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在文献[1]中,通过分析实验上观察到的测地声模的小密度-电位比与测地声模谐波定级的自洽性,论证了测地声模是在转向点附近一种“蝌蚪状”的定域结构,但没有给出导致这种结构的物理机制.从随机媒质对波传播产生定域化的角度进行了探讨,采用测地声模由漂移波湍流参量激发的产生模型,计算了随机定域化导致的也是文献[1]所关注的相干长度.讨论了与实验观测比较的有关问题.     

轴对称环状静电模的漂移波湍流参量激发理论研究

本文所论述的轴对称环状静电模是指环形磁约束等离子体(如托卡马克)中环向模数为零的近理想静电流体模,它包含有测地声模和基频率与之较低的声模;也含有所谓的‘近零频带状流’.本文根据冷离子流体模型在圆形磁面构成的准环坐标系中的表示,对涉及以上三种模式的漂移波湍流参量激发理论,在一级环形效应近似下,进行了系统讨论,并证明了带状流的四个新命题.利用对漂移波能谱的参数化描写,注意到由漂移波能谱径向有限宽度所引发的特性,如波能传播量的双Landau奇点,揭示了有限宽度对径向δ谱所得结果的重要修正:如,对近零频带状流和测地声模的参量激发条件带来的严格限制.此外,还讨论了密度带状流在高q条件下被激发的可能性.本文选用合理的物理参数.采用图示方法详细地讨论了有关的数值结果.分析表明,测地声模和近零频带状流的参量激发不可能发生在同一小半径处;如果测地声模被参量激发,也应能观察到密度带状流.     

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采用流体模型理论推导了等熵平衡条件下环向转动托卡马克等离子体中带状流的色散关系。从理论上分析了环向转动对测地声模、低频带状流和声波的频率、压力和密度扰动量的影响。结果表明,环向转动对低频带状流的频率没有影响,但会使测地声模的频率逐渐增大。此外,存在环向转动时,低频带状流会具有驻波形式的压力和密度扰动量,且测地声模和声波可以沿着极向传播。而且还发现,等熵平衡可以看成是等温平衡的一种特殊情况。     

托卡马克等熵平衡条件下等离子体环向转动对带状流的影响

采用流体模型理论推导了等熵平衡条件下环向转动托卡马克等离子体中带状流的色散关系。从理论上分析了环向转动对测地声模、低频带状流和声波的频率、压力和密度扰动量的影响。结果表明,环向转动对低频带状流的频率没有影响,但会使测地声模的频率逐渐增大。此外,存在环向转动时,低频带状流会具有驻波形式的压力和密度扰动量,且测地声模和声波可以沿着极向传播。而且还发现,等熵平衡可以看成是等温平衡的一种特殊情况。     

托卡马克等离子体环向转动对测地声模的影响

采用回旋动理学方程推导得到了环向转动托卡马克等离子体中测地声模的色散关系,分析了环向转动对测地声模、低频模和声波分支的频率以及无碰撞阻尼率的影响。结果表明,测地声模的频率会随着环向转动马赫数而逐渐增大,而其无碰撞阻尼率则会随着环向转动马赫数而迅速减小。此外,低频模和声波分支的频率以及无碰撞阻尼率都会随着环向转动马赫数而逐渐减小,其中环向转动对声波分支的频率以及无碰撞阻尼率的影响非常小,基本上可以忽略。     

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采用回旋动理学方程推导得到了环向转动托卡马克等离子体中测地声模的色散关系,分析了环向转动对测地声模、低频模和声波分支的频率以及无碰撞阻尼率的影响.结果表明,测地声模的频率会随着环向转动马赫数而逐渐增大,而其无碰撞阻尼率则会随着环向转动马赫数而迅速减小.此外,低频模和声波分支的频率以及无碰撞阻尼率都会随着环向转动马赫数而逐渐减小,其中环向转动对声波分支的频率以及无碰撞阻尼率的影响非常小,基本上可以忽略.     

物理学所蕴涵的人文基因

 科学“求真”,人文“求善”,两者交融则“生绿”,即“求美”。现代高等教育应是科学教育与人文教育融为一炉的“绿色教育”。因为只有这种真、善、美有机统一的教育理念与模式,才是今天素质教育对人的培养所追求的最高目标。一则它可以使受教育者自觉地陶冶与纯洁思想感情、升华精神境界、树立对国家、对民族的高度责任感和使命感,即培养学生“钟情于爱国”的大德;二则它能活跃与完善青年人的思维能力、优化思维过程、开启作为万物之灵的人的固有灵性、发挥人类进化500万年来所形成的巨大潜能,极有利于学生“不断创新”。     

磁极倒转——地球演化史上最激动人心的一幕

 地球磁极变化的最激动人心一幕是“磁极倒转”事件。在地球演化史中,“磁极倒转”事件经常发生。如今,“磁极倒转”再次被媒体所关注。这,是灾难逼近,还是“杞人忧地”?地球曾经多次发生过磁极倒转事件!人们都知道,地球是个大磁场。然而,地球的磁场并非亘古不变,它的南北磁极曾经对换过位置,这就是所谓的“磁极倒转”。     

莫比乌斯与反演问题

 去年,英国“自然”杂志“新闻与评介”专栏登载约翰·麦道克司(John Maddox)文章,对我国学者陈难先教授应用数论中莫比乌斯定理证明物理上的反演问题,作了高度评价.现请中科院化冶所赫彤同志译述如下,以飨读者.     

谈谈熵的概念

 一、“熵”字的来源 二、“熵”概念的来源 三、“熵”所遵循的规律 四、“熵”与热力学第二定律的关系 五、“熵”与微观状态数的关系 六、熵的应用     

IMPROVED GENERALIZED ADMITTANCE MATRIX TECHNIQUE AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO RIGOROUS ANALYSIS OF MILLIMETER-WAVE DEVICES IN RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE

An improved generalized admittance (GAM) matrix technique is presented in this paper. Matrix transformation eliminates the singularity factor of GAM, denominator (1+Γ), because of new presentations of GAM. The relationship equations between II-port current and I-port incidence wave is computed by mode matching method. The generalized scattering matrix (GSM) of waveguide structure and its discontinuity problems is obtained with relationship equations and reflection coefficients. The GSM’s of millimeter-wave multistepped bend and T-junction in rectangular waveguide are computed by the improved GAM technique. The results comparisons between the proposed method and commercial software HFSS10.0 show the validity of the proposed method, which improves the validity of the GAM technique and reduces mathematical efforts. It is general, very efficient and can be used to solve other complicated and multiport network problems.     

Energetic-particle-induced geodesic acoustic mode

A new energetic particle-induced geodesic acoustic mode (EGAM) is shown to exist. The mode frequency and mode structure are determined nonperturbatively by energetic particle kinetic effects. In particular the EGAM frequency is found to be substantially lower than the standard GAM frequency. The radial mode width is determined by the energetic particle drift orbit width and can be fairly large for high energetic particle pressure and large safety factor. These results are consistent with the recent experimental observation of the beam-driven n=0 mode in DIII-D.     

Propagating characters of Gaussian laser beam in plasmas with non-homogeneous radial temperature distribution

We investigate the propagation regimes of laser beam in plasmas with radial distribution of electron temperature, characterized by ratio parameter of radial Gaussian distribution. By following the WKB method and paraxial approximation, the propagation equations of laser beam are derived and discussed for two nonlinearity mechanisms respectively. Both the critical curves for different ratio parameters are plotted, and it is proved that the self-focusing or self-trapping mode could be realized only when the ratio parameter excesses 1. The variations of laser beam-width are calculated, which indicates the feasibly effective modification of propagation characters by radial distribution of electron temperature.     

Collisionless Damping of Geodesic Acoustic Mode in a Multi‐Ion Plasma with Superthermal Ions

The dispersion relation of geodesic acoustic mode is investigated in a multi‐ion toroidal plasma on the basis of linear gyrokinetic equations where ions are assumed to take a nonextensive distribution. It is found that the frequency of GAM becomes larger with the decrease of q. Consequently, GAM will damp more rapidly. The effective charge corresponding to the maximum damping rate is found to move towards unity as q decreases. As indicates that in a plasma with superthermal bulk ions, the influence of the impurity ion on the damping rate is weakened. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Cooling and transport of energetic ions due to the global geodesic acoustic mode

It is shown that (i) the destabilization of global Geodesic Acoustic modes (GAM or E-GAM) by passing energetic ions in tokamaks can be accompanied with a considerable energy transfer from these ions to the mode; (ii) the mode-induced slowing down of the energetic ions leads to a radial shift outwards/inwards of the ions moving in the direction counter to/of the plasma current, in spite of the fact that the canonical angular momentum of the particles is conserved during GAMs. Some practical consequences of these phenomena are discussed.     

靶丸内混合气体的质谱法测量技术

 叙述了四极质谱(QMS)的结构和气体分析质谱(GAM)的定量分析工作原理。四极质谱具有快速扫描响应，较高的响应灵敏度的特点，在经过标准气体校准后，加上独特的气体进样系统，可用于惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶丸内混合气体组分含量及总量的定量分析。同时，在经过坐标尺度放大等手段，可以对混合气体中质量数极为接近的氘(4.028 2)和氦(4.002 6)在高分辨模式下进行基线分离。用四极质谱对各种靶丸结构、不同混合气体种类的气体进行了定量组分分析，为ICF实验用靶提供了同批次实验数据。     

Toroidal symmetry of the geodesic acoustic mode zonal flow in a tokamak plasma

The toroidal symmetry of the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) zonal flows is identified with toroidally distributed three step Langmuir probes at the edge of the HuanLiuqi-2A (commonly referred to as HL-2A) tokamak plasmas for the first time. High coherence of both the GAM and the ambient turbulence for the toroidally displaced measurements along a magnetic field line is observed, in contrast with the high coherence of the GAM but low coherence of the ambient turbulence when the toroidally displaced measurements are not along the same field line. The radial and poloidal features of the flows are also simultaneously determined. The nonlinear three wave coupling between the high frequency turbulent fluctuations and the flows is demonstrated to be a plausible formation mechanism of the flows.     

Multidimensional WKB Approximation for Tunneling Along Curved Escape Paths

Asymptotics of the perturbation series for the ground state energy of the coupled anharmonic oscillators for the positive coupling constant is related to the lifetime of the quasistationary states for the negative coupling constant. The latter is determined by means of the multidimensional WKB approximation for tunneling along curved escape paths. General method for obtaining such approximation is described. The cartesian coordinates (x,y) are choosen in such a way that the x-axis has the direction of the probability flux at large distances from the well. The WKB wave function is then obtained by the simultaneous expansion of the wave function in the coordinate y and the parameter γ determining the curvature of the escape path. It is argued, both physically and mathematically, that these two expansions are mutually consistent. Several simplifications in the integrations of equations are pointed out. It is shown that to calculate outgoing probability flux it is not necessary to deal with inadequacy of the WKB approximation at the classical turning point. The WKB formulas for the large-order behavior of the perturbation series are compared with numerical results and an excellent agreement between the two is found.     

Geodesic acoustic mode induced by toroidal rotation in tokamaks

The effect of toroidal rotation on the geodesic acoustic mode (GAM) in a tokamak is studied. It is shown that, in addition to a small frequency upshift of the ordinary GAM, another GAM, with much lower frequency, is induced by the rotation. The new GAM appears as a consequence of the nonuniform plasma density and pressure created by the centrifugal force on the magnetic surfaces. Both GAMs in a rotating plasma are shown to exist both as continuum modes with finite mode numbers m and n at the rational surfaces q=m/n as well as in the form of axisymmetric modes with m=n=0.