流动流体中单个分子探测技术的基本原理及实验方法

介绍用激光诱发分子荧光法探测流动液体中单个染料分子的基本原理和实验方法。并给出用自行设计和研制的单分子探测谱仪分析Ｒ６Ｇ水溶样品的最新实验结果。     

流动液体中单个分子探测技术的基本原理及实验方法

介绍用激光诱发分子荧光法探测流动液体中单个染料分子的基本原理和实验方法。并给出用自行设计和研制的单分子探测谱仪分析Ｒ６Ｇ水溶液样品的最新实验结果。     

激光单分子探测技术的研究

文中介绍利用激光激发分子荧光的方法探测液体中单个染料分子的新技术，以及作者自行设计和研制的激光单分子探测谱仪。通过探测“光子爆发”，把单个染料分子的荧光同很强的背景杂散光区别开来。进一步用８２ＭＨｚ高重复频率的锁模激光器和时间门符合技术，成功地消除了Ｒａｍａｎ散射光。目前该谱仪达到的检测限为灵敏区内仅有～７个Ｒ６Ｇ分子。     

基于双光子激发荧光的单分子探测技术研究

介绍采用双光子激发荧光方法进行单分子探测的原理和自行研制的实验装置,激发光聚焦和荧光收集采用共焦方式。选择香豆素C445水溶液作为研究对象,从样品流速、浓度、激光功率、信噪比和检测限等方面探讨了双光子激发荧光的特性。该谱仪目前己达到探测灵敏区内C445的平均分子数为1.5个的检测限     

纳米光学和生物单分子探测

纳米光学技术展示了纳米级探测本领，同时生物单分子探测所需要分辨尺度也是纳米数量级的，因此在生物单分子探测过程中，纳米光学发挥了巨大的作用．文章介绍了与生物单分子探测技术相关的纳米光学技术，包括量子近场光学探针技术、近场光学成像技术(包括扫描近场光学显微术及全内反射荧光显微术)和激光光钳测控技术及它们在生物单分子探测上的进展，从而在染色、成像、测控三个方面展示了纳米光学技术在生物方面的应用，并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望．     

单分子的荧光特性及其在生物学上的应用

近年来,单分子探测在许多学科领域的研究取得了显著的进展。它为科学家提供了一种新的手段来研究这些领域的前沿课题。光学和光谱技术是单分子探测最常用的方法之一。单个分子的荧光强度的涨落及其荧光的偏振特性是单分子荧光的重要特征,在单分子探测的广泛应用中,人们正是利用这种单个分子的重要特征来研究和推测生物大分子的结构和功能。文章简要介绍了单分子的荧光特点、探测方法及其在生物学中的应用。     

能量与空间分辨的单分子显微术--透过碳笼"看"富勒烯包合物内的金属原子

文章作者用探测扫描隧道电流微分谱的方法，对金属富勒烯包合物分子进行了研究，得到了Dy@C82同分异构体Ⅰ的金属-碳笼杂化态在实空间的能量分布图，通过将实验与理论模拟的结果进行比较，推断出Dy原子在碳笼中的位置以及金属富勒烯包合物分子在衬底表面的吸附取向．这项技术为单分子纳米器件的表征和诊断提供了新的途径．     

单分子物理与化学的新进展

本文对新兴边缘学科-单分子物理与化学的一些研究进展进行简要综述。在对单分子科学中几类基本实验技术如扫描隧道显微术和光镊技术等作了简要介绍之后,重点评述了单分子实验技术和研究方法在物理、化学、生物和分子电子学等学科领域的应用和影响。基于扫描隧道显微术和电子结构计算,列举了最近几个关于单分子高分辨表征、单分子器件和单分子量子调控等方面的研究实例。最后对单分子物理与化学的发展前景进行了展望。     

(e,2e)电子动量谱仪研制和若干原子分子的电子动量谱测量

研制成功了一台先进的多功能用途的（e，2e）电子动量谱仪．装置采用电子束和气体束交叉碰撞方式；使用微通道板一维位置灵敏电子探测器；成功地实现了多参数数据获取和离线分析技术．利用该谱仪分别测量了氦、氩原子和氢、甲烷分子的电离能谱和电子动量谱．该谱仪的能量分辨率为ΔE=1.8eV，动量分辨率为Δp～0.15au 关键词：     

单分子物理与化学的新进展

本文对新兴边缘学科-单分子物理与化学的一些研究进展进行简要综述。在对单分子科学中几类基本实验技术如扫描隧道显微术和光镊技术等作了简要介绍之后,重点评述了单分子实验技术和研究方法在物理、化学、生物和分子电子学等学科领域的应用和影响。基于扫描隧道显微术和电子结构计算,列举了最近几个关于单分子高分辨表征、单分子器件和单分子量子调控等方面的研究实例。最后对单分子物理与化学的发展前景进行了展望。     

Single and multiple ionization of N2 molecules by intense light fields of femtosecond duration

We report studies on the multiple ionization of the N₂ molecule using intense, femtosecond laser pulses. We present details of the experimental characterisation of the light pulses and analysis and detection of the ions produced. Precautions to be taken in intense field ionization experiments are discussed. We illustrate the retrieval of information about different aspects of the ionization process (such as, kinetic energies of the fragments produced, dissociation bond lengths and information on the precursors to fragmentation) using coincidence techniques. We report results of the first measurements of the angular distribution of a highly charged fragment, N³⁺.     

Experimental demonstration of colliding-beam-lifetime improvement by electron lenses

We report the successful application of space-charge forces of a low-energy electron beam for improvement of particle lifetime determined by beam-beam interaction at a high-energy collider. In our experiments, an electron lens, a novel instrument developed for the beam-beam compensation, was set on a 980-GeV proton bunch at the Fermilab Tevatron proton-antiproton collider. The proton-bunch losses due to its interaction with the antiproton beam were reduced by a factor of 2 when the electron lens was operating. We describe the principle of electron lens operation and present experimental results.     

Acoustic cavitation series: part six. Gas body activation

An ultrasonic instrument for the accurate measurement of bolt stress is described. The instrument, which is based on the pseudo-continuous-wave technique, uses carrier phase detection to track the frequency of the mechanical resonance of the bolt. The basic operation of the instrument and the experimental results obtained are discussed.     

Ultrasonic instrument for measuring bolt stress

An ultrasonic instrument for the accurate measurement of bolt stress is described. The instrument, which is based on the pseudo-continuous-wave technique, uses carrier phase detection to track the frequency of the mechanical resonance of the bolt. The basic operation of the instrument and the experimental results obtained are discussed.     

平衡零拍平移测量实验研究

利用平衡零拍探测方法对TEM00模相干光激光束的微小平移进行一维测量的实验研究,实验装置最小可测平移量为0.3nm.实验验证了平移与倾斜这两个物理量之间的共轭关系.最后用模式重叠的概念分析了本底光偏离标准的TEM10模对测量结果的影响.实验结果与理论基本符合.     

Trace complex-molecule detection using near-IR diode lasers

The goal of the present paper was to develop an experimental technique to detect trace concentrations of complex molecules in the atmosphere using near-IR diode lasers. Ethanol and propane were chosen as model species. New optical, hardware, instrument-operation-mode and data-processing approaches for detection of trace complex molecules were developed. Different physical processes limiting the sensitivity of trace molecule detection were considered and solutions were developed to reduce the influence of these mechanisms on instrument operation. An absorption sensitivity of α_min=2.5×10^-5 for 4.5 ms measurement time was achieved, which is comparable with the sensitivity of “small” molecule detection. The first results utilizing this technique for in-field monitoring of trace complex molecules are presented. Received: 25 April 2002 / Revised version: 29 May 2002 / Published online: 21 August 2002 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +7-095/135-8281, E-mail: anber@nsc.gpi.ru     

迈克尔逊干涉仪干涉环纹光电计数器的研制

利用干涉环纹明暗交替变化的原理,设计制作了可以用于迈克尔逊干涉仪的干涉环纹计数的光电计数器,利用此仪器可以精确高效地实现干涉环纹的计数,减少了由于人眼进行干涉环纹计数的误差,提高了实验稳定度和精度。我们将制作的干涉环纹光电计数器用于基于迈克尔逊干涉仪的激光波长实验,结果表明采用光电计数器之后,实验精度比裸眼探测明显提高,百分差缩小37.5倍,标准差缩小近3倍。     

Combined ion and atom trap for low-temperature ion–atom physics

We report an experimental apparatus and technique which simultaneously traps ions and cold atoms with spatial overlap. Such an apparatus is motivated by the study of ion–atom processes at temperatures ranging from hot to ultra cold. This area is a largely unexplored domain of physics with cold trapped atoms. In this article we discuss the general design considerations for combining these two traps and present our experimental setup. The ion trap and atom trap are characterized independently of each other. The simultaneous operation of both is then described and experimental signatures of the effect of the ions and cold atoms on each other are presented. In conclusion, the use of such an instrument for several problems in physics and chemistry is briefly discussed.     

Evaluation of the utility of handheld XRF in meteoritics

We tested a handheld X‐ray fluorescence instrument with adaptable matrix correction for its suitability in meteoritics. We report here the instrument setup, precision and accuracy and present examples of applications. With a measuring time of 300 s, it is possible to collect accurate data for K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Sr and Ba that are needed for the identification of doubtful meteorites and the nondestructive classification of chondrites and achondrites. The factory‐supplied calibration curve of the instrument was fine tuned for our purposes with the use of well‐analyzed meteorite powders, pressed pellets and meteorite hand specimens as standards. Relative errors of 10% to 20% are reached for the mentioned elements. The instrument was tested in the hot desert of Oman while searching for meteorites and also in the laboratory while doing research on meteorites. The main applications of the instrument are the identification and classification of meteorites, the quantification of terrestrial elemental contamination (Sr and Ba) and detection of Mn‐rich desert varnish. It is possible to discriminate the major meteorite groups using Fe/Mn and Ni values. Handheld X‐ray fluorescence is also useful in identifying meteorites belonging to the same fall event. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于机器视觉的汽车仪表盘指针检测

基于机器视觉构建汽车仪表自动检测系统已成为实现仪表生产测试的主要途径。基于图像空间到参数空间的收敛映射提出了改进CM-Hough变换检测算法对汽车仪表盘的指针位置实施检测。首先,介绍了基于机器视觉对汽车仪表的符号片及指针进行自动检测的系统组成。接着,针对经典Hough变换发散映射运算量大的缺点,提出了基于收敛映射CM-Hough变换进行指针检测的算法,给出了利用Hough变换的检测结果直接解算指针位置的方法。最后,将算法由软件编程实现,通过测试实验验证了算法的实时性和有效性,测试数据分析显示了指针位置误差小于1%。