnetometer array and its application in magnetic target localization

Generally, a magnetic target can be described with six parameters, three describing the position and three describing the magnetic moment. Due to a lack of sufficient components from one magnetometer, we need more than one magnetometer when locating the magnetic target. Thus, a magnetometer array should be designed. The baseline of the array is an important factor that affects the localization accuracy of the target. In this paper, we focus on the localization of a static target by using a scalar magnetometer array. We present the scalar magnetometer array with a cross-shaped structure.We propose a method of determining the optimal baseline according to the parameters of the magnetometer and detection requirements. In the method, we use the traditional signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) as a performance index, and obtain the optimal baseline of the array by using the Monte Carlo method. The proposed method of determining the optimal baseline is verified in simulation. The arrays with different baselines are used to locate a static magnetic target. The results show that the location performance is better when using the array with the optimal baseline determined by the proposed method.     

A passive synthetic aperture phase correction algorithm for the asymmetric twin-line array sonar

A passive synthetic aperture based on phase correction algorithm for solving the port-starboard discrimination problem in the non-aligned towed twin-line array sonar,is de- scribed.This method creates a virtual array through applying the estimated phase correction into one array of twin-line arrays.Because the synthetic virtual array is aligned with the other array in twin-line arrays,the right port-starboard discriminated results can be obtained by array processing based on the new synthetic twin-line array.The effect of proposed method has been shown by simulated and sea-trials results in towed twin-line array sonar.With low extra computational loads,the proposed method is easy to apply to the practice.     

A novel non-uniformity compensating method for microbolometric focal plane array

This paper describes a non-uniformity compensating method for microbolometric focal plane array. Through the analysis of the basic principle of conventional non-uniformity compensating methods for microbolometric focal plane array, we have pointed out their common fatal limitation unable to compensate the nonlinear non-uniformity of microbolometer array. Based on our previous constant power optimized bias, a novel and simple nonlinear non-uniformity compensating method for microbolometric focal plane array is proposed in this paper. The proposed compensating method is simply configured and can easily and effectively be utilized to compensate the nonlinear non-uniformity of microbolometer array.     

浅海大孔径时钟弱同步阵列的信道匹配阵形校准

浅海大孔径时钟弱同步阵列的阵形校准,受到时钟偏移与信道频散的不利影响,校准精度难以满足探测要求。利用浅海波导环境中仅激发一阶模态的低频段校准信号,使用基于波导参数计算的相速度开展信道匹配距离测量,并将时钟偏移作为未知参数纳入校准模型,结合声源与参考阵元的位置信息,从而消除频散效应和时钟偏移的不利影响,可实现浅海大孔径阵列阵元位置与时钟偏移的信道匹配联合校准。实验数据分析结果表明,该方法有效校准浅海大孔径时钟弱同步阵列的阵元位置和时钟偏移,较之基于时延估计的传统方法,所提方法校准后的15阵元860 m大孔径水平线阵列,对正横和端射方向附近15～30 Hz目标信号的测向精度分别提高了0.2°和0.4°,阵增益分别提高了1.8 dB和4.4 dB。     

Direction of arrival estimation and signal recovery based on single snapshot compressed sensing in frequency domain

Direction of arrival(DOA) estimation and signal recovery is the base of the underwater target localization,tracking and recognition.Based on the compressed sensing theory,a method for DOA estimation and source signal recovery is proposed using the single snapshot processing of the received array signal in frequency domain.The received array signal are transformed to frequency domain,and the single snapshot data in frequency domain are regarded as the measured data of the compressed sensing.According to the frequency,searching orientation and array manifold,the overcomplete array manifold is constructed as the sensing matrix of the compressed sensing.Both the target signal and power of the searching orientation are estimated by the basis pursuit method to complete DOA estimation and signal recovery.Simulation results show that the proposed method has a number of advantages over the minimum variance distortionless response(MVDR) method,including improved robustness to noise,fewer requirement in number of sensors and snapshots.And the correlation coefficient of the signal reaches up to 0.89.Experiment results in real environments verify that the proposed method performs more effectively in the detection of weak targets than the MVDR method and can be applied to real sonar system.     

基于改进空间频率域采样的天文光干涉望远镜阵列优化

提出一种基于改进空间频率域(UV)采样的阵列评价函数，用于长基线天文光干涉望远镜阵列几何结构的优化。该评价函数将UV采样区域沿径向和角度方向分别进行划分，统计划分所得区域中UV采样点数目并计算UV采样点密度，以UV采样点密度偏离理想高斯分布的大小作为评价依据。在具体的优化技术上，利用遗传算法的全局收敛特性，降低了传统算法对初始结构的依赖，采用该评价函数对6孔径望远镜阵列进行优化设计，并与国际主流天文光干涉阵列CHARA进行了性能对比。分析结果表明:优化所得Array-6阵列UV采样点密度分布具有径向连续覆盖和低频强调的特点，有利于对轮廓信息的恢复；双星模拟成像实验中Array-6阵列重构图像相对于原始图像的误差为21.34，相比CHARA阵列降低了18.16%，具有更高的成像质量。该优化算法具备优化大孔径数目阵列的能力，对于射电波段望远镜阵列的优化设计亦有一定的参考意义。     

圆柱阵子阵分级处理的稳健超指向性波束形成方法

提出了圆柱阵子阵分级处理的稳健超指向性波束形成方法。首先建立了圆柱阵分两级子阵进行波束形成的信号模型,接着利用空间均匀噪声场中噪声互谱矩阵的循环特性得到基于特征波束分解与综合模型的圆柱阵超指向性的最优解,然后仿真研究了其误差敏感度函数、阵增益和波束图等性能指标,并与圆柱阵的传统全局处理方法进行了对比。提出的分两级子阵处理的超指向性方法与传统全局处理方法相比不仅降低了数据存储量和波束形成计算量,而且进一步提升了稳健性,并且在低频段的阵增益远远高于常规波束形成的值,对水下声呐阵列的设计具有一定的参考价值。      

Optimization of transmitting beam patterns of a conformal transducer array

A method is presented to calculate the driving-voltage weighting vector of a conformal array of underwater acoustic transmitting transducers to obtain a low-sidelobe beam pattern based on the measured receiving array manifold. The relationship among three quantities is given, which are, respectively, the radiated acoustic field, the measured receiving array manifold matrix and the driving-voltage weighting vector of the transducer array. Then, the driving-voltage weighting vector of the array is calculated using the optimization method to obtain a low-sidelobe transmitting beam pattern. At the frequency of 12.5 kHz, the receiving array manifold matrix of a 27-element conformal array is measured in an anechoic water tank. The driving-voltage weighting vector of the array is calculated using the proposed method. In addition, the computer simulation and experiments are carried out. The results agree well and show that the proposed method can obtain a low-sidelobe transmitting beam pattern and at the same time provide the largest amplitude of pressure in the axial direction when the maximum amplitude of the driving voltages of the array elements keeps unchanged.