等离子体隐身技术及其应用

隐身技术是提高作战系统生存、突防，尤其是纵深打击能力的有效手段，已经成为集陆、海、空、天、电、磁等多维一体的立体化现代战争中最重要最有效的突防战术技术手段．等离子体隐身技术是一种新概念、新原理的隐身技术，是一种反雷达探测的新技术，其核心是电磁波与等离子体的相互作用．近几年来等离子体隐身技术以其独有的优势而倍受世界各国青睐，成为隐身领域的研究热点，并在航空航天方面取得重大突破．据称，采用等离子体隐身技术后目标被雷达发现的概率可减小99％以上，即可实现“全隐身”．     

发展中的军用等离子体技术

本文通过对等离子体隐身技术、等离子体拦截技术、等离子体电热发射技术、等离子体航天推进技术、等离子体通信和探测技术等军事应用的综述，阐明物理与工程相辅相成、相互促进的关系。     

等离子体折射和吸收隐形的控制

介绍了等离子体折射和吸收隐身的机理,讨论了等离子体隐身实现的技术可行性,分析影响等离子体吸收隐身技术效果的几个因素,提出通过调节达到较好隐身效果的方案。     

低气压闭式等离子体放电实验及光谱诊断

闭式等离子体可以克服等离子体隐身技术在开放环境中等离子体难以维持及能耗过大的问题。针对等离子体隐身应用,设计了一种封闭式的等离子体发生装置,选用微秒脉冲电源,以氩气为工质气体,在低气压环境下进行了放电实验。采用发射光谱法,测量了密闭腔体内部厚度方向上的Ar谱线强度,并将碰撞-辐射模型用于分析等离子体参数的分布规律。当放电参数确定时,给定电子温度和电子密度,可通过碰撞-辐射模型计算得到2p能级上的布居分布比值,将其与从光谱数据中得到的布居分布比值进行比较,当差异值最小时,即可确定相应的等离子体参数。通过对电子温度在1～5 eV范围内的2p9和2p1能级布居分布比值进行计算,分析了碰撞-辐射模型计算可能存在的误差。实验结果表明,在厚度方向上,封闭式腔体中的等离子体电子密度达到1011 cm-3量级且呈一定的梯度分布,但变化幅度不大,其分布情况有利于等离子体隐身技术的应用。     

基于FDTD方法的THz电磁波反等离子体隐身特性分析

本文首先建立了非磁化等离子体覆盖金属目标的一维模型,然后结合该模型采用辅助差分方程时域有限差分(ADE-FDTD)方法对太赫兹(THz)电磁波在等离子体覆盖层中传播时的衰减系数进行了计算,并根据计算结果分析了等离子体碰撞频率、电子密度以及密度分布对不同频段THz电磁波吸收效果的影响.分析结果表明,等离子体覆盖层对处于太赫兹频段范围内的入射电磁波衰减很小,THz探测技术可以作为对抗等离子体隐身技术的一种有效手段.     

电磁波在非磁化等离子体中衰减效应的实验研究

针对等离子体隐身技术在航空航天领域的良好应用前景, 开展垂直入射到具有金属衬底的非磁化等离子体中电磁波衰减特性的理论与实验研究. 利用WKB方法对电磁波衰减随等离子体参数的变化规律进行了理论分析. 利用射频电感耦合放电方式产生稳定的大面积等离子体层, 搭建了等离子体反射率弓形测试系统, 进行了电磁波在非磁化等离子体中衰减效应的实验研究. 利用微波相位法和光谱诊断法, 得到不同放电功率下的等离子体电子密度, 其范围为8.17×10⁹–7.61× 10¹⁰ cm^-3. 本实验获得的等离子体可以使2.7 GHz 和10.1 GHz电磁波分别得到一定的衰减, 且电磁波衰减的理论与实验结果符合较好. 结果表明, 提高等离子体电子密度和覆盖均匀性有利于增强等离子体对电磁波的衰减效果.     

隐身技术在飞机上的应用

根据隐身技术的工作波段，把飞机隐身技术为雷达波隐身，红外隐身，激光隐身等文章结合国内外隐身飞机的应用，对这三种技术进行了讨论，对其中应用最早和最广和雷达波隐身技术作了较为详细的讨论，最后阐述了隐身技术的发展方向。     

大气压放电等离子体柱的光谱研究

大气压放电等离子体柱在飞行器隐身技术方面具有非常重要的应用。利用同轴介质阻挡放电水电极装置,大气压下在氩气中放电产生了长达65 cm的均匀等离子体柱。利用光学方法研究了等离子体柱的放电机理为发光子弹传播。通过测量发现该子弹的传播速度约为0.6×105 m·s-1。采用发射光谱法测量了等离子体柱的发射光谱中谱线强度比随外加电压和驱动频率的变化关系,其相对强度之比表征了电子平均能量。结果表明电子平均能量随外加电压和驱动频率的增加而增加。本工作对大气压下气体放电的工业应用具有一定的意义,在军事飞行器隐身方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

隐身技术和物理

随着目标探测技术的不断提高，隐身技术已成为现代战争中提高武器装备生存力和战斗力的关键技术，介绍了隐身的概念，重点讨论了雷达隐身和红外隐身领域的一些常用技术，研究了不同电磁小段隐身手段的相互制约以及兼容的可能性，虽然隐身技术起源于战争，但无庸置疑，隐身技术和物理学的紧密联系，以及它在国民经济非军事领域中的多方面应用必将会引起物理学家，工业企业界人士的密切关注。     

红外隐身技术述评

本文讨论飞机、舰船及地面目标的红外隐身技术．目前飞机、舰船及地面目标采取的红外隐身措施，主要是综合使用冷却、屏蔽、遮挡和红外隐身涂料等手段，达到消除或模糊目标与背景间的温差。降低目标红外辐射的强度和亮度．限制目标红外辐射方向等目的。文中还评述了目标的红外隐身技术今后发展趋势。     

Experimental study on SC RF cavities by using China large grain niobium for ILC

Large grain niobium has the potential of simplifying the production sequence and consequently reducing the cost of the superconducting RF cavities for ILC.To investigate the feasibility of fabrication and the possibility to achieve high gradient by large grain cavities,two 1.3 GHz cavities were made of China large grain niobium and a series of vertical tests were carried out following several different surfaces treatment procedures.Two cavities have both reached the high gradient of more than 43 MV/m repeatedly and the maximum accelerating field of 47.9 MV/m has been achieved by China large grain niobium.This paper introduces the features of the fabrication and surface treatments on the large grain cavities and presents the preliminary results of the research.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

A subspace fitting algorithm of acoustic vector sensor array and corresponding matrix pre-filter design

In order to ease the pass-band response distortion of the matrix pre-filter,a simple approach for designing matrix spatial filter is proposed,which minimizes the sum of the k maximal distortion norm（k is the number of the constraint points）within the pass-band,while constraining the filter response within the stop-band.Considering the costly amount of calculation of the high-resolution methods,an algorithm with small amount of calculation based on matrix pre-filtering and subspace fitting using acoustic vector array（MF-VSSF）is proposed.Through joint processing of signal subspace of both pressure and particle velocity,the pre-filtering matrix and the signal subspace is decreased to M-dimensional（M is the number of array-element）,hence reduces the time-consumption of the matrix pre-filter design and DOA searching.Simulation results show that,the method offers the same performance as MUSIC with pre-filtering,but has much lesser amount of calculation.Moreover,the designed prefilter can efficiently suppress the interference in the stop-band and improve the estimation and resolution performance of successive DOA estimators.     

A modified voice conversion algorithm using compressed sensing

A voice conversion algorithm,which makes use of the information between continuous frames of speech by compressed sensing,is proposed in this paper.According to the sparsity property of the concatenated vector of several continuous Linear Spectrum Pairs（LSP）in the discrete cosine transformation domain,this paper utilizes compressed sensing to extract the compressed vector from the concatenated LSPs and uses it as the feature vector to train the conversion function.The results of evaluations demonstrate that the performance of this approach can averagely improve 3.21%with the conventional algorithm based on weighted frequency warping when choosing the appropriate numbers of speech frame.The experimental results also illustrate that the performance of voice conversion system can be improved by taking full advantage of the inter-frame information,because those information can make the converted speech remain the more stable acoustic properties which is inherent in inter-frames.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Influence of dielectric microcavity on the spontaneous emission rate of atom: a perspective on the closed-orbit theory of photons

The formulas of the quantum electrodynamics have been applied to calculate the spontaneous emission rate of excited atom in dielectric microcavity.The results exhibit damping oscillating Patterns which depend sensitively on the scaling parameter and geometrical structure.Compared with the case that the emitting atom is immersed in dielectric,the spontaneous emission rate is depressed obviously and the center or the mean value of the oscillations is intimately related to the real refractive index of the local position where the atom is.In order to explain this phenomenon,we utilize the closed-orbit theory to deal with the classical trajectories of the emitted photon.and extract the corresponding frequencies of the oscillations by Fourier transform.It is found that the oscillations can be represented in terms of the closed-orbits of the photon motion constrained in dielectric microcavity,thus providing another perspective on the spontaneous emission of atom sandwiched by dielectric slabs.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

A methodology to achieve the basis function for the expansion of sound speed profile

In order to evaluate the reliability and applicability of the Empirical Orthogonal Functions（EOFs）in the acoustic inversion of sound speed profile（SSP）and reduce EOF＇s dependence on the sample data,a methodology is proposed for the achievement of the basis functions for SSP＇s expansion.By analyzing the oceanographic dynamics which is the main cause of the SSP＇s variation,the basis functions are obtained naming the Hydrodynamic Normal Modes（HNMs）.The HNM basis functions are almost the same as those derived from the EOF method,while HNMs has less dependence on the amount of the sample data.HNMs method has a physically meaningful interpretation,and it could give out the physical parameters which determine the basis functions for the expansion of SSP,and this makes it possible to analyze and evaluate the trustiness and applicability of EOFs.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.