Guided Wave Propagation in a Gold Electrode Film on a Pb（Mg1/aNb2/a）Oa-33%PbTiO3 Ferroelectric Single Crystal Substrate

Dispersion relations of Love mode acoustic guided 0.33 PT） single crystal with a gold electrode film waves propagation in Pb（Mg1/3 Nb2/3 ） 03-33%PbTiO3 （PMN- are calculated. There is no cross coupling among Love wave modes, which is conducive to eliminating the cross interference between modes. The general formula is derived to precisely measure the thickness of the electrode. More acoustic energy would be concentrated inside the electrode with the increase of film thickness for a given frequency. Compared with the PZT-5 ceramic, [001]c poled PMN- 33%PT single crystal has a slower attenuation of the amplitude of the acoustic guided wave. Therefore, single crystal is extremely suitable for making low loss acoustic wave devices with a high operating frequency.     

Orientation effects on the bandgap and dispersion behavior of 0.91Pb（Zn_（1/3）Nb_（2/3））O_3-0.09PbTiO_3 single crystals

0.91Pb（Zn1/3Nb2/3）O3-0.09PbTiO 3（PZN-9%PT） single crystals with different orientations are investigated by using a spectroscopic ellipsometer,and the refractive indices and the extinction coefficients are obtained.The Sellmeier dispersion equations for the refractive indices are obtained by the least square fitting,which can be used to calculate the refractive indices in a low absorption wavelength range.Average Sellmeier oscillator parameters E o,位 o,S o,and E d are calculated by fitting with the single-term oscillator equation,which are related directly to the electronic energy band structure.The optical energy bandgaps are obtained from the absorption coefficient spectra.Our results show that the optical properties of [001] and [111] poled crystals are very similar,but quite different from those of the [011] poled crystal.     

A polarized micro-Raman study of a 0.65PbMg1/3Nb2/303-0.35PbTi03 single crystal

Polarized micro-Raman spectra of a 0.65PbMg_1/3Nb_2/3O₃-0.35PbTiO₃ （0.65PMN-0.35PT） single crystal poled in the [001] direction are obtained in a wide frequency range （50-2000 cm 1） at different temperatures.The best fit to the Raman spectrum at 77 K is achieved using 17 Lorenzians to convolute into it,and this is proved to be a reasonable fit.According to the group theory and selection rules of overtone and combinational modes,apart from the seven Raman modes that are from first-order Raman scattering,the remaining ones are attributed to being from second-order Raman scattering.A comparison between the experimental results and theoretical predictions shows that they are in satisfactory agreement with each other.Our results indicate that at 77 K the sample belongs to the rhombohedral symmetry with the C 5 3v （R3m） space group （Z=1）.In our study,on heating,the 0.65PMN-0.35PT single crystal undergoes a rhombohedral → tetragonal → cubic phase transition sequence.The two phase transitions occur at 340 and 440 K,which correspond to the disappearance of the soft mode near 106 cm 1 recorded in VV polarization and the vanishing of the band around 780 cm 1 in VH polarization,respectively.     

Orientation effects on the bandgap and dispersion behavior of 0.91Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.09PbTiO₃ single crystals

0.91Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.09PbTiO 3(PZN-9%PT) single crystals with different orientations are investigated by using a spectroscopic ellipsometer,and the refractive indices and the extinction coefficients are obtained.The Sellmeier dispersion equations for the refractive indices are obtained by the least square fitting,which can be used to calculate the refractive indices in a low absorption wavelength range.Average Sellmeier oscillator parameters E o,λ o,S o,and E d are calculated by fitting with the single-term oscillator equation,which are related directly to the electronic energy band structure.The optical energy bandgaps are obtained from the absorption coefficient spectra.Our results show that the optical properties of [001] and [111] poled crystals are very similar,but quite different from those of the [011] poled crystal.     

Polarized Micro-Raman Study of the Temperature-Induced Phase Transition In 0.67 Pb（Mg1/3Nb2/3）O3-0.33PbTiO3

Polarized Raman spectra of ferroelectric relaxor 0.67Pb（Mg1/3Nb2/3）O3-0.33PbTiO3 （0.67PMN-0.33PT） single crystal are systematically investigated in a wide temperature range from -196 to 600℃ by micro-Raman scattering technique. The results clearly reveal that there are two structural phase transitions in such composite ferroelectric relaxor： the rhombohedral-tetragonal （R- T） phase transition and the tetragonal-cubic （T- C） phase transition. The former occurs at about TR-T =34℃, corresponding to the vanishing of the soft A1 mode at 106cm^-1 recorded in the parallel polarization. The latter appears at about TT-C = 144℃, which can be verified with the vanishing of mode at 780cm^-1 measured in the crossed polarization.     

Growth and characterization of CaCu_3Ru_4O_(12) single crystal

High-quality single crystals of A-site ordered perovskite oxides CaCu3Ru4O12 were synthesized by flux method with Cu O serving as a flux. The typical size of these single crystals was around 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 and the lattice constant was determined to be 7.430 ± 0.0009 ?A by using x-ray single crystal diffraction. The surfaces of the samples were identified to be(100) surface. The high quality of the single crystal samples was confirmed by the rocking curve data which have a full width at half maximum of approximately 0.02 degree. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement was performed and the temperature-dependent specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, and electric resistivity were measured along the [100]direction of the single crystals. All these measurements showed that the physical properties of Ca Cu3Ru4O12 single crystals are similar to that of polycrystals. However, the single crystals have a lower Curie susceptibility tail and a smaller residual resistivity than polycrystals, which indicates that the amount of paramagnetic impurities can be controlled by tuning the number of defects in CaCu3Ru4O12 samples.     

Spectral properties of Pr:CNGG crystals grown by micro-pulling-down method

Pr~(3+)-doped calcium niobium gallium garnet(Pr:CNGG) single crystals with different Pr~(3+)concentrations are successfully grown by the micro-pulling-down(μ-PD) method. The crystal structure, room-temperature absorption spectra,and fluorescence spectra of Pr:CNGG crystals are measured and discussed. The fluorescence results indicate their large dependence on the doping concentration. The fluorescence lifetime of the ~1D_2 energy level is also determined. The results indicate that Pr:CNGG crystal could be a potential solid-state laser gain medium.     

Crystal characterization and optical spectroscopy of Eu~(3+)-doped CaGdAlO_4 single crystal fabricated by the floating zone method

A highly transparent Eu~(3+)-doped CaGdAlO_4(CGA) single crystal is grown by the floating zone method.The segregation coefficient,x ray diffraction,and x ray rocking curve are detected,and the results reveal that the single crystal is of high quality.The f –f transitions of Eu~(3+) in the host lattice are discussed.The ~5D_0–~7F_2 emission transition at 621 nm(red light) is dominant over the ~5D_0–~7F_1 emission transitions at 591 and 599 nm(orange light),agreeing well with the random crystal environment of Eu~(3+) ions in a CGA crystal.The decay time of Eu:~5D_0 is measured to be 1.02 ms.All the results show that the Eu:CGA crystal has good optical characterization and promises to be an excellent red-fluorescence material.     

Ultraviolet Sensitive Ultrafast Photovoltaic Effect in Tilted KTaO3 Single Crystals

An ultraviolet sensitive ultrafast photovoltaic effect is observed in tilted 10° KTaO3 （KT） single crystals. The rise time of the transient photovoltaic pulse is 497.4 ps and the full width at half maximum is 974.6 ps under irradiation of a 266 nm laser pulse with 25 ps duration. An open-circuit photovoltage sensitivity of 328 mV/mJ and a photocurrent sensitivity of 460 mA/mJ are obtained. The experimental results demonstrate the potential applications of KT single crystals in ultraviolet detection.     

Effect of Indium and Antimony Doping on SnS Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells

Single crystals of pure SnS, indium （In） and antimony （Sb） doped SnS are grown by the direct vapor transport technique. Two doping concentrations of 5 at. % and 15 at. % are employed for both In and Sb dopants. In total, five samples are studied, i.e., pure SnS, 5at.% In-doped SnS, 15at.% In-doped SnS, 5at.% Sb-doped SnS and 15at.% Sb-doped SnS single crystals. The energy dispersive analysis of x-ray （EDAX） and x-ray diffraction （XRD） analysis show that all the five as-grown single crystal samples possess near perfect stoichiometry and orthorhombic structure, respectively. The doping of In and Sb in SnS is established from the EDAX data and from the shift in the peak positions in XRD. Photoeleetroehemical （PEC） solar cells are fabricated by using the as- grown single crystal samples along with iodine/iodide electrolytes. Mott-Schottky plots for different compositions of iodine/iodide electrolytes show that O. 025 M 12 ＋ 1 M Nal＋2 M Na2 S04 ＋0.5 M 1-12 S04 will be the most suitable electrolyte. Study of efficiency （η） and fill factor for different intensities of illuminations at room temperature is carried out for the five samples. The In-doped SnS single crystals show better PEC efficiency than the undoped and Sl〉doped SnS single crystals.     

Role of the TiO6 octahedra on the ferroelectric and piezoelectric behaviour of the poled PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3-xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT) single crystal and textured ceramic

Field cooling (FC) poled/unpoled PMN-29%PT single crystal and room temperature (RT) poled/unpoled PMN-34.5%PT textured ceramic were investigated between ∼0 and 300 °C by thermal expansion, dielectric and Raman spectroscopy. New phase transitions are evidenced at 40, 91 and 180 °C in the case of FC PMN-29%PT as well as at 70 and 200 °C for RT PMN-34.5%PT and their order is discussed. The physical properties of the textured ceramics are rather similar to the ones observed for the single crystals that make them low-cost alternative for a wide range of applications. However, the temperatures and character of the phase transitions strongly depend on the kind of the poling conditions. Temperature dependences of the Raman line parameters show that the NbO₆ octahedra remain stable during temperature increase, while TiO₆ ones evolve quasi-continuously. The step transitions of the Pb²⁺ ion sublattice are evidenced. This suggests that the TiO₆ and Pb²⁺ sublattices are especially coupled. The role of the TiO₆ clusters on the structural phase transitions and dielectric properties of the PbMg_1/3Nb_2/3O₃-xPbTiO₃ (PMN-PT) system is discussed. The presence of the Raman modes above the maximum dielectric permittivity reveals that the local symmetry is lower than the cubic one (Pm3m). The decrease of the Raman line intensities vs. temperature indicates precisely the continuous evolution of the local symmetry towards the cubic one. The temperature evolution of the Rayleigh wing parameters appears sensitive to the phase transitions’ presence.     

Optical Dispersion Behavior and Band Gap Energy of Relaxor Ferroelectric 0.92Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.08PbTiO3 Single Crystal

Refractive indices and extinction coefficients of 0.92Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.08PbTiO₃(PMN-0.08PT) single crystal are investigated by variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) at different wavelengths. The parameters relative to the energy band structure are obtained by fitting to the single-oscillator dispersion equation, and the band gap energy is also deduced from the Tauc equation. Similar to most oxygen-octahedra ferroelectrics, PMN-0.08PT has the same dispersion behavior described by the refractive-index dispersion parameters.     

Piezoresponse imaging and local characterization of ferroelectric domains in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3–7%PbTiO3 single crystals

Ferroelectric domain structures of (001)‐oriented Pb(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃–7%PbTiO₃ (PZN‐7%PT) single crystals were visualized and characterized by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). Locally regular domain configurations are found to be possibly related to the stable macroscopic properties in the PZN‐7%PT single crystals. Nanoscale piezoresponse hysteresis loops measured by PFM tip revealed no evidence of local domain switching behavior in the PZN‐7%PT single crystal. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Orthorhombic and monoclinic ferroelectric phases investigated by Raman spectroscopy in PZN-4.5%PT and PZN-9%PT crystals

Polarized Raman spectra measurements have been performed on orientated single crystals of Pb[(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)_0.955Ti_0.045]O₃ (PZN-4.5%PT) and Pb[(Zn_1/3Nb_2/3)_0.91Ti_0.09]O₃ (PZN-9%PT) poled by an electric field along the pseudo-cubic direction in order to determine the nature of the induced ferroelectric phases. Under field-cooled (FC) conditions the ferrolectric phase transition sequence, tetragonal-orthorhombic-rhombohedral, was observed in PZN-4.5%PT. Comparison between the phase transitions induced in PZN-9%PT and PZN-4.5%PT crystals in FC shows that the low- temperature ferroelectric phase in PZN-9%PT cannot be orthorhombic and it can be attributed to the monoclinic phase. The characteristic temperatures found by Raman spectroscopy correspond to those obtained by dielectric measurements and by X-ray diffraction reported previously.     

Properties of a New Nonlinear Optical Crystal CdZn2B2O6

Cadmium dizinc diborate （CdZn2B2O6） single crystals have been grown for the first time. The crystal structure of CdZn2B2O6 is the same as that of the Cd3Zn3B4O12. The x-ray diffraction, infrared and Raman spectra, differential scanning calorimetry analysis and density indicate that the physical and chemical properties of both crystals are very similar. Especially, the nonlinear optical coefficients of CdZn2B2O6 and Cd3Zn3B4O12 crystals are 2.6 and 2.4 times as large as that of KH2PO4 crystal respectively. Chemical etching experiments indicated that these crystals are very stable in neutral solution and not hygroscopic in air at room temperature.     

Hetero-Epitaxial Diamond Single Crystal Growth on Surface of cBN Single Crystals at High Pressure and High Temperature

We report a new diamond synthesis process in which cubic boron nitride single crystals are used as seeds, FesoNi20 alloy powder is used as catalyst/solvent and natural flake-like graphite is used as the carbon source. The samples are investigated using laser Raman spectra and x-ray diffraction （XRD）. Morphology of the sample is observed by a scanning electron microscope （SEM）. Based on the measurement results, we conclude that diamond single crystals have grown on the cBN crystal seeds under the conditions of high temperature 1230℃ and high pressure 4.8 GPa. This work provides an original method for synthesis of high quality hereto-semiconductor with cBN and diamond single crystals, and paves the way for future development.     

Laser irradiation of SrTiO3 single crystals

Excimer laser irradiation (248 nm, 34 ns) of SrTiO₃(100)single crystals was studied in order to resolve the feasibility of obtaining well-defined patterned structures. Spots irradiated with a single pulse in the 0.4-1 J/cm² fluence range presented a pattern of cracks along crystallographic directions, which do not propagate beyond the borders, and no ejected material was observed on the non- irradiated areas. Arrays were patterned by translating the single crystal, and different morphologies were found depending on the width of the tracks. Tracks 10 7m wide or more developed a pattern of cracks, whereas 3 7m wide tracks did not. Artificial arrays in magnetoresistive La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃ thin films were prepared by using SrTiO₃(100) single-crystal substrates in which arrays had been previously patterned. The interfaces originated a substantial low-field tunnel magnetoresistance.     

Influence of Gamma-Ray Irradiation on Absorption and Fluorescent Spectra of Nd：YAG and Yb：YAG Laser Crystals

We investigate the influence of gamma-ray irradiation on the absorption and fluorescent spectra of Nd^3＋：Y3A15 O12 （Nd： YAG） and Yb^3＋ ： Y3A15 O12 （Yb： YAG） crystals grown by the Czochralski method. Two additional absorption （AA） bands induced by gamma-ray irradiation appear at 255nm and 340nm. The former is contributed due to Fe^3＋ impurity, the latter is due to Fe^2＋ ions and F-type colour centres. The intensity of the excitation and emission spectra as well as the fluorescent lifetime of Nd：YAG crystal decrease after the irradiation of 100 Mrad gamma-ray. In contrast, the same dose irradiation does not impair the fluorescent properties of Yb：YAG crystal. These results indicate that Yb： YA G crystal possesses the advantage over Nd： YA G crystal that has better reliability for applications in harsh radiant environment.     

利用压电力显微镜研究PMN-30%PT单晶体中铁电畴的结构及其演变

本文总结了我们近年米利用压电力显微镜(PFM)研究PMN-30%PT单晶体中铁电畴的结构及其演变的结果.选择PMN-30%PT品体是因为该组分在超声传感器等应用方面具有最大的潜力.铁电畴的观察是基于反压电现象;具体来讲就是当交变电场通过原子力显微镜探针加到晶体表面时,会引起品体表面的起伏振荡,而锁相放大器可以解出该振荡信号的振幅和相位角;其中振幅衬度反映了压电系数d33的大小,而相位衬度则反映了铁电畴的极化方向.文中介绍了平面内以及垂直平面的PFM成像技术,并演示了影响畴的图像的一些因素,其中包括静电倚效应,表层效应和机械抛光的影响.本文还利用有限无模型对PFM成像原理进行了模拟分析.着重研究了晶体中铁电畴的尺寸分布,畴与晶体取向,时间和温度的相关性,以及畴的演变过程.