Wide viewing angle skewed effect of the point spread function in a wavefront coding system

The point spread function (PSF) of a wavefront coding (WFC) system with a cubic phase mask is analyzed with a wide viewing angle based on physical optics for what is believed to be the first time. Two coordinate transformations are made to generate a pupil function, from which we obtain the encoded PSF of the WFC system with defocus parameters W(020) and object angles alpha and beta. The encoded PSFs are further side extended as the object angles get wider. When alphabeta<0, the included angle ? of encoded PSF will skew to an obtuse angle. When alphabeta=0, ? remains orthogonal; when alphabeta>0, ? will skew to an acute angle. Furthermore, the effect of skew and side extension is even symmetric about W(020). As a result, the wide viewing angle has a bad effect on the imaging quality of the WFC system.     

利用二维杨-顾算法设计非对称结构衍射光学元件

杨 顾算法是一种设计衍射光学元件的相位恢复方法。在大多数文献中,主要用它来设计一维衍射光学元件和具有旋转对称结构的二维衍射光学元件,故在此称之为一维杨 顾算法。二维杨 顾算法可用来设计任意结构的二维衍射光学元件。在基于非幺正变换光学系统中,用振幅 相位恢复理论建立了二维杨 顾算法的数学模型,给出了迭代算法。利用自编的仿真程序包设计了一个具有非对称结构的衍射相位元件。     

红外目标湍流退化图像的优化复原算法

提出了基于最速下降法的湍流退化图像盲目复原算法。将图像转换到频域中，建立一个基于目标图像和点扩展函数频谱的目标函数，通过迭代方式采用最速下降优化方法来极小化该目标函数，并利用傅里叶变换和反变换将目标图像和点扩展函数在频域和空域之间进行变换，在每次迭代中交替加入约束条件进行反复修正，以便取得预期的图像恢复效果，增强算法的稳定性和抗噪能力。针对红外目标湍流退化图像，在微机上对算法进行了一系列复原验证实验。实验结果表明：该文算法复原效果稳定，抗噪能力强，具有实用价值。     

单幅模糊图像点扩散函数估计的梯度倒谱分析方法研究

针对单幅图像复原算法引入先验信息导致复杂度高、运算效率低的问题, 提出了单幅模糊图像点扩散函数估计的梯度倒谱分析方法. 首先给出了单幅模糊图像梯度倒谱估计其点扩散函数的基本原理, 利用相位恢复策略复原了二维点扩散函数相位信息, 实现了点扩散函数的快速估计; 其次, 为鉴别点扩散函数估计精度, 建立了图像梯度保真约束的全变分正则化图像复原模型, 并采用快速稳定收敛的交替方向策略优化能量函数; 通过对仿真和实拍单幅模糊图像进行的测试实验结果表明, 该方法快速准确地估计出点扩散函数, 克服了传统复原算法收敛速度慢的缺点, 有效抑制了振铃效应、保护了边缘信息, 为大尺寸单幅图像复原的工程化实现提供了理论和技术基础. 关键词： 图像复原 点扩散函数 梯度倒谱分析 全变分     

Demonstration of the Golay3 multiple-mirror telescope with a spherical primary mirror

The sparse aperture system is a novel solution to design larger telescope of high angular resolution by utilizing several small sub-apertures to displace the full aperture. The system is of light weight and low cost. Multiple-mirror telescope (MMT) is one type of sparse aperture systems. We have analyzed the Golay3 MMT with a spherical primary mirror to obtain the relationships between the sub-mirrors on the primary mirror and the shapes of sub-apertures on the entrance pupil with different relative aperture by investigating the entrance pupil characteristics. The maximum fill factor and the maximal overlay factor were derived, and the tangency condition when sub-mirrors of the Golay3 MMT are tangency was also given out. The expressions of the point spread function (PSF) and the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the Golay3 MMT were deduced. The characteristics of both the PSF and the MTF were obtained based on the deduced formulas and Matlab simulating patterns. Two Cassegrain telescopes of a spherical primary mirror with the Golay3 configuration and with an aspherical secondary mirror were designed. Based on the relationships between the fill factor and the overlay factor, the optimal parameters of sub-mirrors on the primary mirror were selected. The PSFs and MTFs of Cassegrain telescopes with the Golay3 MMT were designed by Zemax simulation. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical results.     

Application of multi-frame approach in single-frame blind deconvolution

A new single-frame blind deconvolution algorithm for the linear shift-invariant imaging system is presented. The algorithm processes the partial images segmented from one single degraded image by multi-frame approach to recover the point spread function (PSF). Then a deconvolution method is employed to restore the whole image with the recovered PSF. In addition, in order to improve the fidelity and resolution of the recovered PSF, the coprimeness of the partial images is utilized. Results of simulated and real atmospheric turbulence degraded images using the algorithm are reported.     

Characteristic investigation of Golay9 multiple mirror telescope with a spherical primary mirror

The sparse aperture provides a novel solution to the manufacturing difficulties of modern super large telescopes. Golay configurations are optimal in the sparse aperture family. Characteristics of the Golay9 multiple mirror telescope having a spherical primary mirror are investigated. The arrangement of the nine sub-mirrors is discussed after the planar Golay9 configuration is analyzed. The characteristics of the entrance pupil are derived by analyzing the sub-aperture shapes with different relative apertures and sub-mirror sizes. Formulas about the fill factor and the overlay factor are deduced. Their maximal values are presented based on the derived tangency condition. Formulas for the point spread function (PSF) and the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the Golay9 MMT are also deduced. Two Golay9 MMT have been developed by Zemax simulation. Their PSF, MTF, fill factors, and overlay factors prove that our theoretical results are consistent with the practical simulation ones.     

Golay6结构复杂光瞳成像研究

Golay6为非冗余的复杂光瞳结构,导出Golay6结构复杂光瞳的光瞳函数解析式和点扩散函数的解析式,在此基上用Matlab软件模拟了调制传递函数图像,并对目标图像进行模拟成像。针对所成像对比度下降问题,在不含噪声和含噪声情况下分别进行了讨论,利用分数阶微分算子对模拟所得图像进行图像增强,结果表明经分数阶微分算子空域增...     

可调谐相位板空域频域联合分析

波前编码系统采用在传统光学系统中加入相位板来扩大光学系统的景深而避免传统景深延拓技术的不利影响. 由于相位板的参数不可调, 整个系统的景深延拓扩展率也不能动态可调. 采用两相位板组合的方法可以有效克服这一点. 本文首先从光线差的角度提出了两三次相位板组合下的光线像差分布以及点扩散函数尺寸的具体关系表达式, 直观体现了系统的光线结构, 指出了光线结构和点扩散函数尺寸受两三次相位板的面型和相对位移量的影响. 其次采用稳相法从空间域给出了系统点扩散函数表达式, 依据点扩散函数的振荡性质给出了有效带宽表达式, 提出了点扩散函数在像面的位置会随两相位板面型参数以及相对于光瞳中心的位移量而发生平移. 最后利用菲涅耳积分给出两三次相位板任意面型参数和相对位移组合下的准确光学传递函数. 在得到的调制传递函数中直观体现出了面型参数和相对位移量对调制传递函数和相位传递函数以及有效带宽的影响, 并说明了此系统相位传递函数的非线性性质. 通过空间域与频率域相结合的方法分析验证了传统的两三次相位板组合具有景深可调和带宽可调的性质, 为设计可调谐波前编码系统提供了理论依据.     

Generalized phase diversity for wave-front sensing

Phase diversity is a phase-retrieval algorithm that uses a pair of intensity images taken symmetrically about the wave front to be determined. If these images are taken about the system input pupil this is equivalent to a curvature-sensing algorithm. Traditionally a defocus aberration kernel is used to produce the phase-diverse data. We present a generalization of this method to allow the use of other functions as the diversity kernel. We discuss the necessary and sufficient conditions that such a function must satisfy for use in a null wave-front sensor. Computer simulations were used to validate these results.     

High resolution optical image restoration for ground-based large telescope using phase diversity speckle

Phase diversity speckle (PDS) is an image restoration technique which is based on the idea of phase diversity (PD). It uses multi-frame short-exposure image sequence to calculate their corresponding wave-front information. Each image pair consists of two images collected by two cameras at the same time with one in focus and the other with known defocus value. Multi-frame processing can significantly improve the target signal to noise ratio, and decrease noise influence. In this paper, based on the principle of pupil Fourier imaging, by adjusting the pupil size, we get different scales of the optical point spread function (PSF). Also, we analysis different camera noise distribution channels, location differences and other factors to optimize the objective evaluation function, and this can reduce the computational complexity and improve the processing speed of image restoration. In the indoor environment, we build optical platform, and use multi-frame phase diversity speckle to make experiment under different turbulence conditions. The experimental results show that the image restoration effect of the proposed method is close to the diffraction limit.     

空间变化PSF非盲去卷积图像复原法综述

传统的图像复原一般认为点扩散函数(PSF)是空间不变的,实际光学系统由于受到像差等因素的影响,并非严格的线性空间不变系统,基于空间变化PSF的非盲去卷积图像复原法逐渐体现其优越性。空间变化PSF的非盲去卷积图像复原法先准确估计图像空间变化的PSF,再利用非盲去卷积算法对图像进行复原,有利于恢复出高质量图像。本文从算法的角度综述了近几年提出的基于空间变化PSF的非盲去卷积图像复原方法,并对比了基于强边缘预测估计PSF的非盲去卷积法、基于模糊噪声图像对PSF估计非盲去卷积法等算法的优缺点,各算法分别在PSF估计精确度、振铃效应抑制效果、适用范围等方面体现出各自的优劣。空间变化PSF的非盲去卷积图像复原法的研究,有利于推进图像复原技术向更高水平发展,使光学系统往轻小型化方向发展,从而在多个科学领域发挥其重要作用。     

Phase-Space Analysis of Wavefront Coding Imaging Systems

We explore the use of the Radon-Wigner transform, which is associated with the fractional Fourier transform of the pupil function, for determining the point spread function （PSF） of an incoherent defocused optical system. Then we introduce these phase-space tools to analyse the wavefront coding imaging system. It is shown that the shape of the PSF for such a system is highly invariant to the defocus-related aberrations except for a lateral shift. The optical transfer function of this system is also investigated briefly from a new understanding of ambiguity function.     

基于随机点扩散函数的多帧湍流退化图像自适应复原方法

针对湍流退化图像随机性的问题,提出了一种基于随机点扩散函数的多帧湍流退化图像自适应复原方法。首先介绍了随机点扩散函数的图像退化模型,并分析了点扩散函数随机性对图像复原造成的影响,建立了基于随机点扩散函数的多帧图像退化模型。在此基础上,建立了基于多帧退化图像的全变分复原模型,利用前向后向算子分裂法对模型进行求解,提高了算法的运算效率。然后,提出了一种新的自适应正则化参数选取方法,该方法利用全变分复原模型的目标函数计算正则化参数,当正则化参数收敛时,复原图像的峰值信噪比达到最大值,因此利用目标函数的相对差值作为自适应算法迭代终止的条件,可以获得最佳复原效果。最后通过实验分析,算法中退化图像的帧数应不大于10帧。实验结果表明:当取10帧退化图像时,AFBS算法运算时间与单帧的FBS算法相当,信噪比增益为1.4 dB。本文算法对图像噪声有明显的抑制作用,对湍流退化图像可以获得较好的复原效果。     

Laser confocal microscope with wavelet-profiled point spread function

We report a laser-scanning confocal reflectance microscope with a wavelet-profiled point spread function (PSF) for rapid multi-resolution extraction and analysis of microscopic object features. The PSF is generated via holography by encoding a π-phase shifting disk unto a collimated laser beam via a phase-only spatial light modulator (SLM) that is positioned at the pupil plane of the focusing objective lens. Scaling of the transverse PSF distribution is achieved by selecting a suitable ratio of the π-phase shifting disk radius and the pupil aperture radius. With one and the same objective lens and one SLM to control the phase profile of the pupil function, we produce amplitude PSF distributions that are accurate scaled representations of the circularly-symmetric Mexican hat mother wavelet.     

Algorithm for solving the inverse problem of ballistics in the case of an asymmetric object

An algorithm to identify the aerodynamic characteristics of an asymmetric object from its trajectory data obtained in a ballistic experiment is developed based on the technique for estimating the nonlinear system’s parameters. Using the method of successive approximations, the coefficients of the aerodynamic function polynomial representation are found that best describe measuring data. The essence of the algorithm is the solution of the direct problem of the symmetric object’s dynamics using the complete set of Euler dynamic equations. The variation of the desired parameters is statistically estimated during calculations. The algorithm allows for jointly processing data of a series of experiments with similar models. Thereby, the volume of processed data is augmented and the final result becomes more accurate.     

倾斜入射的波前编码系统的点扩散函数扩大效应分析

通过对坐标系统进行旋转,计算得到了三次型波前编码系统的倾斜入射的光瞳函数,并给出了近似表达式. 分析表明倾斜入射会产生三次相位扩大效应和离焦扩大效应,它们和入射角的正负无关,且随着入射角绝对值的增大而增大. 这表现在点扩散函数(point spread function, PSF)上会扩展PSF包络的两条直角边,表现在调制传递函数(modulation transfer function, MTF)上会降低MTF值. 子午面倾斜入射时,子午方向的三次相位扩大效应和离焦放大效应大于弧矢方向,从而导致子午方向 关键词： 倾斜入射 波前编码 三次相位扩大效应 离焦扩大效应     

倾斜入射的波前编码系统的点扩散函数扩大效应分析

通过对坐标系统进行旋转，计算得到了三次型波前编码系统的倾斜入射的光瞳函数，并给出了近似表达式. 分析表明倾斜入射会产生三次相位扩大效应和离焦扩大效应，它们和入射角的正负无关，且随着入射角绝对值的增大而增大. 这表现在点扩散函数(point spread function, PSF)上会扩展PSF包络的两条直角边，表现在调制传递函数(modulation transfer function, MTF)上会降低MTF值. 子午面倾斜入射时，子午方向的三次相位扩大效应和离焦放大效应大于弧矢方向，从而导致子午方向     

X光能点、放大倍率及针孔尺寸对空间分辨的影响

X光针孔成像是惯性约束聚变(ICF)研究中重要的诊断方法,对其点扩散函数的计算可用于图像重建和系统空间分辨的判断。对菲涅耳衍射公式进行了化简,分析了X光能点、针孔尺寸及放大倍率对针孔点扩散函数的影响。实验在保证成像能获得足够高信噪比的条件下,通过模拟获得在最佳空间分辨时所要的针孔大小、放大倍率和X光能点等参数。在流体力学不稳定性的静态样品定标实验中,通过模拟获得了针孔的调制传递函数(MTF),结合实验测量的结果反推获得分幅相机本身的MTF值。同时采用测刀边函数的方法获得了分幅相机本身的刀边函数,进而得到相机在各空间频率下的MTF值。两种方法得到的分幅相机MTF值一致,验证了通过菲涅耳衍射模拟X光针孔成像的可行性。     

波达方向初始化空间混合概率模型的语音增强

提出了波达方向初始化空间混合概率模型的语音增强算法.通过声源定位估计出声源波达方向,再根据此计算相对传递函数,进而构造空间协方差矩阵来初始化空间混合概率模型.论证了相对传递函数在作为模型参数中语音协方差矩阵的主特征向量时,空间混合概率模型对应的概率分布可达到最大值,进而使期望最大化算法在迭代时更易收敛,以得到期望的掩蔽...