EMD算法在动态光谱无创测量血红蛋白浓度中的应用

将经验模态分解(EMD)算法结合动态光谱理论中的频域提取算法用于血红蛋白浓度的无创测量。在体采集57例光电容积脉搏波,选取636.98～1 086.86 nm范围内的光谱数据进行分析。首先通过EMD方法分别对各个样本每个波长的光电容积脉搏波进行去噪预处理,再利用离散傅里叶变换提取脉搏波的峰峰值构成动态光谱,最后运用偏最小二乘方法对各样本的动态光谱和血红蛋白浓度建立模型。与未经EMD处理的数据建模结果相比,EMD处理后,血红蛋白浓度预测集的相关系数从0.879 8提高到0.917 6,预测集均方根误差从6.675 9 g·L-1减小到5.300 1 g·L-1,相对误差从8.45%减小到6.71%,建模精度有了较大的提高。结果表明,采取经验模态分解的算法进行光电采集数据的去噪预处理可以提高光谱数据的信噪比,进而可以提高血液成分无创测量的准确性。     

梨可溶性固形物含量的在线近红外光谱检测

应用近红外透射检测技术在线检测梨的可溶性固形物(SSC)。在实验台上以0.5 m·s-1的速度,300 W的光照强度,采用半透射方式检测梨的光谱。实验采用的梨样品为187个,其中147个样品为校正集,40个样品为预测集,应用偏最小二乘回归(PLS)和主成分回归(PCR)建立梨可溶性固形物的在线预测模型。选取550～700 nm, 700～850 nm, 550～850 nm为建模波段范围,发现无论对于PLS还是PCR,都是550～850 nm波段的建模结果好。本实验还研究对比不同的光谱预处理方法(光谱平滑,一阶微分,二阶微分等)对预测模型性能的影响,其中5点S-G(Savitzky-Golay)光谱平滑能有效地提高光谱的信噪比,改善模型预测精度,而一阶微分、二阶微分对模型性能改善基本上没有影响;最好的预测模型相关系数r=0.948 8, 校正标准差RMSEC=0.236,预测标准差RMSEP=0.548。结果表明：PLS模型预测性能较好,梨可溶性固形物的在线检测具有可行性。     

基于近红外光谱的SG-MSC-MC-UVE-PLS算法在全血血红蛋白浓度检测中的应用

为提高全血血红蛋白浓度预测模型的预测精度,基于近红外光谱分析,首先对原始全血透射光谱数据分别进行均值中心化、标准化、标准正态变量变换(SNV)、多元散射校正(MSC)以及Savitzky-Golay（SG）卷积平滑结合MSC的预处理操作,最终选择预处理效果最好的SG-MSC方法作为数据预处理方法,其最大相关系数达到0.944 1。对SG平滑的平滑窗口宽度进行讨论,找出平滑效果最好的窗口宽度为27。数据预处理消除了全血吸收光谱的基线失真,提高了全血吸收光谱数据的信噪比。将190个样本（190个血红蛋白浓度对应的透射光谱数据）分为具有相近血红蛋白浓度分布的校正集和测试集,其中校正集为143个样本（对应血红蛋白浓度分布为10.6～17.3 g·dL-1）,测试集为47个样本（对应血红蛋白浓度分布为10.3～17.3 g·dL-1）,确保建立模型的适用性。对校正集数据预处理后利用蒙特卡洛无信息变量消除（MC-UVE）方法对其进行波长变量选择,剔除含信息量少的波长点,提高含信息量多的波长占比。设置蒙特卡洛迭代次数为1 000,最终从全血吸收光谱的700个波长变量中筛选出191个波长变量用于建立全血血红蛋白浓度偏最小二乘（PLS）回归模型。对比分析原始全血透射光谱全谱PLS模型、原始全血吸收光谱全谱PLS模型、预处理全血吸收光谱全谱PLS模型、SG-MSC-MC-UVE-PLS模型以及已有二阶导数PLS模型的模型效果,表明基于SG-MSC-MC-UVE-PLS算法的全血血红蛋白浓度预测模型效果较其他模型效果更优,预测相关系数由0.676 3提高到0.979 1,预测集均方根误差由0.898 1减小到0.220 3,最大绝对误差由2.426 1减小到0.411 2。同时,利用MC-UVE方法进行波长变量选择,在保证预测精度的前提下,筛选出建模的波长个数更少,有利于提高模型计算效率。研究结果表明,SG-MSC-MC-UVE-PLS方法能够提高全血吸收光谱信号的信噪比,简化模型结构,提高模型的预测精度和计算效率,对推动血红蛋白浓度检测技术的发展具有进步意义。     

谐波分量提高动态光谱法无创血液成分检测精度

为增加动态光谱数据的信噪比,提高预测模型稳定性和预测精度,提出将多次谐波分量计入动态光谱数据频域数据处理的改进方法。对110名志愿者进行临床采集,依据其脉搏波信号质量和谐波分布状况,确定其中60例样本为研究对象。在提取样本动态光谱时,以是否加入谐波分量为标准分成实验组和对照组。分别建立两组动态光谱和人体血红蛋白含量的BP神经网络模型,结果显示实验组预测集相关系数为0.91,远大于对照组预测集相关系数0.80,其余各项指标均有明显改善。实验证明利用谐波分量可提高动态光谱数据信噪比,有利于推动基于动态光谱的无创血液成分检测技术的进一步发展。     

近红外光谱定量分析土壤全氮含量预处理方法探讨

提高土壤全氮含量检测的精确性对于精准农业具有非常重要的意义。本文基于近红外光谱技术,对光谱数据预处理方法进行研究。以土壤全氮含量为检测对象,采用平滑+一阶导数、基线校正+归一化、一阶导数+归一化等方法对采集样品的光谱数据进行预处理方法干预,并运用PLS算法分别建立土壤全氮含量的预测模型,分析不同种预处理方法对于近红外光谱建模精度的影响。实验结果表明应用基线校正+归一化处理后建模得到的预测均方根误差RMSEP为0.025,决定系数R~2为0.98,预测精度最佳。     

基于近红外光谱技术的土壤参数BP神经网络预测

利用BP神经网络预测方法,建立了基于近红外光谱技术的土壤有机质含量和土壤全氮含量的分析模型。试验共测量了150个田间土壤样本的近红外光谱,首先采用局部加权散点图平滑滤波法对光谱曲线进行了平滑处理,然后根据对目标参数进行的聚类分析结果进一步平均了输入光谱,最后将反射光谱数据进行对数转换后与目标数据一起进行了归一化处理。对预处理后的光谱数据首先进行主成分分析,然后提取贡献率超过99.98%的主成分建立BP神经网络模型。对土壤有机质含量的分析结果：模型拟合精度为0.999,预测精度达到0.854。对于土壤全氮含量的分析结果：模型的拟合精度近似为1,预测精度达到了0.808。研究表明,基于近红外光谱技术的土壤参数BP神经网络预测模型具有较高的鲁棒性和较强的容错能力。     

近红外光谱无创生化检测中不定光程对模型精度的影响研究

利用近红外血流容积光谱相减方法无创伤定量分析人体血液生化成分时,获得的在体血液光谱对应的样品光程是不确定的。为研究样品间的光程差异对定标模型预测精度的影响,配制了30份模拟血清样品,利用可变光程样品池,采用傅里叶光谱仪分别测量了相同光程和不定光程两组样品的近红外光谱。以分析血清白蛋白成分为例,对两组样品的定标模型精度进行比较,结果显示不定光程组的模型精度与相同光程组的模型精度相比明显下降,交叉检验标准差(RMSECV)由110.0mg/dL增大至156.0mg/dL。采用多元散射校正算法对上述光谱数据校正后,RMSECV降低至98.1mg/dL。对比分析处理前后两组模型的精度,证实了采用适当的预处理方法能够有效校正不定光程引起的光谱误差,提高模型预测精度。     

表面粗糙度对近红外光谱分析木材密度的影响

近红外(NIR)光谱技术是一种基于多元统计分析建立预测模型的定量分析技术,应用十分广泛,然而,近红外光谱分析结果的准确性会受到多种因素的影响。文章分析了木材表面粗糙度对近红外光谱预测木材密度的影响。结果表明,当待预测样品的粗糙度和建模样品的粗糙度一致时,分析结果较好;二者不一致时,分析误差较大。采用不同粗糙度样品建立混合预测模型,可以显著提高模型对粗糙度的适应性和稳健性。     

基于舌诊NIR反射光谱血清总蛋白含量的无创测量

采用舌诊近红外反射光谱对人体血清总蛋白(TP)含量进行无创检测。采集58例舌尖反射光谱进行反射率归一化并记录相对应的血清总蛋白生化分析值,将样本分为训练集和预测集,运用主成分分析结合BP神经网络法和偏最小二乘算法分别建立预测模型。主成分分析结合BP神经网络模型对预测集进行预测,平均相对误差为7.35%,均方根误差为3.069 1 g·L-1,相关系数为0.902 1。偏最小二乘模型对预测集进行预测,平均相对误差为4.77%,均方根误差为0.130 1 g·L-1,相关系数为0.971 8。实验结果证实了舌诊近红外反射光谱可以较为准确地用于总蛋白含量的无创检测。     

杉木综纤维素和木质素的近红外光谱法测定

用近红外光谱法对杉木中综纤维素和木质素含量进行了快速测定。用常规湿化学方法测定了48个杉木木材样品的综纤维素和木质素,用近红外光谱仪采集相应的光谱,进行二阶微分处理和平滑预处理后,用偏最小二乘法和完全交互验证方式建立相应预测模型。综纤维素校正模型和预测模型的相关系数分别为0.96和0.93;预测标准误差分别为0.39和0.50;木质素校正模型和预测模型的相关系数分别为0.99和0.90;预测标准误差分别为0.10和0.28。结果表明,近红外光谱法可以快速分析木材中综纤维素和木质素含量。     

Noninvasive hemoglobin measurement based on optimizing Dynamic Spectrum method

An optimizing Dynamic Spectrum method based on short-time Fourier transform for noninvasive hemoglobin measurement was proposed. A total of 187 volunteers’ spectral data and blood samples were prepared for the calibration (167 samples) and prediction (20 samples) sets. Data processing with optimizing dynamic spectrum method was set as experimental group, while control group was with classical method based on fast Fourier transform. The model for hemoglobin prediction was established with partial least square regression. In the experimental group, the average prediction correlation coefficient was 0.8399, while that of the control group was 0.6686. The results demonstrate that the optimizing method has a good accuracy improvement for noninvasive hemoglobin measurement. The optimizing dynamic spectrum method combining statistical characteristics analysis as a modified analytical method has a promising application prospect of application in noninvasive blood component measurement field.     

EMD和SPA算法在光谱法检测面粉过氧化苯甲酰添加量中的应用

将经验模态分解(EMD)和连续投影算法(SPA)结合用于面粉过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)添加量的近红外光谱检测分析中。在波长898～1 725 nm范围内采集添加了BPO的面粉样本光谱,先通过EMD分解法对其进行噪声预处理,然后利用SPA算法提取光谱特征波长。EMD处理后的光谱建模精度比原始光谱建模精度大大提高,通过SPA算法从512个波长中提取了7个特征波长,基于特征波长建立的模型,与EMD处理后全波长建模结果相比,建模波长个数大幅缩减,但是模型精度与全谱建模相当,结果表明：EMD和SPA结合可有效用于面粉BPO检测的光谱去噪和特征波长提取,该结果为开发便携式面粉BPO检测仪提供了参考和依据。     

基于LCEEMD的低信噪比拉曼光谱自适应去噪方法研究

在生物体拉曼光谱快速采集或低功率采集过程中,往往会获得低信噪比拉曼光谱。针对低信噪比光谱数据,提出应用补充总体经验模态方法(CEEMD)分解拉曼光谱,并且依据特征模态分量的归一化排列熵值(NPE)按比例扣除噪声成分的方法,称为局部补充总体均值经验模分解方法(LCEEMD)。LCEEMD方法不仅解决了经验模态(EMD)分解中高频信号与噪声的模态混叠问题,还有效降低了总体经验模态分解法(EEMD)中的残留噪声。仿真数据实验显示,LCEEMD方法在处理10db信噪比模拟光谱时获得了39.615 0 db信噪比,0.001 17标准差和0.999 9相关系数。在人体皮肤拉曼光谱试验中,LCEEMD方法滤波后数据准确呈现出角质层脂质酰胺I带激发拉曼强谱峰以及甘油三酸酯中(CO)酯微弱谱峰。在水稻叶片可溶性糖定量预测模型中,LCEEMD方法取得了0.871 7预测相关系数和0.912 0预测标准误差,优于EMD和EEMD软阈值去噪(0.511 4,1.647 8和0.638 2,1.508 8)。LCEEMD方法实施过程中,根据去噪性能指标反馈调整归一化排列熵阈值,直至获得最佳去噪效果,滤波过程无需参数设置,可以自适应实现。     

Comparison of simultaneous signals obtained from a dual-field-of-view lidar and its application to noise reduction based on empirical mode decomposition

Although the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is an effective tool for noise reduction in lidar signals, evaluating the effectiveness of the denoising method is difficult. A dual-field-of-view lidar for observing atmospheric aerosols is described. The backscattering signals obtained from two channels have different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The performance of noise reduction can be investigated by comparing the high SNR signal and the denoised low SNR signal without a simulation experiment. With this approach, the signal and noise are extracted to one intrinsic mode function (IMF) by the EMD- based denoising; thus, the threshold method is applied to the IMFs. Experimental results show that the improved threshold method can effectively perform noise reduction while preserving useful sudden-change information.     

A nonlinear model for calibration of blood glucose noninvasive measurement using near infrared spectroscopy

In order to improve prediction accuracy of calibration in human blood glucose noninvasive measurement using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, a modified uninformative variable elimination (mUVE) method combined with kernel partial least squares (KPLS), named as mUVE–KPLS, is proposed as an alternative nonlinear modeling strategy. Under the mUVE method, high-frequency noise and matrix background can be eliminated simultaneously, which provide a optimized data for calibration in sequence; under the kernel trick, a nonlinear relationship of response variable and predictor variables is constructed, which is different with PLS that is a complex model and inappropriate to describe the underlying data structure with significant nonlinear characteristics. Two NIR spectra data of basic research experiments (simulated physiological solution samples experiment in vitro and human noninvasive measurement experiment in vivo) are introduced to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The results indicate that, after elimination high-frequency noise and matrix background from optical absorption of water in NIR region, a high-quality spectra data is employed in calibration; and under the selection of kernel function and kernel parameter, the best prediction accuracy can be got by KPLS with Gaussian kernel compared with Spline-PLS and PLS. It is encouraging that mUVE–KPLS is a promising nonlinear calibration strategy with higher prediction accuracy for blood glucose noninvasive measurement using NIR spectroscopy.     

提高DS法无创血液成分检测信噪比的方法与分析

为了提高血液成分无创检测精度,增加预测模型稳定性,对基于动态光谱(dynamic spectrum,DS)的血液成分无创检测仪器和预处理方法进行了定量信噪比分析与实验验证。在DS数据提取时加入boxcar积分器、降低波长分辨率、均衡DS信噪比和剔除粗大误差等预处理方法,使得各个波段上的DS数据信噪比得以均衡,提高了DS的总体信噪比。利用DS数据采集平台对两名志愿者连续多次测试,同一个体的DS数据相关度分别从0.934和0.953分布提高到了0.991和0.987,而不同个体间DS数据相关度与同一个体DS数据相关度差距也显著增加, 结果表明这些方法可以提高DS数据信噪比。无创血液成分检测信噪比定量分析可有效指导预处理方法的选择,为无创血液成分检测的临床应用创造了条件。     

噪声模态单元预判的经验模态分解脉冲星信号消噪

为了改善脉冲星辐射脉冲信号的消噪效果, 提出了一种基于噪声模态单元预判的经验模态分解(EMD) 消噪声方法. 该方法首先利用EMD将含噪辐射脉冲信号分解为一组内蕴模态函数(IMF), 根据IMF系数的统计特性采用局部均方误差准则进行噪声模态单元预判, 并将噪声模态单元置零; 然后对噪声模态单元预判处理后的IMF以模态单元为基本单位进行最优比例萎缩消噪, 从而达到抑制噪声、保留信号的目的. 实验结果表明: 与Sure Shrink小波阈值法、Bayes Shrink小波阈值法和EMD模态单元比例萎缩法相比, 基于噪声模态单元预判的EMD消噪方法可以更有效地去除脉冲辐射信号中的噪声, 同时更好地保留信号突变处的细节信息特征, 在信噪比、 均方误差、峰值相对误差、峰位误差和相位误差等方面都有一定程度的改善. 关键词： 脉冲星信号消噪 经验模态分解 噪声模态单元预判 局部均方误差     

A novel spatial–temporal detection method of dim infrared moving small target

Moving small target detection under complex background in infrared image sequence is one of the major challenges of modern military in Early Warning Systems (EWS) and the use of Long-Range Strike (LRS). However, because of the low SNR and undulating background, the infrared moving small target detection is a difficult problem in a long time. To solve this problem, a novel spatial–temporal detection method based on bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and time-domain difference is proposed in this paper. This method is downright self-data decomposition and do not rely on any transition kernel function, so it has a strong adaptive capacity. Firstly, we generalized the 1D EMD algorithm to the 2D case. In this process, the project has solved serial issues in 2D EMD, such as large amount of data operations, define and identify extrema in 2D case, and two-dimensional signal boundary corrosion. The EMD algorithm studied in this project can be well adapted to the automatic detection of small targets under low SNR and complex background. Secondly, considering the characteristics of moving target, we proposed an improved filtering method based on three-frame difference on basis of the original difference filtering in time-domain, which greatly improves the ability of anti-jamming algorithm. Finally, we proposed a new time–space fusion method based on a combined processing of 2D EMD and improved time-domain differential filtering. And, experimental results show that this method works well in infrared small moving target detection under low SNR and complex background.