Analysis of the Interaction between Low-Frequency Waves and Ions in the High-Altitude Cusp Region Observed by Satellite Cluster

The energy transfer between ions （protons） and low frequency waves （LFWs） in the frequency range f1 from 0.3 to 10 Hz is observed by Cluster crossing the high-altitude polar cusp. The energy transfer between low frequency waves and ions has two means. One is that the energy is transferred from low frequency waves to ions and ions energy increases, The other is that the energy is transferred from ions to low frequency waves and the ion energy decreases. lon gyratory motion plays an important role in the energy transfer processes. The electromagnetic field of f1 LFWs can accelerate or decelerate protons along the direction of ambient magnetic field and warm or refrigerate protons in the parallel and perpendicular directions of ambient magnetic field, The peak values of proton number densities have the corresponding peak values of electromagnetic energy of low-frequency waves. This implies that the kinetic Alfven waves and solitary kinetic Alfven waves possibly exist in the high-altitude cusp region.     

Biphasic behavior of energy in a stepped chain

The impact energy decay in a step-up chain containing two sections is numerically studied.There is a marked biphasic behavior of energy decay in the first section.Two sections close to the interface are in compression state.The degree of compression of the first section first decreases and becomes weakest at "crossing" time of biphasic behavior of energy,then increases.The further calculations provide the dependence of the character time on mass ratio(m1/m2),where m1 and m2are the particle mass in the first and second section respectively.The bigger the α(α = [(? m_1-m_2)/(? m_1+ m_2)]~2 with? = 1.345),the bigger the energy ratio is.The multipulse structure restricts the transport of energy.     

Frequency in Middle of Magnon Band Gap in a Layered Ferromagnetic Superlattice

The frequency in middle of magnon energy band in a five-layer ferromagnetic superlattice is studied by using the linear spin-wave approach and Green＇s function technique. It is found that four energy gaps and corresponding four frequencie in middle of energy gaps exist in the magnon band along Kx direction perpendicular to the superlattice plane. The spin quantum numbers and the interlayer exchange couplings all affect the four frequencies in middle of the energy gaps. When all interlayer exchange couplings are same, the effect of spin quantum numbers on the frequency wg1 in middle of the energy gap Δw12 is complicated, and the frequency wg1 depends on the match of spin quantum numbers in each layer. Meanwhile, the frequencies wg2, wg3, and wg4 in middle of other energy gaps increase monotonously with increasing spin quantum numbers. When the spin quantum numbers in each layer are same, the frequencies wg1, wg2, wg3, and wg4 all increase monotonously with increasing interlayer exchange couplings.     

Bound polaron in quantum dot quantum well structures

The problem of bound polarons in quantum dot quantum well (QDQW) structures is studied theoretically. The eigenfrequencies of bulk longitudinal optical (LO) and surface optical (SO) modes are derived in the framework of the dielectric continuum approximation. The electron--phonon interaction Hamiltonian for QDQW structures is obtained and the exchange interaction between impurity and LO-phonons is discussed. The binding energy and the trapping energy of the bound polaron in CdS/HgS QDQW structures are calculated. The numerical results reveal that there exist three branches of eigenfrequencies of surface optical vibration in the CdS/HgS QDQW structure. It is also shown that the binding energy and the trapping energy increase as the inner radius of the QDQW structure decreases, with the outer radius fixed, and the trapping energy takes a major part of the binding energy when the inner radius is very small.     

Density functional theory study on Ni-doped MgnNi (n=1-7) clusters

The possible geometrical and the electronic structures of small MgnNi(n = 1-7) clusters are optimised by the density functional theory with a LANL2DZ basis set.The binding energy,the energy gap,the electron affinity,the dissociation energy and the second difference in energy are calculated and discussed.The properties of Mg n Ni clusters are also discussed when the number of Mg atom increases.     

Quantum-Confined Stark Effects in a Single GaN Quantum Dot

Using analytical expressions for the polarization field in GaN quantum dot, and an approximation by separating the potential into a radial and an axial, we investigate theoretically the quantum-confined Stark effects. The electron and hole energy levels and optical transition energies are calculated in the presence of an electric field in different directions. The results show that the electron and hole energy levels and the optical transition energies can cause redshifts for the lateral electric field and blueshifts for the vertical field. The rotational direction of electric field can also change the energy shift.     

Statistics and Correlation Properties of Diamagnetic High Rydberg Hydrogen Atom

The spectra of Rydberg hydrogen atom in magnetic fields have been calculated using linear variational method with B-splines basis functions [Acta Phys. Sin. 55 （2006） 3380]. Based on these calculations we have done some statistics analysis about the high Rydberg energy levels. The nearest-neighbor energy spacing distribution and the 3-statistics have been shown about diamagnetic Rydberg hydrogen atom with the magnetic field being 0.6 T and 6 T. The phenomena of multiply crossing, multiply anti-crossing, and the mixed of crossing and anti-crossing of energy levels have appeared in this paper. For both cases, in range of lower energy, the energy 1evel statistics properties close to Poisson distribution. With the increasing of the energy, the energy level statistics properties are away to Poisson distribution and tend to Wigner distribution step by step.     

Solvent effects on the S0→S2 absorption spectra of β-carotene

Absorption spectra of β-carotene in 31 solvents are measured in ambient conditions. Solvent effects on the 0-0 band energy, the bandwidth, and the transition moment of the S 0 → S 2 transition are analysed. The discrepancies between published results of the solvent effects on the 0-0 band energy are explained by taking into account microscopic solute-solvent interactions. The contributions of polarity and polarizability of solvents to 0-0 band energy and bandwidth are quantitatively distinguished. The 0-0 transition energy of the S 2 state at the gas phase is predicted to locate between 23000 and 23600 cm-1 .     

Energy model for the Zr-based metallic glass alloy melt with clusters

An energy model for the melt of bulk metallic glass (BMG) with clusters was established, the Gibbs free energy and interfacial energy for the Zr-Al-Ni ternary alloy melt with Zr2Ni clusters were calculated, and the effects of the clusters on the Gibbs free energy, interfacial energy and nucleation rate were analyzed. The results showed that the existence of the clusters in the Zr-Al-Ni ternary alloy melt enables the Gibbs free energy to decrease in the composition range where bulk metallic glass forms easily, makes the interfacial energy increase and changes the distribution of the interfacial energy with the alloy composition. Because of the clusters in the melt, the Gibbs free energy of the Zr66Al8Ni26 alloy melt decreases about 0.3-1 kJ/mol and the interfacial energy between the melt and crystal nucleus increases about 0.016 J/m2. The nucleation rate of the undercooled Zr66Al8Ni26 alloy melt decreases evidently under the influence of the clusters on Gibbs free energy and the interfacial energy, and the maximum of the nucleation rate in the melt with the Zr2Ni clusters is only about 107 mol-1·s-1.     

Energy of a Polaron in a Wurtzite Nitride Finite Parabolic Quantum Well

The effects of electron-phonon interaction on energy levels of a polaron in a wurtzite nitride finite parabolic quantum well （PQW） are studied by using a modified Lee-Low-Pines variational method. The ground state, first excited state, and transition energy of the polaron in the GaN/Al0.3Ga0.7N wurtzite PQW are calculated by taking account of the influence of confined LO（TO）-like phonon modes and the half-spaee LO（TO）-like phonon modes and considering the anisotropy of all kinds of phonon modes. The numerical results are given and discussed. The results show that the electron-phonon interaction strongly affects the energy levels of the polaron, and the contributions from phonons to the energy of a polaron in a wurtzite nitride PQW are greater than that in an A1GaAs PQW. This indicates that ehe electron-phonon interaction in a wurtzite nitride PQW is not negligible.     

A systematic study of the superdeformation of Pb isotopes with relativistic mean field theory

The microscopically constrained relativistic mean field theory is used to investigate the superdeformation for Pb isotopes. The calculations have been performed with the four different interactions NL3, PK1,TM1 and NLSH, and show that there exists a clear superdeformed minimum in the potential energy surfaces.The excitation energy, deformation and depth of the well in the superdeformed minimum are comparable for the four different interactions. Furthermore the trend for the change of the superdeformed excitation energy with neutron number is correctly reproduced. The calculated two-neutron separation energy in the ground state and superdeformed minimum together with their differences are in agreement with the available data.The larger energy difference appearing in the superdeformed minimum reflects a lower average level density at superdeformations for Pb isotopes.     

Study of the Superdeformed State of 196Pb in the Relativistic Mean Field Theory

Based on the constrained relativistic mean field (RMF) theory, the superdeformed states of ¹⁹⁶Pb are systematically investigated with four different interactions, TMA, PK1, NL3 and NL-SH. The potential surface, the quadruple deformation of ground and superdeformed states, and the excitation energies of superdeformed states are calculated. The results show that the shape of ¹⁹⁶Pb is oblate for the ground state with deformation β₂≈－0.15, and prolate for the superdeformed states with deformation β₂≈0.60. The calculated excitation energy and the depth of the potential well of the superdeformed state are approximately equal to 4.5MeV and 1.6MeV, respectively. These results are in good agreement with the current experimental data. It indicates that RMF theory can well describe the energy of the band head of superdeformed rotational band in ¹⁹⁶Pb.     

Direct decays from superdeformed states in 192Pb observed using time-correlated gamma-ray spectroscopy

Correlations of decays above and below isomeric states in the normally deformed minimum of 192Pb have been used to identify discrete transitions in the decay of the superdeformed (SD) band. The data establish the absolute excitation energy of the lowest observed SD level as 4.425 MeV. Extrapolation to the bandhead indicates that the excitation energy of the superdeformed well in 192Pb is 0.5 MeV lower than in the heavier isotope 194Pb. The results confirm the trend to decreasing excitation energy with decreasing neutron number predicted by both a macroscopic Strutinsky method approach and microscopic mean field calculations.     

Excitation energies of superdeformed States in 196Pb: towards a systematic study of the second well in Pb isotopes

The excitation energy of the lowest-energy superdeformed band in 196Pb is established using the techniques of time-correlated gamma-ray spectroscopy. Together with previous measurements on 192Pb and 194Pb, this result allows superdeformed excitation energies, binding energies, and two-proton and two-neutron separation energies to be studied systematically, providing stringent tests for current nuclear models. The results are examined for evidence of a "superdeformed shell gap."     

Description of the Superdeformed Bands of the Lutetium Isotopes

In the cases with and without a perturbation possessing the S0_sdg(5) (or SU_sdg(5)) symmetry in the supersymmetry scheme with many-body interactions, superdeformed bands in the odd-A Lu isotopes ^163,165,167Lu are investigated. Quantitatively good results of γ-ray energies and dynamical moments of inertia are obtained in both of the two cases. It shows that the supersymmetry scheme with many-body interactions has almost the same power to describe the triaxial superdeformed bands as to the other superdeformed bands.     

High spin investigation in 193Pb with EUROGAM 2: coexistence of superdeformed and dipole bands

The nucleus ¹⁹³Pb was populated via the ¹⁶⁸Er(³⁰Si, 5n) reaction at a beam energy of 159 MeV and studied with the EUROGAM II spectrometer. Five new dipole ΔI = 1 cascades have been found. The ¹⁹³Pb dipole bands are discussed in terms of microscopic HF+BCS calculations. The proposed configurations are based on a high-K two-quasiproton excitation coupled to rotation aligned quasineutrons. Parallel to the dipole bands the six superdeformed bands have been discussed in the framework of microscopic mean-field calculations. The bands are interpreted as three pairs of signature partners based on quasineutron excitations. Cross-talk transitions linking two signature partner superdeformed bands have been observed and, for the first time in lead isotopes, a mean B(M1)/B(E2) ratio value of 0.15±0.04 μ _N ² /e^2b2 has been extracted.     

Deexcitation Energy of Superdeformed Secondary Minima as a Probe toDensity Dependence of Symmetry Energy

Deexcitation energies of superdeformed secondary minima of odd-odd Au and Tl isotopes are investigated with the relativistic mean field (RMF) model where the isoscalar-isovector coupling is included to change the symmetry energy. It is verified by the theoretical analysis and numerical results that the deexcitation energies of superdeformed secondary minima relative to the ground states in these heavy nuclei are sensitive to differences in thesymmetry energy. In particular, the linear correlation between the deexcitation energies of odd-odd Au and Tl isotopes and the neutronskin thickness in ²⁰⁸Pb is established. Moreover, explorationsare extended to superdeformed candidates of other mass regions. Itis found that the linear correlation can even be established betweenthe deexcitation energies and the symmetry pressure at subsaturationdensity. These indicate that deexcitation energies can serve as aprobe to the density dependence of the symmetry energy.     

转动谱的若干理论及其对超形变带的研究

简述了若干转动谱理论及其对超形变带的应用 ,并用 Bohr- Mottelson的 I(I+1 )展开公式分析了 A=1 90区超形变带的性质和指定了它们的能级自旋 ,用 Harris的ω2 展开公式 J(1) =2α+(4/3 )βω2 +(6 /5 )γω4分析了 A=1 5 0区 Tb和 Dy同位素 2 0条超形变带的性质 ,指定了它们的能级自旋 .对于首次发现的152 Dy(1 )超形变带 ,带首自旋指定为 2 6 h,与实验结果更加符合. The recent developments of rotational spectral theories and its application to superdeformed bands were briefly reviewed. The superdeformed bands in A ≈190 region were analyzed and the spins of energy level were determined by the least square fitting experimental transition energy with the formula of Bohr Mottelson’s I(I+1) expansions. The superdeformed bands in A ≈150 region were analyzed by using the kinematic moments of inertia formula J (1) =2α+(4/3)βω 2+(6/5)γω 4 in...     

Description of Properties of Triaxial Superdeformed Bands in Odd-A Lu Isotopes

Properties of the triaxial superdeformed （TSD） bands of odd-A Lu isotopes are investigated systematically within the supersymmetry scheme including many-body interactions and a perturbation possessing the S0（5） （or SU（5）） symmetry on the rotational symmetry. Quantitatively good results of the γ-ray energies, the dynamical moments of inertia and the spin of the TSD bands in odd-A Lu isotopes are obtained. The calculation shows that the competition between the pairing and anti-pairing effects exists in these TSD bands. Meanwhile, the SU（3） symmetry in TSD bands are broken more seriously than in superdeformed （SD） bands.     

Observation of a superdeformed band in <Superscript>190</Superscript>Pb

A superdeformed band has been observed in the N = 108 isotope ¹⁹⁰Pb. This is the most neutron-deficient Pb isotope in which superdeformed states have been observed. Several theoretical approaches have predicted that N = 108 will mark the limit of observable superdeformation in the Pb isotopes. The band, which consists of five (possibly six) transitions, is observed to feed at least one isomeric level in its decay to the ground state. This decay pattern supports a spin assignment of 10 for the lowest observed level.