基于激光的燃烧场温度诊断方法综述

在燃烧相关的研究中，温度场、速度场、组分场、压力场的时空分布特性非常重要.为了计算热传导、热对流和热辐射或捕捉火焰区域，最直接的方法是获取燃烧场的温度.近年来，基于激光的非接触诊断技术快速发展，Rayleigh散射温度测量、激光诱导荧光、激光诱导磷光、Raman散射测温法、相干反Stokes Raman散射、简并四波混频、可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱等技术已经被成功地应用在温度诊断研究中.文章综述了上述激光测温技术的基本工作原理和应用条件，为从事相关领域工作的研究人员提供一定的参考.      

煤油燃烧场主要组分浓度测量

利用自发振动拉曼散射技术测量了煤油燃烧场主要组分的摩尔分数。基于355nm激光激发振动拉曼散射建立了自发拉曼散射实验系统,测量了空气中主要组分的摩尔分数,分析了该技术的测量精度;测量了煤油蒸气在355nm激光激励下产生的荧光光谱,分析了荧光信号对拉曼信号的干扰;对不同燃烧条件下的煤油燃烧场进行了诊断,获得了贫油条件下煤油燃烧场主要组分(N2,O2,H2O,CO2等)的拉曼光谱,计算了组分摩尔分数及其随燃烧时间的变化规律。     

利用拉曼散射测量燃烧场的组分浓度及温度

介绍了利用拉曼散射测量燃烧流场温度及组分浓度的物理方法和实验测量结果。利用可调谐KrF准分子激光激发振动拉曼散射（VRS）测量了甲烷－空气燃烧火焰内不同空间的主要组分分子（CH4、N2、O2、H2O等）浓度及温度,测量误差小于10％;另外用N2的拉曼谱拟合测量了火焰的温度,测量精度高于5％。在实验中采用了偏振技术及波长调谐提高了信噪比和测量精度。     

二维偏振光谱技术对燃烧场的诊断

利用单脉冲激光诱导偏振光谱技术测量了甲烷/空气预混火焰、酒精灯火焰和固体燃剂燃烧场中OH的二维分布。简述了激光诱导偏振光谱技术的基本原理和二维测量的实验方法;通过测量火焰中OH自由基A~2∑~+-X~2∏(0,0)跃迁带中Q1(8)吸收线的强度,获得了燃烧场中OH的二维分布。实验结果对了解火焰构造,研究燃烧机理等有一定的参考价值。     

PLIF法定量测量甲烷-空气火焰二维温度场分布

利用平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)技术，通过选择适合的OH自由基激励线，定量测量了甲烷-空气燃烧火焰的二维温度场分布。给出炉面中心上方火焰温度随离炉面高度的变化和距炉面12 mm高处沿炉面水平方向变化的实验测量结果并进行了讨论与分析。与利用相干反斯托克斯喇曼散射（CARS）技术进行测温的实验结果相比，该测量的相对不确定度优于5％。     

激光光谱技术在燃烧诊断中的应用

激光光谱燃烧诊断技术由于测量的非介入性、高分辨率和高灵敏度,成为了燃烧科学中的研究热点.文中综述了自发拉曼散射技术(VRS)、相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射技术(CARS)和平面激光诱导荧光技术(PLIF)的原理、方法、特点及其发展现状.并展望了它们在燃烧科学中的应用前景.     

混合比和燃烧组分浓度测量系统的原理和设计

研制了一套新型测量系统，系统由YGA激光器、染料激光器、晶体组、CCD摄像机、图像处理系统和附件等组成．与反斯托克斯拉曼散射、激光诱导荧光、平面激光诱导荧光和拉曼散射系统相仿，该系统具有测量燃烧组分浓度的功能．此外，它还可以测量喷嘴氧化剂和燃料的混合比分布，测量参数是给定时间内给定区域的统计值．系统已经成功用于液体火箭发动机气／气喷嘴、气／液喷嘴和液／液喷嘴喷雾场混合比分布特性研究，并已用于CO、CO2、NO、NO2、OH和H2O（g）等燃烧产物组分的浓度测量，这种新系统将成为液体火箭发动机工作过程研究的有力分析工具．     

基于激光诱导偏振光谱与激光诱导荧光技术的CH4/AIR火焰参数测量

建立了激光诱导偏振光谱（LIPS）和激光诱导荧光（LIF）联合的燃烧流场诊断系统,测量了CH4/AIR预混火焰中心不同高度处的OH荧光光谱和激光诱导偏振光谱,计算了OH的浓度及燃烧场温度分布。分析了燃烧炉表面对荧光收集效率的影响,并对两种技术的测量数据进行了分析比对,获得了火焰中心OH密度的分布规律。实验结果表明,联合LIPS和LIF两种技术测量CH4/AIR预混火焰参数是可行的,两种技术测量结果的一致性较好,OH浓度的相对偏差小于5%,温度的相对偏差小于8%。     

利用平面激光诱导荧光技术测量燃烧场内NO的浓度分布

 介绍了平面激光诱导荧光的原理及实验装置，利用可调谐OPO激光器，在甲烷 空气火焰及一些高能燃剂燃烧火焰中测得了NO分子在不同压力、不同燃烧时刻的系列荧光谱线及二维浓度分布，并给出实验结果分析。     

混合比和燃烧组分浓度测量系统的原理和设计(英文)

研制了一套新型测量系统,系统由YGA激光器、染料激光器、晶体组、CCD摄像机、图像处理系统和附件等组成.与反斯托克斯拉曼散射、激光诱导荧光、平面激光诱导荧光和拉曼散射系统相仿,该系统具有测量燃烧组分浓度的功能.此外,它还可以测量喷嘴氧化剂和燃料的混合比分布,测量参数是给定时间内给定区域的统计值.系统已经成功用于液体火箭发动机气/气喷嘴、气/液喷嘴和液/液喷嘴喷雾场混合比分布特性研究,并已用于CO、CO2、No、NO2、OH和H2O(g)等燃烧产物组分的浓度测量,这种新系统将成为液体火箭发动机工作过程研究的有力分析工具.     

激光诱导预分离荧光法窄带及宽带测温实验研究

介绍了激光诱导预分离荧光法测温的原理及实验结果。利用可调谐KrF准分子激光器 ,在常压甲烷 空气火焰内测得了OH自由基的系列荧光谱 ;并对它们的谱线结构进行了分析 ;给出了利用窄带激光和宽带激光两种不同激励条件下测量的温度值。通过选择适当的激励线及激光能量 ,减去背景噪声等途径 ,使两种方法的测量精度均高于 3 %。     

LIPF法对甲烷空气火焰温度及OH分布场的测量

 介绍了激光感生预分离荧光法(LIPF)的原理及一维与二维测量实验装置。利用可调谐KrF准分子激光器,在甲烷 空气火焰中测得了燃烧中间产物OH的系列荧光谱线及OH分子的二维荧光图象,对它的谱线结构进行了分析,并给出了燃烧火焰的一维温度值,测量的相对误差小于3%。二维荧光图象也定性表明燃烧火焰的OH分子密度分布和二维温度场等信息。     

Absolute OH concentration profiles measurements in high pressure counterflow flames by coupling LIF, PLIF, and absorption techniques

A high-pressure combustion chamber enclosing counterflow burners was set-up at ICARE-CNRS laboratory. It allows the stabilization of flat twin premixed flames at atmospheric and high pressure. In this study, lean and stoichiometric methane/air counterflow premixed flames were studied at various pressures (0.1?MPa to 0.7?MPa). Relative OH concentration profiles were measured by Laser Induced Fluorescence. Great care was attached to the determination of the fluorescence signal by taking into account the line broadening and deexcitation by quenching which both arise at high pressure. Subsequently, OH profiles were calibrated in concentration by laser absorption technique associated with planar laser induced fluorescence. Results are successfully compared with literature. The good quality of the results attests of the experimental set-up ability to allow the study of flame structure at high pressure.     

基于激光光解诱导荧光技术实现燃烧反应区及中间产物CH_3瞬态可视化

实现火焰反应区和不同中间组分的在线二维瞬态成像,在湍流燃烧的基础研究中具有十分重要的意义。用Nd∶YAG激光器的5倍频输出(212.8nm)作为光源,通过激光光解诱导荧光技术在甲烷/空气预混火焰中,成功实现了火焰反应区的瞬态成像,并首次采用该技术实现了CH_3的在线瞬态成像测量。分析了该方法同其他荧光标示物在反应区二维瞬态成像方法的优势,并研究了火焰燃烧过程中其他燃烧中间产物和不同燃空比对CH_3单脉冲成像的影响,讨论了现有条件下该技术的应用范围。根据实验结果,在燃空比Φ=1.2的条件下,在反应区我们获得了信噪比约为8的单脉冲成像,分析火焰中CH_3的单脉冲成像结果可知火焰燃空比在1.0~1.4之间时,或者火焰中CH_3的浓度大于9.3×1015 molecules·cm-3信噪比较好。该项技术在动力机械及其他研究领域的应用有十分重要的参考价值。     

Development of improved PLIF CH detection using an Alexandrite laser for single-shot investigation of turbulent and lean flames

We report on the development of planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) for CH imaging with improved detection sensitivity for single-shot investigations of turbulent, lean, premixed flames. A ring-cavity, pulsed Alexandrite laser was frequency-doubled to excite the lines in the R-branch band-head of the B-X (0,0) band and broadband fluorescence from the B-X (0,1), A-X (1,1) and (0,0) bands, overlapping in the spectral range around 431 nm, was collected. The employed Alexandrite laser, which is characterized by its long pulse duration (150 ns), gives a tunable laser beam around 775 nm with a pulse energy for the second harmonic at the CH absorption wavelength of about 70 mJ. Moreover, the laser has the possibility to be operated in narrow bandwidth (100 MHz) or broad bandwidth (8 cm⁻¹). An introductory high resolution excitation scan over the R-branch band-head was performed and, in addition, saturated excitation with the broadband option of the laser was investigated. By simultaneous excitation of several rotational transitions and to bring these transitions close to saturation, high signal-to-noise ratios were reached over a wide range of equivalence ratios. A sharp and thin CH layer was observed in single-shot PLIF images from laminar premixed methane/air flames from Φ = 0.6 to Φ = 1.5. Finally, the impact of the developed CH PLIF technique is demonstrated in a highly turbulent, lean, partially premixed methane/air flame established on a co-axial jet flame burner.     

基于调谐二极管激光吸收光谱的燃气管道泄漏探测研究

根据可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱及谐波探测的原理,建立以分布反馈式半导体激光器为可调谐光源,利用多次反射池进行点式采样的实验装置.基于甲烷分子1653.7nm附近的吸收线,实验研究二次谐波信号对甲烷浓度的响应线性,并实现空气中甲烷本底含量的测量.研究结果表明可调谐二极管激光气体检测技术可为城市燃气管道泄漏探测提供了一种灵敏度高、抗干扰能力强的有效手段.     

Detection of methane in air using diode-laser pumped difference-frequency generation near 3.2 μm

Spectroscopic detection of the methane in natural air using an 800 nm diode laser and a diode-pumped 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser to produce tunable light near 3.2 µm is reported. The lasers were pump sources for ring-cavity-enhanced tunable difference-frequency mixing in AgGaS₂. IR frequency tuning between 3076 and 3183 cm^–1 was performed by crystal rotation and tuning of the extended-cavity diode laser. Feedback stabilization of the IR power reduced intensity noise below the detector noise level. Direct absorption and wavelength-modulation (2f) spectroscopy of the methane in natural air at 10.7 kPa (80 torr) were performed in a 1 m single-pass cell with 1 µW probe power. Methane has also been detected using a 3.2 µm confocal build-up cavity in conjunction with an intracavity absorption cell. The best methane detection limit observed was 12 ppb m (Hz.)^–1/2.     

Single laser detection of CO and OH via laser-induced fluorescence

Two-photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of carbon monoxide with excitation in the Fourth Positive System near 280 nm is demonstrated in carbon monoxide/nitrogen mixtures at ambient conditions and in a methane/air Bunsen flame. Fully resolved rotational spectra are presented for the A–X (5,0) and (4,0) bands near 279 and 284 nm, respectively. Energy transfer from excited molecular nitrogen to carbon monoxide with subsequent fluorescence from carbon monoxide that was reported for low pressure conditions in the literature has also been observed at atmospheric conditions. It was further demonstrated that overlaps of some CO A–X (4,0) rotational lines with OH A–X (1,0) rotational lines allow simultaneous excitation of both species with a single laser. The fluorescence bands are completely separated, enabling detection without crosstalk. Detection limits are adequate to detect CO in nascent state in a flame and it is expected that for application in high-pressure, low-temperature combustion environments, where high quantities of CO are present, this approach can provide advantages compared to the excitation of CO at shorter wavelengths due to decreased laser beam attenuation.     

A study of the spatial and temporal evolution of auto-ignition kernels using time-resolved tomographic OH-LIF

In this paper, the spatial and temporal evolution of auto-ignition kernels from methane jets propagating into a NO_x-vitiated, high-turbulence, hot air co-flow was studied by means of time-resolved tomographic laser-induced fluorescence of OH (Tomo OH-LIF). Measurements were performed using a burst dye laser system at 10 kHz for volumetric laser illumination and a multi-camera arrangement (8-views) for detection of the fluorescence signal. Auto-ignition kernels were detected three-dimensionally and tracked using a robust algorithm based on the intensity gradient of the volumetrically reconstructed signals. The size and location of the detected kernels were evaluated for operating conditions with different Reynolds numbers of the fuel jet. Results showed that auto-ignition randomly occurred with high probability in a well defined fairly axisymmetric radial region with strong fluctuations in the main direction of the flow. The increase of the Reynolds number of the fuel jet resulted in a radial spread of the location of auto-ignition events. The statistical evaluation of the orientation and growth of auto-ignition kernels with respect to the mean flow field showed that the kernels were oriented tangentially to the flow and temporally evolve towards this preferential direction as the ignition events progressed.