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1.
 复杂性科学在最近二三十年取得了突破性进展, 目前从这个学科中发展起来的许多范式和方法都已经渗透到多门传统学科并与其不断融合促成了各种门类的交叉学科和方向。其中自组织临界性就是复杂性科学领域发展出来的一种独特方法, 也是理论物理学家对理解复杂系统的一般规律的一个最重要的贡献。在理解和解释由大量个体通过相互作用所导致的复杂系统时空长程相关特性问题上, 自组织临界性理论提供了一种非常新颖和通用的机制方法, 其应用领域涵盖了物理学、地学、生物学、经济学等多门学科以及它们的交叉方向。本文重点介绍自组织临界模型在经济金融系统中的可能应用及其发展前景。  相似文献   

2.
物理学与地球科学有着直接的亲缘关系,地球既是地球科学家研究的对象,也为物理学家所关心.地球为物理学提供了广阔的研究天地,物理学为地球科学提供了理论基础和实验手段.两个学科互相依存,互相融合,共同发展.  相似文献   

3.
<正>肇始于美国次贷危机的金融危机如海啸般席卷全球,被认为是1929年美国股灾后近百年来最严重的金融危机,并由此引发全球金融危机、经济危机和欧债危机,至今余波未尽。2008年至2010年间,众多经济物理学家和经济学家在Nature和Science等顶级期刊上深刻反思传统经济学之弊端,呼吁对经济学理论进行根本性的科学革命,指出了经济(金融)物理学的革命性理论意义和实践价值。正如本书副标题所暗示的,经济物理学是一门从物理学的视角审视经济  相似文献   

4.
漫谈经济物理学   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
 “经济物理学”的英文单词是econophysics, 这个词是美国科学院院士斯坦利(H.E.Stanley)教授在20 世纪90 年代中期提出的。大体说来, 经济物理学就是运用物理学中发展的方法、模型、思想去讨论、分析、理解经济或金融问题。经济物理学自诞生之日起, 就受到了人们的极大期待, --这里的“人们”也包括传统的经济学家(或金融学家), 国际上两家著名的综合性学术期刊《自然》(Nature)和《美国国家科学院院刊》(PNAS)已经刊发过不少经济物理学方面的研究论文。可是经过十几年的发展, 经济物理学在经济学家的眼中又是什么模样的呢?大体说来, 经济学家认为:经济物理学正在对计量金融的一些应用领域产生一些影响;经济物理学家已经成功发展了一些模型用于解释金融市场中的价格波动;经济物理学的研究成果多半发表在物理或统计力学方面的期刊, 而非发表在主流经济学期刊, 主流经济学家对经济物理学并无显著印象。此外, 就这个问题, 我自己也与几位经济学家交流过, 获悉他们还有一些更具体的负面印象, 他们认为经济物理学家常常不用经济学家熟悉的语言和方法来描述和处理经济问题, 还有, 他们觉得, 在可预见的将来, 经济物理学家对经济学的研究无法建立类似于牛顿力学那样完整的理论体系。  相似文献   

5.
一、引言 物理学的概念,如同一切科学概念那样,总是随着人们对自然现象认识的深入而逐步发展的.历史上常常出现这样的情况:一种新的理论一开始是建立在经不起推敲的常识和直觉的基础之上,甚至是建立在虚假或错误的概念之上的.人们运用这一理论,仅仅是由于它的结果正确.过了许多年,才有人系统而认真地探讨它的概念基础,从而推进了有关学科的发展甚至变革.例如,尽管从牛顿同时奠定了经典力学和微积分这两门学科的基石以来,已经过去了将近三百年,可是关于它们的概念基础的争论,却一直未曾止息过. 力学的概念基础,可以说是力学里最不清楚的问题…  相似文献   

6.
19世纪末 ,物理学处于一种什么状态呢 ?当时的物理学主要有三方面内容 :经典力学 ,电动力学 ,热力学和统计力学 .这些都是关于宏观现象的物理学 .对于微观现象 ,虽然化学家知道原子、分子的概念至少已有一个世纪 ,物理学家在气体动理论中也已很好地运用原子概念 ,但是对原子的组成和结构则还一无所知 .不过 ,就人们熟悉的日常宏观现象而言 ,物理学已是一门很成熟的学科 .这三门分支都建立了严密的数学形式体系 ,而海王星的发现、麦克斯韦预言的电磁波的证实 ,则表明了物理学的预言力量 .当时许多人都认为 ,物理学已经很完善了 .1 876年 ,当 …  相似文献   

7.
在科学史学科创建和发展初期,一批由物理学家转向的科学史家作出了巨大贡献.上世纪中叶,青年物理学家普赖斯将学术兴趣转向科学史,但物理学的经历和思想并未远离他的学术研究,反而助推他形成了科学史定量研究、大科学观念和"互育"思想等重要理论.这段历史既反映了科学史家普赖斯的物理情结,也展示了学科交融的另一种实现方式.  相似文献   

8.
在物理教学中我常想:怎样看待物理学,是物理教学过程中的一个重要问题.物理学家杨振宁先生认为要让学生知道:“物理学是一个多方面的学科,是一个活的科学,不是一个死的科学,是一个新的学科,是一个跟实验非常接近的学科,而不是整天在公式内打滚的学科.我所以这样说,是因为中国  相似文献   

9.
2015年10月6日,诺贝尔物理学奖授予日本物理学家鶨田隆章和加拿大物理学家阿瑟·麦克唐纳,以表彰他们发现中微子振荡并证实中微子有质量.同年11月8日,包括鶨田隆章和麦克唐纳在内的7名在中微子振荡研究中做出关键贡献的科学家获得2016年度基础物理学突破奖.中微子振荡成为基础物理学研究的焦点.本文从量子力学理论出发,对中微子振荡及CP破坏理论作简要的描述,并介绍未来中微子研究中的若干重大科学问题.  相似文献   

10.
物理学是一门实验科学,物理学的发展史以无可争辩的事实证明了实验是物理学赖以产生和发展的重要手段。历史上不少物理学家的研究工作,都是在观察现象的基础上,经过大量实验总结出规律,然后上升到理论,再回到实践中接受检验,如此反复,使物理学的理论不断发展。著名物理学家普朗克曾经说过:“物理规律的性质和内容都不可能单纯依靠思维的方法来解决,唯一可能的途径就是致力于对自然的观察,尽可能收集到最大  相似文献   

11.
Christophe Schinckus 《Physica A》2010,389(18):3814-3443
Econophysics is a new approach which applies various models and concepts associated with statistical physics to economic (and financial) phenomena. This field of research is a new step in the history and the evolution of Physics Sciences and the question about the disciplinary characteristics of this field must be asked. At first glance, it might appear that economics and econophysics share the same subject of research (that of analysis of economic reality). In this paper I will use neopositivism to show that econophysics is methodologically very different from economics and that it can be considered as a separate discipline. The neopositivist framework provides econophysics with some arguments for rejecting mainstream economics.  相似文献   

12.
The aim of this paper on the experimental research on gravitational waves is to stimulate the interest of the scientific community on this subject. In the following we try to stress the impact of this subject on fundamental physics, and the interdisciplinary aspects involved in the present experimental efforts. Details of current experiments will not be given. In sections 1- 8, we summarize the main features of gravitational waves and some of the principal astrophysical processes involving emission of gravitational radiation. In sections 9- 18, we review the detection principles, the intrinsic limits of the detectors and the peculiarities of the gravitational-wave data analysis.  相似文献   

13.
What is econophysics and its relationship with economics? What is the state of economics after the global economic crisis, and is there a future for the paradigm of market equilibrium, with imaginary perfect competition and rational agents? Can the next paradigm of economics adopt important assumptions derived from econophysics models: that markets are chaotic systems, striving to extremes as bubbles and crashes show, with psychologically motivated, statistically predictable individual behaviors? Is the future of econophysics, as predicted here, to disappear and become a part of economics? A good test of the current state of econophysics and its methods is the valuation of Facebook immediately after the initial public offering — this forecast indicates that Facebook is highly overvalued, and its IPO valuation of 104 billion dollars is mostly the new financial bubble based on the expectations of unlimited growth, although it’s easy to prove that Facebook is close to the upper limit of its users.  相似文献   

14.
A quantum coherent capacitor subject to large amplitude pulse cycles can be made to emit or reabsorb an electron in each half cycle. Quantized currents with pulse cycles in the GHz range have been demonstrated experimentally. We develop a nonlinear dynamical scattering theory for arbitrary pulses to describe the properties of this very fast single electron source. Using our theory we analyze the accuracy of the current quantization and investigate the noise of such a source. Our results are important for future scientific and possible metrological applications of this source.  相似文献   

15.
This paper describes the instrumentation developed by Pierre and Jacques Curie in the 1880s to perform very precise charge and low current measurements. Using this set-up, which is nearly as precise as most present digital electronic charge measurement apparatuses, Jacques Curie established the absorption current law for insulating materials. A detailed analysis is made of the experimental path followed by Marie Curie from the choice of her research subject to her first discoveries, using the same Curie quartz–electrometer set-up. From the Curie “discovery notebooks” and a modern reconstitution of this experiment, it is possible to reconstruct what were her main experimental difficulties concerning the measurements of the picoampere leakage currents produced by the radioactive rays. We will underline that the availability for Marie Curie of a precise ready-to-use electrostatic measurement technique played an important, if not decisive, part in her career and her research. A more general issue addressed here is that laboratory techniques are not only a prerequisite of modern scientific work, but in a great part influence knowledge production.  相似文献   

16.
2020年高考物理试题依托高考评价体系,结合物理学科特点,考试内容以学科素养考查为导向,即以物理观念、科学思维、科学探究、科学态度与责任的物理学科素养为导向,注重对核心物理概念和规律的考查,引导学生夯实学习发展的基础,促进中学重视培养学生的基础知识、基本技能以及提升学生的基本素养.基于物理学科素养,论证分析2020年高考全国理综卷Ⅰ物理压轴计算题,助力培养学生科学思维.  相似文献   

17.
The understanding of the nature of oxidation behaviour has increased markedly in recent years, owing to the contributions of a large number of investigators who have provided a large body of factual information in all facets of this complex subject. It is the object of this report to review the scientific background of metal oxidation in a very brief manner, and to review some of the more significant recent contributions leading toward an understanding of the mechanisms of oxidation. Finally, some suggestions are made relating to needed research in this field.

It seems an appropriate time for a review of this kind, because interest in this subject has been growing rather rapidly, judging from the number of publications of scientific investigations in metal oxidation published during the past few years.

This is another report in the series being prepared by members of the Metallurgy and Ceramics Research Department that will review the ‘state of the art’ in different technical fields.  相似文献   

18.
Charge injection from metal electrodes to organics is a subject of intense scientific investigation for organic electronics. Ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM) enables spectroscopy and imaging of buried interfaces with nanometer resolution. Spatial non-uniformity of carrier injection is observed for both Ag-PPP (poly-paraphenylene) and Ag-MEHPPV (poly-2-methoxy-5-2-ethyl-hexyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) interfaces. BEEM current images are found to correlate only marginally with the surface topography of the Ag film.  相似文献   

19.
In this article I have tried to give an account of x-ray crystallography as a new subject which is still rapidly expanding. Without any doubt it is an important subject because it is the main method for examining the solid state on an atomic scale. It is an absorbing subject because the fundamental problem of interpreting the experimental evidence still exists and therefore intellectual effort must be put into understanding the scientific principles as well as in deriving results. This effort is at present mainly mathematical, and many people believe that it is probable that the ultimate solution must come through mathematics. But in this article I have endeavoured to show that the subject is essentially a physical one, and have described the physical procedures that I hope will reach the winning post first!

This interesting race, and the collaboration of so many other branches of science, make x-ray crystallography a most lively subject to work in.  相似文献   

20.
设计合理而独特的、与科技发展相适应的物理实验体系,是目前物理实验教学研究的重点和难点。本设想通过综合分析各院校的物理实验体系,结合各专业课的特点,向现代就业趋势靠拢,设计多方位的物理实验体系。由于教学时数的限制,将实验体系分为:必修型、综合选修型、科研毕业设计型三大系列。  相似文献   

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