Kinetic Gaussian Model with Long-Range Interactions

In this paper dynamical critical phenomena of the Gaussian model with long-range interactions decaying as 1/r^d+δ (δ>0) on d-dimensional hypercubic lattices (d=1, 2, and 3) are studied. First, the critical points are exactly calculated, and it is found that the critical points depend on the value of δ and the range of interactions. Then the critical dynamics is considered. We calculate the time evolutions of the local magnetizations and the spin-spin correlation functions, and further the dynamic critical exponents are obtained. For one-, two- and three-dimensional lattices, it is found that the dynamic critical exponents are all z=2 if δ>2, which agrees with the result when only considering nearest neighboring interactions, and that they are all δ if 0<δ<2. It shows that the dynamic critical exponents are independent of the spatial dimensionality but depend on the value of δ.     

First-Principles Study of Electronic Properties in PbS（1^-00） with Vacancy Defect

Electronic properties of both Pb and S vacancy defects in PbS（1^-00） have been studied using the first-principles density functional theory （DFT） calculations with the plane-wave pseudopotentials. It is found that the density of states （DOS） near the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band is significantly modified by these defects. Our calculation indicates that in the case of S vacancy defects the Fermi energy shifts to the conduction band making it as an n-type PbS （donor）. However, in the case of Pb vacancy, because of the appreciable change of the DOS, the system acts as a p-type PbS （accepter）. In addition, the structural relaxation shows that the defect leads to outward relaxation of the nearest-neighbouring atoms and inward relaxation of the next-nearest neighbouring atoms.     

Properties of the ground state in a spin—2 transverse Ising model with the presence of a srystal field

The properties of the ground state in the spin-2 transverse Ising model with the presence of a crystal of a crystal field are studied by using the effective-field theory with correlations,The longitudinal and transverse magnetizations,the phase diagram and the internal energy in the ground state are given numerically for a honeycomb lattice(z=3).     

Exact Solution of the One-Dimensional N-Component Bariev Model with a Hard-Core Repulsion under Open Boundary Conditions

We analyse the integrable boundary conditions for the one-dimensional N-component generalized Bariev model with a hard-core repulsion. The Bethe ansatz equations and the energy spectrum are obtained in the framework of the nested Bethe ansatz method.     

Radiative lifetimes of Rydberg 6pnd J=2 states of Pb I by multichannel quantum defect theory

Energy levels of the odd-parity 6pnd J=2 Rydberg states of Pb I are analysed by the multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT) in the frame of a five-channel three-limit calculation model. With optimal MQDT parameters, channel admixture coefficients are obtained and used to calculate the theoretical lifetimes of the levels by comparing to the previously measured lifetimes. The predicted lifetimes for higher-lying Rydberg states are given and discussed. These predicted lifetimes are very different from those obtained by the four-channel two-limit model pl:eviously used, which means that introduction of the additional interacting channel is important for studying the 6pnd J=2 Rydberg states of Pb I.     

Analytic Solutions of Three-Level Dressed-Atom Model

On the basis of the dressed-atom model, the general analytic expressions for the eigenenergies, eigenstates and their optical potentials of the A-configuration three-level atom system are derived and analysed. From the calculation of dipole matrix element of different dressed states, we obtain the spontaneous-emission rates in the dressed-atom picture. We find that our general expressions of optical potentials for the three-level dressed atom can be reduced to the same as ones in previous references under the approximation of a small saturation parameter. We also analyse the dependences of the optical potentials of a three-level ^85Rb atom on the laser detuning and the dependences of spontaneous-emission rates on the radial position in the dark hollow beam, and discuss the probability (population) evolutions of dressed-atomic eigenstates in three levels in the hollow beam.     

Theoretical Analysis of Ionic Autoionization Spectra of Lanthanum in the Energy Region of 90650—915—00cm^—1

Eigenquantum defects μα and transformation matrix Uiα of La are calculated from the first principles byrelativistic multichannel theory, and dipole matrix elements Dα are obtained by fitting the experimental spectra.With these parameters, ionic autoionization spectra of lanthanum via an intermediatestate (Xe)5d6d^-1 P1 of La . in the energy region of 90650-91500 cm^-1 are calculated within the framework of multichannel auantum defecttheory. Our calculated spectra are in general agreement with the experimental data.     

New Spinor Field Realizations of the Non-Critical W3 String

We investigate the new spinor field realizations of the W3 algebra, making use of the fact that the W3 algebra can be linearized by the addition of a spin-1 current. We then use these new realizations to build the nilpotent Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin charges of the spinor non-critical W3 string.     

Radiative lifetimes of Rydberg states of BeⅠ and BeⅢ

By using the multichannel quantum defect theory(MQDT),we have evaluated the energy levels and lifetimes of 2sns ^3 S1,2snd ^3D(n=3-25)of BeI and 1 sns ^3s1,1snd ^3D(n=3-25)of BeⅢ,These energies and lifetimes that we have calculated not only agree with the recent measurements and theoretical calculation of Ref.4 and Ref.3, but also predict the lifetimes of 66 other highly excited states.     

Two-colour coherent control of multiphoton ionization： a comparison between long-range and short-range potential model atoms

Using the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation of a one-dimensional model atom in a two-colour laser field, we have investigated the effects of the potential models on coherent control of atomic multiphoton ionization. It is found that the photoelectron spectra are obviously different for the long-range (Coulomb-like) and short-range (with no excited bound states) potential model atoms, which are produced by two-colour coherent control of atomic multiphoton ionization in a few laser cycles. Our results indicate that two-colour coherent control of atomic multiphoton ionization can be observed in simulations, depending on the choice of the model potentials.     

Yield estimation of metallic layers in integrated circuits

In the existing models of estimating the yield and critical area, the defect outline is usually assumed to be circular, but the observed real defect outlines are irregular in shape. In this paper, estimation of the yield and critical area is made using the Monte Carlo technique and the relationship between the errors of yield estimated by circular defect and the rectangle degree of the defect is analysed. The rectangular model of a real defect is presented, and the yield model is provided correspondingly. The models take into account an outline similar to that of an original defect, the characteristics of two-dimensional distribution of defects, the feature of a layout routing, and the character of yield estimation. In order to make the models practicable, the critical area computations related to rectangular defect and regular (vertical or horizontal) routing are discussed. The critical areas associated with rectangular defect and non-regular routing are developed also, based on the mathematical morphology. The experimental results show that the new yield model may predict the yield caused by real defects more accurately than the circular model. It is significant that the yield is accurately estimated using the proposed model for IC metals.     

Open critical area model and extraction algorithm based on the net flow-axis

In the integrated circuit manufacturing process, the critical area extraction is a bottleneck to the layout optimization and the integrated circuit yield estimation. In this paper, we study the problem that the missing material defects may result in the open circuit fault. Combining the mathematical morphology theory, we present a new computation model and a novel extraction algorithm for the open critical area based on the net flow-axis. Firstly, we find the net flow-axis for different nets. Then, the net flow-edges based on the net flow-axis are obtained. Finally, we can extract the open critical area by the mathematical morphology. Compared with the existing methods, the nets need not to divide into the horizontal nets and the vertical nets, and the experimental results show that our model and algorithm can accurately extract the size of the open critical area and obtain the location information of the open circuit critical area.     

Relationship between the real contact area and contact force in pre-sliding regime

The pre-sliding regime is typically neglected in the dynamic modelling of mechanical systems. However, the change in contact state caused by static friction may decrease positional accuracy and control precision. To investigate the relationship between contact status and contact force in pre-sliding friction, an optical experimental method is presented in this paper.With this method, the real contact state at the interface of a transparent material can be observed based on the total reflection principle of light by using an image processing technique. A novel setup, which includes a pair of rectangular trapezoidal blocks, is proposed to solve the challenging issue of accurately applying different tangential and normal forces to the contact interface. The improved Otsu's method is used for measurement. Through an experimental study performed on polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA), the quantity of contact asperities is proven to be the dominant factor that affects the real contact area. The relationship between the real contact area and the contact force in the pre-sliding regime is studied, and the distribution of static friction at the contact interface is qualitatively discussed. New phenomena in which the real contact area expands along with increasing static friction are identified. The aforementioned relationship is approximately linear at the contact interface under a constant normal pressure, and the distribution of friction stress decreases from the leading edge to the trailing edge.     

Conformal invariance and surface defects in the two-dimensional Ising model. Exact results

The surface critical behavior of the two-dimensional Ising model with homogeneous perturbations in the surface interactions is studied on the one-dimensional quantum version. A transfer-matrix method leads to an eigenvalue equation for the excitation energies. The spectrum at the bulk critical point is obtained using anL ^–1 expansion, whereL is the length of the Ising chain. It exhibits the towerlike structure which is characteristic of conformal models in the case of irrelevant surface perturbations (h _s /J _s 0) as well as for the relevant perturbationh _s =0 for which the surface is ordered at the bulk critical point leading to an extraordinary surface transition. The exponents are deduced from the gap amplitudes and confirmed by exact finite-size scaling calculations. Both cases are finally related through a duality transformation.     

A measurement method for distinguishing the real contact area of rough surfaces of transparent solids using improved Otsu technique

An experimental method of measuring the real contact area of transparent blocks based on the principle of total internal reflection is presented,intending to support the investigation of friction characteristics,heat conduction,and energy dissipation at the contact interface.A laser sheet illuminates the contact interface,and the transmitted laser sheet is projected onto a screen.Then the contact information is acquired from the screen by a camera.An improved Otsu method is proposed to process the data of experimental images.It can compute the threshold of the overall image and filter out all the pixels one by one.Through analyzing the experimental results,we describe the relationship between the real contact area and the positive pressure during a continuous loading process,at different loading rates,with the polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)material.A hysteresis phenomenon in the relationship between the real contact area and the positive pressure is found and explained.     

On the Swendsen-Wang dynamics. II. Critical droplets and homogeneous nucleation at low temperature for the two-dimensional Ising model

We consider the Swendsen-Wang dynamics for the two-dimensional Ising model at low temperature in the presence of a small negative magnetic fieldh and with plus boundary conditions at the boundary of an arbitrarily large square. We analyze in detail the tunneling from the metastable phase to the stable one. In particular, we obtain an upper bound on the tunneling timet by explicitly constructing paths in the space of spin configurations that drive the system from the metastable phase to the stable one. In our analysis the transition takes place through the formation of droplets of the right phase inside the wrong one with side greater than a certain critical valuel _c . The values of the tunneling time and ofl _c coincide with those found for a single-spin-flip dynamics in finite volume by Jordao-Neves and Schonmann.