Commutator Representations of Covariant Differential Calculi on Quantum Groups

Let (, d) be a first-order differential *-calculus on a *-algebra . We say that a pair (, F) of a *-representation of on a dense domain of a Hilbert space and a symmetric operator F on gives a commutator representation of if there exists a linear mapping : L( ) such that (adb) = (a)i[F, (b) ], a, b . Among others, it is shown that each left-covariant *-calculus of a compact quantum group Hopf *-algebra has a faithful commutator representation. For a class of bicovariant *-calculi on , there is a commutator representation such that F is the image of a central element of the quantum tangent space. If is the Hopf *-algebra of the compact form of one of the quantum groups SL _q (n+1), O _q (n), Sp _q (2n) with real trancendental q, then this commutator representation is faithful.     

Observables and Statistical Maps

This article begins with a review of the framework of fuzzy probability theory. The basic structure is given by the -effect algebra of effects (fuzzy events) and the set of probability measures on a measurable space . An observable is defined, where is the value space of X. It is noted that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between states on and elements of and between observables and -morphisms from to . Various combinations of observables are discussed. These include compositions, products, direct products, and mixtures. Fuzzy stochastic processes are introduced and an application to quantum dynamics is considered. Quantum effects are characterized from among a more general class of effects. An alternative definition of a statistical map is given and it is shown that any statistical map has a unique extension to a statistical operator. Finally, various combinations of statistical maps are discussed and their relationships to the corresponding combinations of observables are derived.     

“Principle of Indistinguishability” and Equations of Motion for Particles with Spin

In this work we review the derivation of Dirac and Weinberg equations based on a principle of indistinguishability for the (j,0) and (0,j) irreducible representations (irreps) of the homogeneous Lorentz group (HLG). We generalize this principle and explore its consequences for other irreps containing j1. We rederive Ahluwalia–Kirchbach equation using this principle and conclude that it yields equations of motion for any representation containing spin j and lower spins. We also use the obtained generators of the HLG for a given representation to explore the possibility of the existence of first order equations for that representation. We show that, except for j= , there exists no Dirac-like equation for the (j,0)(0,j) representation nor for the ( , ) representation. We rederive Kemmer–Duffin–Petieau (KDP) equation for the (1,0)( , )(0,1) representation by this method and show that the (1, )( ,1) representation satisfies a Dirac-like equation which describes a multiplet of with masses m and m/2, respectively.     

Effective Potential for \mathcal{P}\mathcal{T}-Symmetric Quantum Field Theories

Recently, a class of -invariant scalar quantum field theories described by the non-Hermitian Lagrangian = () ² +g ² (i) was studied. It was found that there are two regions of . For <0 the -invariance of the Lagrangian is spontaneously broken, and as a consequence, all but the lowest-lying energy levels are complex. For 0 the -invariance of the Lagrangian is unbroken, and the entire energy spectrum is real and positive. The subtle transition at =0 is not well understood. In this paper we initiate an investigation of this transition by carrying out a detailed numerical study of the effective potential V _eff (_c) in zero-dimensional spacetime. Although this numerical work reveals some differences between the <0 and the >0 regimes, we cannot yet see convincing evidence of the transition at =0 in the structure of the effective potential for -symmetric quantum field theories.     

Preferred Invariant Symplectic Connections on Compact Coadjoint Orbits

Let be the Haag--Kastler net generated by the (2) chiral current algebra at level 1. We classify the SL(2, )-covariant subsystems by showing that they are all fixed points nets ^H for some subgroup H of the gauge automorphisms group SO(3) of . Then, using the fact that the net ₁ generated by the (1) chiral current can be regarded as a subsystem of , we classify the subsystems of ₁. In this case, there are two distinct proper subsystems: the one generated by the energy-momentum tensor and the gauge invariant subsystem .     

On the Algebra of Arrow Diagrams

The purpose of this Letter is to develop further the Gauss diagram approach to finite-type link invariants. In this context we introduce Gauss diagrams counterparts to chord diagrams, 4T relation, weight systems arising from Lie algebras, and an algebra of unitrivalent graphs modulo the STU relation. The counterparts, respectively, are arrow diagrams, 6T relation, weights arising from the solutions of the classical Yang–Baxter equation, and an algebra of acyclic arrow graphs (modulo an oriented version of the STU relation). The algebra encodes, in a graphical form, the main properties of Lie bialgebras, similarly to the well-known relation of the algebra of unitrivalent graphs to Lie algebras. We show that the oriented and relations hold, and that is isomorphic to the algebra of arrow diagrams. As an application, we consider an appropriate link-homotopy version of the algebra . Using this algebra, we construct a Gauss diagram invariants of string links up to link-homotopy, with values both in the algebra and in . We observe that this construction gives the universal Milnor's link-homotopy -invariants.     

Crystal Structure of Level Zero Extremal Weight Modules

We consider the crystal structure of the level zero extremal weight modules V() using the crystal base of the quantum affine algebra constructed in Duke Math. J. 99 (1999), 455–487. This approach yields an explicit form for extremal weight vectors in the U ^– part of each connected component of the crystal, which are given as Schur functions in the imaginary root vectors. We show the map induces a correspondence between the global crystal base of V() and elements .     

Multiplicative Cellular Automata on Nilpotent Groups: Structure, Entropy, and Asymptotics

If , and is a finite (nonabelian) group, then is a compact group; a multiplicative cellular automaton (MCA) is a continuous transformation which commutes with all shift maps, and where nearby coordinates are combined using the multiplication operation of . We characterize when MCA are group endomorphisms of , and show that MCA on inherit a natural structure theory from the structure of . We apply this structure theory to compute the measurable entropy of MCA, and to study convergence of initial measures to Haar measure.     

Symmetries and Modular Intersections of Von Neumann Algebras

Let be von Neumann algebras acting on a Hilbert space and let be a common cyclic and separating vector. We say that have the modular intersection property with respect to if(1) -half-sided modular inclusions,(2) (If (1) holds the strong limit exists.) We show that under these conditions the modular groups of and generate a 2-dim. Lie group.This observation is the basis for obtaining group representations of Sl(2, )/Z ₂ generated by modular groups.     

Mass Generation by Weyl Symmetry Breaking

A massless electroweak theory for leptons is formulated in a Weyl space, W₄, yielding a Weyl invariant dynamics of a scalar field , chiral Dirac fermion fields _L and _R, and the gauge fields , A, Z, W, and W , allowing for conformal rescalings of the metric g and all fields with nonvanishing Weyl weight together with the corresponding transformations of the Weyl vector fields, , representing the D(1) or dilatation gauge fields. The local group structure of this Weyl electroweak (WEW) theory is given by —or its universal coverging group for the fermions—with denoting the electroweak gauge group SU(2)_W × U(1)_Y. In order to investigate the appearance of nonzero masses in the theory the Weyl symmetry is explicitly broken by a term in the Lagrangean constructed with the curvature scalar R of the W₄ and a mass term for the scalar field. Thereby also the Z and W gauge fields as well as the charged fermion field (electron) acquire a mass as in the standard electroweak theory. The symmetry breaking is governed by the relation D ² = 0, where is the modulus of the scalar field and D denotes the Weyl-covariant derivative. This true symmetry reduction, establishing a scale of length in the theory by breaking the D(1) gauge symmetry, is compared to the so-called spontaneous symmetry breaking in the standard electroweak theory, which is, actually, the choice of a particular (nonlinear ) gauge obtained by adopting an origin, , in the coset space representing , with being invariant under the electromagnetic, gauge group U(1)_e.m.. Particular attention is devoted to the appearance of Einstein's equations for the metric after the Weyl symmetry breaking, yielding a pseudo-Riemannian space, V₄, from a W₄ and a scalar field with a constant modulus . The quantity affects Einstein's gravitational constant in a manner comparable to the Brans-Dicke theory. The consequences of the broken WEW theory are worked out and the determination of the parameters of the theory is discussed.     

How to Describe the Space-Time Structure with Nets of C*-Algebras

The major subject of algebraic quantum fieldtheory is the study of nets of local C*-algebras, i.e.,maps ( ) assigning to each open,relatively compact region of space-time (M, g) aC*-algebra ( ), whose self-adjoint elements describe localobservables measurable in the region . A question discussed recently in a number ofpapers is how much information about the geometricstructure of the underlying space-time (M, g) is encoded in the algebraicstructure of the net ( ). Followingthese ideas, it is demonstrated in this paper howspace-time-related concepts like causality and observerscan be described in a purely algebraic way, i.e., using only thelocal algebras ( ).These results are then used to show how the space-time(M, g) can be reconstructed from the set _loc := { ( )| M open, compact} of local algebras.     

SU(1, 1) Perturbations of the s-Wave Morse Potential Problem

A purely algebraic perturbation theory based on deforming the generators of the dynamical group SU(1, 1) is applied to the l = 0 Morse potential problem with . In particular, perturbations of the form and are treated explicitly.     

On the Product of Real Spectral Triples

The product of two real spectral triples and , the first of which is necessarily even, was defined by A.Connes as given by and, in the even-even case, by . Generically it is assumed that the real structure obeys the relations , , , where the -sign table depends on the dimension n modulo 8 of the spectral triple. If both spectral triples obey Connes' >-sign table, it is seen that their product, defined in the straightforward way above, does not necessarily obey this -sign table. In this Letter, we propose an alternative definition of the product real structure such that the -sign table is also satisfied by the product.     

Exact Large Deviation Functional of a Stationary Open Driven Diffusive System: The Asymmetric Exclusion Process

We consider the asymmetric exclusion process (ASEP) in one dimension on sites i=1,...,N, in contact at sites i=1 and i=N with infinite particle reservoirs at densities _a and _b . As _a and _b are varied, the typical macroscopic steady state density profile ¯(x), x[a,b], obtained in the limit N=L(b–a), exhibits shocks and phase transitions. Here we derive an exact asymptotic expression for the probability of observing an arbitrary macroscopic profile , so that is the large deviation functional, a quantity similar to the free energy of equilibrium systems. We find, as in the symmetric, purely diffusive case q=1 (treated in an earlier work), that is in general a non-local functional of (x). Unlike the symmetric case, however, the asymmetric case exhibits ranges of the parameters for which is not convex and others for which has discontinuities in its second derivatives at (x)=¯(x). In the latter ranges the fluctuations of order in the density profile near ¯(x) are then non-Gaussian and cannot be calculated from the large deviation function.     

Conformal Transformations as Observables

C denotes either the conformal group in 3+1 dimensions, PSO(4, 2), or in one chiral dimension, PSL(2, ). Let U be a unitary, strongly continuous representation of C satisfying the spectrum condition and inducing, by its adjoint action, automorphisms of a von Neumann algebra . We construct the unique inner representation of the universal covering group of C implementing these automorphisms. satisfies the spectrum condition and acts trivially on any U-invariant vector. This means in particular: Conformal transformations of a field theory having positive energy are weak limit points of local observables. Some immediate implications for chiral subnets are given. We propose the name Borchers–Sugawara construction.     

Generalization of the $$\mathcal{U} $$ q (gl(N)) Algebra and Staggered Models

We develop a technique for the construction of integrable models with a ₂ grading of both the auxiliary (chain) and quantum (time) spaces. These models have a staggered disposition of the anisotropy parameter. The corresponding Yang–Baxter equations are written down and their solution for the gl(N) case is found. We analyze in details the N = 2 case and find the corresponding quantum group behind this solution. It can be regarded as the quantum group , with a matrix deformation parameter q such that (q )² = q ². The symmetry behind these models can also be interpreted as the tensor product of the (–1)-Weyl algebra by an extension of _q (gl(N)) with a Cartan generator related to deformation parameter –1.     

Minimal Model Fusion Rules From 2-Groups

The fusion rules for the (p,q)-minimal model representations of the Virasoro algebra are shown to come from the group in the following manner. There is a partition into disjoint subsets and a bijection between and the sectors of the (p,q)-minimal model such that the fusion rules correspond to where .     

On the Spectrum of the Schrödinger Operator with Periodic Surface Potential

We consider a discrete Schrödinger operator H=–+V acting in l ²( ^d ), with periodic potential V supported by the subspace surface {0}× ^d ₂. We prove that the spectrum of H is purely absolutely continuous, and that surface waves oscillate in the longitudinal directions to the surface. We also find an explicit formula for the generalized spectral shift function introduced by the author in Helv. Phys. Acta. 72 (1999), 93–122.     

Glueball Spectroscopy in Regge Phenomenology

We show that linear Regge trajectories for mesons and glueballs, and the cubic mass spectrum associated with them, determine a relation between the masses of the meson and the scalar glueball, , which implies MeV. We also discuss relations between the masses of the scalar, tensor and 3^-- glueballs, , which imply MeV.