多层非晶薄带爆炸焊接温度场模型

 从非晶合金形成的特点出发，结合爆炸焊接传热的特殊性，提出用一种方波形温度场模型来解释非晶薄带爆炸焊接后能保证非晶态的原因。结果表明此模型符合非晶薄带爆炸焊接的实际情况。     

温度与CO气体耦合作用对瓦斯爆炸界限影响实验

针对煤矿火区封闭过程中常发生的瓦斯爆炸问题,运用20 L爆炸装置,实验研究了不同环境温度(25～200℃)和CO浓度(1%～10%,体积分数)条件下瓦斯的爆炸极限和最大爆炸压力。结果表明:单因素可燃性气体CO体积分数升高,瓦斯爆炸上限、下限均下降,爆炸极限范围变宽;温度升高,爆炸上限升高,下限下降;常压条件下,随着温度升高,爆炸上限与初始温度呈二次函数关系变化,爆炸下限与初始温度呈对数关系变化;瓦斯爆炸上限与下限爆炸压力随着初始温度升高均降低,随着CO体积分数升高均升高。多因素高温与CO气体耦合作用下,瓦斯爆炸上限升高,下限下降,瓦斯爆炸危险性增加;初始温度和CO气体对爆炸极限的耦合影响比单一因素的影响大,对爆炸上限的影响更为显著。     

非晶纤维的制备和力学行为

将块体材料制备成微纳米纤维时,其力学性能会得到进一步的提高,甚至具备块体材料所没有的力学行为.非晶态材料可经过熔体拉丝一次性成型而得到所需尺寸的均匀纤维,纤维表面质量好,其制备过程相对简单且节能.由于非晶材料短程有序、长程无序的结构,具备优异的力学性能,所以非晶纤维有着广泛的应用前景和基础研究价值.本文对能制备成非晶纤维且有优异力学性能的材料做了简单介绍,对非晶纤维的制备方法及其成型物理机制、非晶纤维的力学行为及其物理机制进行了综述,最后总结了非晶纤维的制备和力学行为的研究中存在的问题,对非晶纤维的发展前景做了展望.     

非晶合金条带的爆炸焊接

 报道了利用爆炸焊接技术对铁基、铁镍基非晶合金条带（厚度约25 μm）进行单层和多层爆炸焊接的结果。金相分析结果表明，条带间相互结合良好；X光衍射结果说明，焊接后的条带仍保持非晶态，即使采用表面已有部分晶化德条带进行焊接，焊接后仍转化为非晶态。这说明在焊接过程中条带表面已发生熔化，且冷却速度也可达10⁶ K/s量级。     

小角磁转法自制装置测量非晶薄带的饱和磁致伸缩系数

研究了非晶薄带饱和磁致伸缩系数的小角磁转测量方法,并自行制备出测量装置.借助此装置测量了探测线圈中感生电压的二次谐波信号随交流场峰峰值电压、频率的变化关系,并对测量条件进行了优化;同时通过测量非晶薄带感生各向异性场随应力的变化关系,得到成分为Fe65～70co15～20Si1～3B12～15非晶薄带的饱和磁致伸缩系数λ,为1.7×10-5.     

B元素添加对FePBCCu合金非晶形成能力、磁性能和力学性能的影响

铁基非晶合金因其低矫顽力、高磁导率和低铁耗等被广泛应用于变压器、电抗器等电力电子领域,然而,较低的饱和磁感值限制了其进一步应用.铁含量增大可有效提高合金的饱和磁感,但相应非磁性元素含量的降低又将引起合金非晶形成能力的下降,导致后续纳米晶带材的软磁性能及弯折韧性的恶化.针对上述问题,文章基于金属-类金属间的杂化作用,通过原子百分比为7%的B替代P,利用单辊甩带法制备了厚度约为25μm的FePBCCu非晶薄带,并研究了B添加对薄带非晶形成能力、磁性能和力学性能的影响.热动力学行为揭示出小原子B添加能够降低合金结构的异质性,有效提高非晶基体的热稳定性;熔化与凝固曲线表明B元素能够促使合金系接近共晶成分且具有较大的过冷度.因此合金的非晶形成能力显著提高,其临界厚度从基体的约21μm提高到约30μm. B添加促使合金系磁性原子有效磁矩的增大,导致非晶薄带的饱和磁感值增大.纳米压痕实验结果表明, B添加合金的约化模量值较大且在一个较小范围内波动,这与合金的结构均匀性密切相关.     

Gd基非晶与Gd纳米晶复合结构的磁制冷效应

通过调控冷却速率和成分配比, 制备出了Gd基非晶与Gd纳米晶的复合材料. 采用X射线衍射、热分析、原子力和磁力显微镜对其微结构进行表征, 从多个角度证实了非晶/纳米晶的复合结构. 磁性测试结果表明: 内生的纳米晶颗粒能有效改善非晶基体的磁熵效应, 相对于Gd基块体纯非晶和Gd单质, 复合体系的磁制冷效率大幅提高达到了10³ J. kg^-1; 磁熵变化峰Δ S _m的半高宽超过纯Gd的5倍; 最大磁熵变区出现平台区,但Δ S _m峰值有待于进一步提高. 理论分析表明, 复合结构中超顺磁纳米团簇的形成有效提高了磁制冷温区和效率. 结合磁滞小和电阻大等优点, Gd基非晶/Gd纳米晶复合材料具有一定的发展潜力.     

快速压致凝固法制备块体亚稳材料的研究进展

综述了快速增压使熔体凝固以获取非晶等亚稳相的方法和研究进展。介绍了自行研制的快速增压装置,展示了制备单质硫的大块非晶材料、单质硒的块体密实纳米材料、两种镧系基合金玻璃的块体材料,以及聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、等规聚丙烯(iPP)大块高分子亚稳材料的实验结果,证明了快速压致凝固法是制备块体亚稳材料的一种普遍可行的方法。最近的实验结果表明:快速压致凝固法获得的块体亚稳材料尺寸不受热传导率的限制;在快速压致凝固过程中,存在形成亚稳相的临界压力和临界增压速率两个限制条件。     

环境温度对多相混合物爆炸特性影响的实验研究

为了研究环境温度对以铝粉、乙醚、硝基甲烷为原料的气液固多相混合物爆炸特性的影响,利用20 L球型爆炸罐,在不同环境温度(20～50℃)下,实验研究了温度变化对混合物的爆炸超压、最大爆炸压力上升速率和爆炸下限的影响。结果表明:实验工况下,乙醚的爆炸特性参数随温度升高而降低;铝粉的爆炸特性参数受温度影响较小;气液固多相混合物的爆炸压力随温度升高略微下降,最大爆炸压力上升速率先升后降,存在一个最佳浓度配比使爆炸威力最佳;气液固多相混合物的爆炸下限随温度升高而下降,在绝大部分易挥发物质汽化后,混合物下限趋于稳定。     

非晶CoFeNiNbSiB合金的巨磁阻抗效应

研究了非晶Co₇₀Fe_4.5Ni₄Nb₁Si_12.5B₈合金薄带的巨磁阻抗效应.实验表明,在一定频率范围内提高测试频率,磁阻抗效应有明显提高;适当温度的退火也有助于磁阻抗效应的提高.制备态非晶合金样品在频率为5MHz下达120%左右,经过退火处理的非晶样品5MHz下的效应可达400%左右. 关键词：     

Entstehung von Alkalimetallen bei der Elektronenbestrahlung von Alkalihalogeniden

We have observed additional peaks in the energy loss spectra of NaBr, NaI, KF, KI, and RbF foils, which are caused by the electron impact. They are identified as volume and surface plasma losses of alkali metal particles. The energy loss values are in accord with energy loss data of alkali metal foils. Electron diffraction patterns of the irradiated alkali halide foils showed additional rings of alkali metal agglomerates, the size of which are estimated to be in the range of 100Å.     

周期调制结构平面薄膜电爆炸实验研究

在金属层表面引入微结构以实现对Z箍缩等离子体形成和发展过程中不稳定性的调控具有重要研究价值.在“强光一号”装置上(峰值电流~1.4 MA,上升时间~100 ns),开展了针对具有一维周期性凹槽调制结构的金属薄膜的电爆炸实验研究.实验负载采用外推型平面结构,基底为30μm厚铝膜,刻蚀周期为2 mm,刻蚀深度约为10μm.通过激光阴影成像、激光干涉成像和可见光自辐射成像等系统进行联合诊断.实验结果表明刻蚀结构对等离子体发展过程的不稳定性特征产生了明显调制作用,原本征波长也受到抑制,微结构周期对不稳定结构波长产生趋同效应;未刻蚀一侧边界层同样受刻蚀层结构的影响,在不稳定结构上表现出相似形貌,且内外侧不稳定性特征的耦合关联性增强;刻蚀凹槽处在爆炸过程中膨胀更为迅速,形成的表面等离子体结构与初始结构反相;在刻蚀结构的几何突变处会形成细长的等离子体喷流,在二分之一刻蚀波长处出现波谱特征峰.理论分析表明电流密度调制造成电热不稳定性分布改变是调控作用产生的重要原因.     

DETERMINATION OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH METAL FOILS AND CERAMIC FIBER MATS DURING COMPOSITE FABRICATION

Heat transfer behavior during consolidation of metal matrix composites (MMCs) was investigated. Such composites are often fabricated by putting foils and fiber mats in a layup under pressure and heating to the consolidation temperature; the applied pressure is then increased to the final value. In the present work, experiments were carried out in which plies made of foils and fiber mats are placed together in a layup and pressed between a hot top die and a cool lower die. Various combinations of foils and fiber mats were compressed under different loads while the temperature transients in the lower die were recorded. From the resulting plots, the thermal conductance for different combinations of foils and fiber mats and for a single ply are determined. The deformation history of the foils and fiber are analyzed on the basis of micrographs taken after the compression tests.     

Propagation distances of surface electromagnetic waves on Ni,Pd, Pt,and W metal surfaces

The propagation distances, L_x, of surface electromagnetic waves (SEW) on Ni, Pd, Pt, and W were measured using the two-prism coupling technique at wavelengths from 9.3 to 10.6 microm. Metal samples consisted of films, deposited on glass substrates by electron beam deposition, and metal foils. The measured L_x values for the Pd and Pt firms and Pt foil agree to within 20% of the calculated values from the two-media dispersion relation. The measured values of the propagation distance for the Ni film and foil and the W foil agree to within 50% of the calculated L_x. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs and Auger analysis indicate that film imperfections and foil surface roughness contributed to the lower propagation distances observed for Pt and Pd while imperfections, roughness, and oxidation contributed to the disagreement between measured and calculated propagation distance for Ni and W.     

Enhanced adhesion of metal films on PET after UV-laser treatment

The adhesion-force of thin metal films on PET foils can be significantly improved by UV excimer-laser irradiation of the polymer surface prior to metal deposition. The laser fluences required are well below the ablation threshold.     

Electrostatically induced potential difference between conductive objects contained in a partially opened metal box

When a charged body exists near an opening of a partially opened metal box of an electronic apparatus, a potential difference is induced between conductive objects contained in the box. If the charged body moves, the potential difference changes and is capable of causing the breakdown of microelectronic devices in the box. However, one can rarely find a thorough study of this voltage. In this study, a potential difference induced between two metal foils in the partially opened metal box is measured without electrical connections. In some experiments, a piece of foil is grounded, whereas in others, both foils are ungrounded (floating). The measured result shows that the potential difference for a piece of foil grounded in the box is approximately 80% larger than that for both foils ungrounded. The potential difference decreases linearly by increasing the logarithm of the distance between the charged body and the front of the metal box. The result will provide a basis for a design to prevent the possible malfunction and breakdown of electronic apparatuses.     

Crystallisation behaviour during tensile loading of laser treated Fe–Si–B metallic glass

Effect of tensile loading on crystallisation behaviour of as-cast and laser thermal treated Fe–Si–B metallic glass foils was investigated. Tensile loading lacked any marked influence on the crystallisation behaviour of as-cast and structurally relaxed laser-treated metallic glass foils. Furthermore, the average crystallite/grain size in partially crystallised laser-treated metallic glass foil was nearly equal to the average crystallite/grain size in the region away from the fracture of the same partially crystallised laser-treated metallic glass foil after tensile loading. However, a significant crystallite/grain growth/coarsening of the order of two and half times was observed in the fractured region compared to the region around it for the laser-treated partially crystallised metallic glass foils. The simultaneous effects of stress generation and temperature rise during tensile loading were considered to play a key role in crystallite/grain growth/coarsening.     

Application of small-angle scattering for the identification of small amounts of platinum supported on porous silica

Pt-porous glass catalysts have been studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. The catalysts have been prepared by impregnating two micro- or mesoporous glasses with 0.1 wt% of Pt. Two different pore systems of the catalyst supports have been generated and investigated: on the one hand, the mesoporous structure is formed by finely dispersed colloidal silica inside a macroporous glass. On the other hand, micropores are given by the porous glass itself. The pure supports and the supported catalysts have been investigated via chord length analysis for a selected range order, based on the analysis of the scattering intensity for relatively large scattering vectors (up to the upper limit of SAS). The obtained specific structure parameters of both supported catalysts like dispersion, specific metal surface areas, basic arrangement, size distribution and volume fraction of the metal particles basically differ with both pore systems.     

Modification of polypropylene surfaces with micropits and hierarchical micropits/nanodepressions

Micropit surfaces and hierarchically structured micropit/nanodepression surfaces were fabricated in polypropylene by injection moulding. The first step in the process was the microstructuring of aluminium foils with a micro-working robot to obtain a pattern of micropits. Dimensions of the micropits could be controlled by adjusting the working parameters of the robot. The microstructured faces of some of the foils were anodized to aluminium oxide giving a surface in which both micropits and the smooth areas between were covered with nanopores. Mould inserts for the injection moulding were obtained by cold mounting of an epoxy resin mixture on the foils. After the epoxy resin had hardened, the foils were etched away. Dimensions of the micropillars and micropillars/nanobumps on the epoxy related to the dimensions of the structures on the foils. Finally, structures were replicated in polypropylene as micropits and hierarchical micropits/nanodepressions by injection moulding. The dimensions of these hollow structures corresponded well with those of the epoxy pillars and the original micropits.Static and dynamic contact angles on the micropit-structured polypropylene surfaces were elevated from the slightly hydrophobic values of smooth polypropylene. With hierarchical micropit/nanodepression structures, the contact angles approached the superhydrophobic limit of 150°. The work demonstrates an inexpensive and reproducible technique to fabricate hollow structures of various dimensions and scales on polypropylene and modify the surface properties of the polymer.     

Detection of Deposited Particles from the Backside of a Glass Plate

Microcontamination of product surfaces by deposited particles is an important problem in clean technologies. A most sensitive product to contamination by particles is a wafer during chip production. Therefore, methods for monitoring particle deposition on wafer surfaces have been developed in the last decade. A wafer with an unstructured and reflecting surface is inserted into the process equipment. After some time, depending on the process, this wafer is removed from the process equipment and is analysed with respect to the number of deposited particles using a wafer scanner. However, in situ particle detection in a process chamber is not possible with this technique. This would be possible if, instead of a monitor wafer, a transparent glass plate is mounted, e.g. in the housing of the process equipment. Then the illuminating and scattered light detection equipment can be mounted outside the process equipment. Since both the illuminating laser beam and the scattered light have to be transmitted through the glass plate, losses will occur, which will reduce the lower limit of detection with respect to particle size. In this article we estimate the detection possibilities theoretically and experimentally. A simple model based on Mie and vector scattering theory has been developed to describe the light-scattering behavior of a single spherical particle on a glass plate with random surface irregularities. The scattered light of individual particles of four particle sizes (1.03, 1.6, 2.92 and 4.23 μm) on the same glass surface and from the uncontaminated area of the glass plate was measured for unpolarized and normally incident light. The values of the scattered light from this model were compared with the experimental results. The comparison shows a reasonable agreement of the angular distribution of the scattered light. The developed model is used to predict the lower limit of detection for particles on a transparent surface. The theoretical estimations show that it should be possible to detect particles of a diameter down to 0.2 μm with the described measurement technique.