动态光散射研究胆固醇对DTAB/SDS阴阳离子液胞稳定性的影响

本文利用阴离子型界面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和阳离子型界面活性剂十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)形成DTAB/SDS离子对双亲分子,通过制膜、超声振荡与挤压等程序制备出阴阳离子液胞,并利用动态光散射技术探讨不同比例的胆固醇添加对液胞稳定性的影响。研究结果表明,添加胆固醇可以明显增强DTAB/SDS阴阳离子液胞的物理稳定性;但胆固醇添加量小于35mol%时并不足以使系统内的阴阳离子界面活性剂全部转换为稳定的液胞而有结晶物产生;当胆固醇添加量更少(10mol%)时能稳定存在的液胞数量更少,所以计数率明显下降。由这些结果可以推论胆固醇与阴阳离子界面活性剂在液胞的双层膜中是以固定比例排列存在,从而可以维持液胞的稳定性,因此胆固醇添加量较高时液胞稳定性较佳。     

两个连通型球形液膜动态特性的研究

对小球形液膜内气体经由细管流向大球形液膜内过程中,球形液膜的动态特性做了理论模拟与实验研究．     

短纽带作用下气液两相旋流液膜的形成及发展

目前对短纽带引发的气液旋流中液膜的分布规律认识不清楚,限制了短纽带在换热器中的应用。本文采用欧拉双流体模型研究了短螺旋纽带引发的管内气液旋流场中液膜的形成及发展规律。研究发现:气液两相雾状流来流,在纽带下游的直管段中,存在两个对称的螺旋涡,截面上的液膜厚度存在两个对称的波峰。纽带下游一定位置处,截面上液膜厚度的周向峰值会达到最大,随后液膜厚度的峰值逐渐降低。周向平均液膜厚度沿轴向先增厚后减薄。截面上流体的低压中心与螺旋涡的中心不重合,受液膜分布的影响显著。     

无长链天然卟啉的LB膜制备与光谱研究

本工作对无长链天然血卟啉(HP),原叶啉(PP)和卟啉C行进了LB膜的成膜探索,制备了单层、多层以及与硬脂酸、卵磷脂混合后的复合LB膜.对它们进行了紫外——可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱和时间分辨荧光光谱的研究,发现在LB膜中荧光寿命是一个很好的表征手段.     

连续凹槽基底对含非溶性活性剂薄液膜流动特性的影响

针对连续凹槽基底上含非溶性活性剂液膜的流动过程, 采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度和活性剂浓度演化模型, 利用PDECOL程序数值模拟得到了液膜流动的动力学特征及基底结构参数的影响. 研究表明: 活性剂液膜流经连续凹槽时, 负向台阶处形成凹陷, 正向台阶处形成隆起, 且随时间逐渐增大; 与平整基底相比, 连续凹槽下的活性剂液膜铺展速度加快; 基底凹槽的高度增加或斜度减小可加速液膜破断的可能性; 增大凹槽宽度可促进液膜流动; 减小斜度会使液膜进入第一凹槽前形成隆起特征; 重力在液膜的爬坡和下坡过程中具有相反的作用, 但均使得流动稳定性变差; 分子间作用力形成的结合压可加速液膜流动, 进而引发去湿润现象, 分离压则与之相反. 关键词： 活性剂液膜 非平整基底 铺展 分子间作用力     

矩形微槽横截面换热特性的分析

对矩形毛细微槽中液膜在横截面方向上的换热特性进行了研究。计算结果表明,当弯月面与槽底接触时,不仅在微槽的侧壁面上存在两个蒸发薄液膜区,在槽底还形成了两个蒸发薄液膜区;随着槽底热负荷的增大,薄液膜区域热流密度的峰值随之升高;固液接触角增大,薄液膜区域的热流密度峰值增大;薄液膜区域的高强度蒸发换热是矩形毛细微槽高强度换热的主要原因,占总换热量的80%以上;固液界面接触角对薄液膜换热的影响很大。     

氦氮混合气体竖壁冷凝模拟与分析

内纯化器在大型低温系统中不可或缺,目前对于纯化机理的研究仍不彻底,尤其液膜对换热的影响。研究流经竖直冷壁面的氦氮混合气体的冷凝情况,建立气相及液相简化模型,求解流场中的各物理量,得到液膜厚度随工质压力及组分的变化。压力的升高有助于冷凝的发生,增加液膜厚度;随冷凝组分的增多,液膜厚度呈现先增后减的趋势,液膜厚度的变化与实验中换热器总传热系数的变化一致。     

随活性剂浓度变化的分离压对垂直液膜排液过程的影响

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,基于文献实验结果进一步完善了受活性剂浓度影响的分离压(disjoining pressure)模型,应用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、活性剂浓度和液膜表面速度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了在不同分离压作用下含不溶性活性剂液膜的演化特征.结果表明,垂直液膜的排液过程通常经历两个阶段:首先是厚膜阶段,此时重力对排液过程起主导作用.在随后的薄膜阶段,毛细作用和分离压作用影响逐渐增大,其中分离压将控制液膜的演化历程.分离压对垂直液膜排液过程的影响与活性剂类型及活性剂浓度与静电作用力的关联强度密切相关.当分离压与活性剂浓度正相关时,随斥力关联系数α增大,液膜的排液和变薄过程得以减缓,由此增强了液膜稳定性;当分离压与活性剂浓度负相关时,随斥力关联系数α绝对值增大,液膜排液过程加速,由此加大液膜失稳的风险.     

弹状流长气泡区液膜流动的连续波特性

应用高速数字摄像与图形分析技术,在水平管中对弹状流长气泡区液膜流动的连续波特征进行了实验研究,理论分析表明弹状流长气泡区的液膜流是传播速度等于长气泡平移速度的连续波,提出了液膜厚度的控制方程,对液膜厚度的计算结果与测量结果相符合。得到弹状流中存在连续波的重要结论,揭示了稳定弹状流具有波动特性的物理本质。     

表面弹性对含可溶性活性剂垂直液膜排液的影响

针对含可溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,在考虑表面弹性作用的基础上,采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、表面速度、表面和内部活性剂浓度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了表面弹性和活性剂溶解度耦合作用下的液膜演化特征.结果表明：表面弹性是影响可溶性活性剂垂直液膜排液过程中必不可少的因素.排液初期,随表面弹性增加,液膜初始厚度增大,表面更趋于刚性化.随排液进行,弹性不同的液膜呈现不同的典型排液特征：当弹性较小时,液膜上部表面张力高,下部表面张力低,产生正向的马兰戈尼效应,与重力作用相抗衡.当弹性较大时,膜上部表面张力低,下部表面张力高,产生逆向的马兰戈尼效应,促使液膜排液加速,更易发生失稳.活性剂溶解度通过控制液膜表面的活性剂分子吸附量,进而影响表面弹性：当活性剂溶解度较大时,液膜厚度较小,很快发生破断;随溶解度降低,液膜稳定性增加,初始表面弹性也随之增大,并随液膜变薄逐渐接近极限膨胀弹性值.     

Effects of cholesterol and azelaic acid in lecithin liposomes exposed to ELF fields: A thermodynamic and structural study

Summary In the present work some thermodynamic and structural aspects of electric-, magnetic- and electromagnetic-field interaction at 50 Hz with lecithin liposomes mixed with azelaic acid or cholesterol have been investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Calorimetric scans and X-ray diffraction patterns show that no significant modifications of the two mixtures occur, except a little increase of the freezing temperature of the free water after exposure to electromagnetic field.     

Structural analysis of the Γ phase in cholesterol-distearoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles

Summary The interaction of cholesterol with membranes is particularly interesting as the cholesterol concentration influences membrane stability and permeability by inducing changes in the structure and dynamics of the constituent lipid molecules. On the other hand, cholesterol is present in the atherosclerotic plaques and in some skin diseases, like xanthomas and xantelasmas. An investigation was performed on the Γ phase in a cholesterol-distearoyl phosphatidyl choline (DSPC) mixture by using X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The cholesterol/DSPC molar ratio was 35/65 and DSPC-to-water weight ratio was 1/3. The Γ phase appears at sufficiently high concentration of cholesterol and it is characterized by interchain positional order considerably lower than in theL _β′ andP _β′ phases but higher than in theL _∝ liquid crystalline phase of pure lecithin in excess water. The results suggest that a lateral phase separation exists in the temperature range of existence of the Γ phase. The other phase Γ′ appears to be richer in cholesterol. The (Γ+Γ′) toL _∝ phase transition was investigated and the temperature dependence of the in-plane correlation length in the Γ phase was determined. A very weak enthalpy peak was observed at the chain melting transition, confirming the highly disordered nature of phases Γ and Γ′. Work presented at the First USSR-Italy Bilateral Meeting on Liquid Crystals held in Portonovo, Ancona (Italy), September 30–October 2, 1987.     

Wetting of phospholipid membranes on hydrophilic surfaces - Concepts towards self-healing membranes

We report on the wetting behavior of phospholipid membranes on solid surfaces immersed in aqueous solution. Using fluorescence microscopy, the spreading velocity of fluid bilayers advancing from a lipid source is investigated. The kinetic spreading coefficient was measured as a function of temperature for pure DMPC membranes and as a function of charge density and cholesterol content for binary membranes. A theoretical model for the membrane flow is presented, which takes into account the liquid crystalline bilayer architecture of the lipid membrane. The spreading power results from the membrane-solid VdW interaction and is dissipated in hydrodynamic shear flow as well as by inter-monolayer friction within the bilayer. The frictional drag causes a dynamic tension gradient in the spreading membrane, which is manifested by a single exponential decay of the fluorescence intensity profile along the spreading direction. Obstacles are shown to act as pinning centers deforming the advancing line interface. However, no depinning was observed, since the centers are circumflown without abrupt relaxation. Received 6 November 1998     

How Phospholipid-Cholesterol Interactions Modulate Lipid Lateral Diffusion, as Revealed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

Cholesterol is a key player in regulating physico-chemical properties of cellular membranes and, thereby, ensuring cell viability. In particular, lipid-cholesterol interactions may provide important information on the spatio-temporal organization of membrane components. Here, we apply confocal imaging and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) to Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) composed of binary mixtures of lipids and cholesterol.The effect of cholesterol on lipid dynamics and molecular packing order of unsaturated, monounsaturated, fully saturated (with both low and high phase transition temperatures, T_m) glycero-phospholipids and sphingomyelin has been investigated. We show that, for unsaturated glycerophospholipids, the decrease of the lipid diffusion coefficient as a result of the interaction with cholesterol does not depend on the fatty acid chain length. However, the values of the diffusion coefficient change as a function of chain length. The monounsaturated phospholipid palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) exhibits a dynamic behavior very similar to the unsaturated dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC). By contrast, for saturated (low T_m) glycero-phospholipids, cholesterol causes a decrease of lipid mobility in a chain length-dependent manner.FCS can be employed as a valuable tool to study lipid-sterol interactions and their effect on lipid dynamics, molecular packing and degree of conformational order.     

Influence of membrane lipid composition on the activity of functionally reconstituted LmrA under high hydrostatic pressure

In cellular membranes, proteins and lipids are in sensitive macromolecular interaction influencing each other. To evaluate this interaction, the multi-drug transporter LmrA from Lactococcus lactis was functionally reconstituted in vesicles consisting of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), DMPC+10 mol% cholesterol and the model raft mixture DOPC/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cholesterol (1:2:1) and in natural membrane lipids at 30 °C. The lateral structure and organization of these proteoliposomes were modulated using high hydrostatic pressure. A sharp pressure-induced fluid-to-gel phase transition is observed without an extended two-phase region. The possibility for lipid sorting, such as for DMPC/cholesterol bilayers, has an inhibitory effect on the LmrA activity. A fluid-like membrane phase over the whole pressure range with suitable hydrophobic matching, such as for DOPC, prevents the membrane protein from high-pressure inactivation up to 200 MPa. Under high-pressure conditions, highest LmrA activities, exceeding those at ambient pressure, are achieved for heterogeneous lipid matrices with a small hydrophobic mismatch and the ability of lipid sorting.     

Membrane fusion intermediates and the effect of cholesterol: An in-house X-ray scattering study

We have developed an X-ray scattering setup which allows to study membrane fusion intermediates or other nonlamellar lipid mesophases by laboratory-scale X-ray sources alone, thus taking advantage of unrestricted beamtime compared to synchrotron sources. We report results of a study of pure lipid bilayers and phospholipid/cholesterol binary mixtures. Stalks, putative intermediate structures occurring during the membrane fusion process, can clearly be identified from reconstructed electron density maps. Phase diagrams of the lyotropic phase behavior of DOPC/cholesterol and DPhPC/cholesterol samples are presented. If cholesterol is present in moderate concentrations, it can substantially promote the formation of stalks at higher degree of hydration. In addition, a possibly new phase in DOPC/cholesterol is found at high cholesterol content in the low humidity range.     

A model of cholesterol in lipid bilayers

We present a lattice model of the thermotropic transition in lipid bilayers which contain cholesterol. Changes in some observed quantities are accounted for and comments are made about the existence of a lipid boundary layer around a cholesterol.     

Phase diagram of a ternary mixture of cholesterol and saturated and unsaturated lipids calculated from a microscopic model

We employ a molecular model to study a ternary mixture of saturated lipid, with tails of 16 carbons, a monounsaturated lipid with tails of 18 carbons, and cholesterol. The model, solved within mean-field theory, produces several forms of phase diagrams depending upon the relative strengths of interactions, but only one that shows the coexistence of two liquid phases observed in experiment. The lipids in the phase rich in cholesterol are more ordered than those in the other. The binary cholesterol, saturated lipid system also exhibits liquid, liquid coexistence.     

Fluorescence anisotropy and light-scattering studies of the interaction of insulin with liposomes

The interaction between zinc-stabilized insulin and lecithin liposomal membranes was studied using DPH fluorescence anisotropy and light-scattering techniques. To ascertain a possible influence of a charge on the insulin molecule, experiments were performed at pH 4.5 (insulin possesses a positive charge) and at pH 7.4 (the charge of insulin is negative). Measurements at pH 4.5 revealed significant changes in scattered light intensity induced by the addition of insulin to lecithin liposomes. With increasing time of storage of liposomes the insulin effect became faster and more pronounced. At pH 7.4, significant changes in scattered light were registered only in the case of liposomes stored for 5 days. In these liposomes a peroxidation process of lecithin was revealed. No significant changes induced by insulin were observed in DPH fluorescence anisotropy either at pH 4.5 or at pH 7.4, which suggested the absence of an interaction of insulin with the hycrophobic core of liposomes. Thus, the observed changes in scattered light could be interpreted in terms of the insulin association to the liposomal surface in the case of phospholipid peroxidation and/or acidic pH.     

Cu^2＋与胆固醇相互作用的光谱分析研究

以分光光度法（ＳＡ），原子吸收光谱分析（ＡＡＳ）、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）以及红外光谱分析（ＩＲ）考察了水溶液中Ｃｕ＾２＋与胆固醇的要艇。不同分析方法均得出相同结果，Ｃｕ＾２＋与胆固醇二者间存在表面吸附作用，这种作用在近生理条件下较为显著。