鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)目标强度的模型法研究

采用声散射理论和目标强度近似模型评估法对黄海鲤鱼（Engraulis japonicus）的声散射特征和目标强度进行了数值计算与评估研究。散射模型由鱼鳔模型和鱼体模型两个部分构成，其中鱼鳔采用充满气体的椭球体模型，鳔除外的鱼体采用充满液体的椭球体模型。理论数值计算所需参数取自全长12．6cm的鲤鱼个体，其鱼鳔尺寸利用X光照片测得。平均目标强度利用模型算得的不同角度下的声散射强度与鲲鱼倾角分布函数的卷积计算，其中倾角（度）的分布函数设为N（-3．9，12．8^2）。结果显示，鲲鱼对声波的散射具有明显指向性；在38kHz和120kHz工作频率下，鲲鱼的最大背向目标强度分别为-41．2dB和-39．5dB，有效平均目标强度分别为-48．0dB和-51．5dB，与实测结果吻合较好。另外还对鲲鱼的反向散射指向性特征、目标强度的频率特征以及鱼鳔对鲲鱼整体目标强度的贡献等进行了分析与讨论。以上研究表明，模型法作为现场测定研究方法的重要补充和认知鱼类声学散射特性的有效途径，可在我国鱼类目标强度的研究中发挥重要作用。     

近似声斗篷的多层介质覆盖水中弹性球壳的声散射

对水中弹性球壳的低频覆盖层消声效果和消声机理进行研究。声斗篷(Acoustic cloak)是各向异性的超常材料,根据有效介质近似理论(Effective MediumApproximationTheory),采用各向同性多层介质近似各向异性材料的声斗篷,推导出覆盖多层介质水中弹性球壳散射声场的解析表达式,计算了弹性球壳覆盖多层介质前后的散射形态函数、谐振模态以及声场分布,分析了覆盖前后球壳的声散射特性和声传播机理。研究表明,覆盖层内的声波在多层介质之间的声传播方向发生改变,声场形成弯曲变形,声能流绕过目标,这不仅极大的降低了低频散射强度,而且使到达弹性体表面的声场强度非常小,散射频响中除了0阶子波产生的第一个谐振峰外,无法激发弹性球壳的其它谐振模态,有效的抑制弹性球壳的谐振散射。      

双层加肋球壳回波现象分析

双层加肋壳体是水下目标的典型结构。实验观测到双层加肋球壳回波的频率-角度谱在角度域呈现强烈的周期性振荡,在2 kHz～10 kHz频率范围内,这种振荡从低频到高频越来越明显。为了解释所观测到的现象,利用修正的板块元算法(Modified PEM)计算了不同入射角、不同频率下双层加肋球壳的回波,并与实验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,目标强度随入射角的周期性剧烈起伏主要是由壳间肋板声散射导致的。     

金纳米球壳对的局域表面等离激元共振特性分析

应用有限元方法, 研究金纳米球壳对的几何结构参数及物理参量对其表面等离激元共振的散射及消光光谱的影响, 并根据等离激元杂化理论进行了理论分析. 结果表明, 随着金壳厚度的增加, 金纳米球壳对的散射及消光共振峰先发生蓝移而后红移, 而随着金纳米球壳间隙的减小, 或者随着金纳米球壳的内核尺寸或内核介质折射率的增大, 散射及消光共振峰均发生红移; 随着金壳厚度或内核尺寸减小, 或者随着内核介质折射率增大, 金纳米球壳对的散射与消光共振强度减弱, 而随着金壳间隙的减小, 金纳米球壳对的散射共振强度先增强后减弱, 而消光共振强度逐渐增强, 数值模拟与理论分析一致.     

蛙人回波建模与实验研究

选用蛙人回波的简化模型,结合实验获得各主要因素对蛙人目标强度贡献的量值。分别选用简化的胸腔、躯干、大腿骨等人体器官和开式呼吸气泡群、干式潜水服、呼吸气瓶等的声散射模型。通过码头实验测量了蛙人的目标强度,频率为75kHz。在所有影响蛙人目标强度的因素中,开式呼吸气泡群对目标总强度贡献最大,其目标强度大于-16.9dB;其次是干式潜水服,约-17dB;再次是开式呼吸气瓶,约为-24dB;蛙人身体目标强度约-27.2dB;另外实验测量了肺部组织的目标强度,约-25.9dB,频率125kHz。理论模型和实验均表明,开式呼吸气泡群和潜水装备对蛙人回波的贡献远大于蛙人身体。     

外部加环肋有限长圆柱壳体声散射

为了深入理解双层加肋圆柱壳体的声散射机理,专门研究了两层壳体之间环肋的声散射。仅考虑模型的刚性散射,采用Kirchhoff近似推导了单个环肋的反向散射声场的解析解,并推广到等间距的环肋散射,结合圆柱壳刚性散射得到外部加周期性环肋的圆柱壳体的散射声场近似解。同时,利用图形声学方法(GRACO)对模型的目标强度进行数值计算。理论与实验的结果表明,刚性散射在反向散射声场中起主要作用,周期性环肋引起的Bragg散射对散射声场有重要贡献,同时遮挡效应在实际情况下有较大作用。      

水中双层弹性球壳的回声特性

研究水中双层同心弹性球壳的声散射．利用严格弹性理论和分离变量法导出了Rnyleigh简正级数解．计算并比较了单层和双层弹性球壳的反向散射形态函数．为了分析回波结构也计算了窄脉冲回波序列．结果表明,外壳很薄内壳稍厚的双层弹性球壳的回波特性主要依赖于内壳。在低Ka时双层壳体的回波可以近似用内部充水的外壳和内部真空的内壳的回波叠加而成．     

有吸收流体介质中典型弹性壳体的共振散射

研究了环境流体有吸收时弹性球壳和圆柱壳的共振散射特性。利用严格弹性理论和分离变量法导出的经典简正级数解仍然成立。但是,散射形态函数要根据介质吸收而进行修正,否则将得到不合理的结果。重新定义了有吸收介质中的反向散射形态函数,计算了各种吸收条件下中空和有固体填充物的弹性球壳和圆柱壳的形态函数。结果表明,环境流体的吸收导致中频段的吻合共振显著减弱,但对壳内填充物的低频共振影响较小。     

一种消除角度响应影响的多波束声强数据自适应改正方法

针对多波束反向散射强度(Backscatter Strength,BS)数据在采集过程中受到声学散射机理而产生的角度响应(Angular Response,AR)影响,而目前声学硬件方面尚未完美解决且现有后处理改正方法在复杂海底底质环境下适应性较差,尤其在高入射角区域的改正效果甚为不理想的问题,为此,给出了一种基于散射强度的自适应角度响应改正模型。首先获取连续脉冲(Ping)平均散射强度数据的角度响应曲线;其次使用高斯拟合方法对角度响应曲线进行平滑拟合处理,进而对其解算二阶导数提取角度响应模型改正参数;最后给出顾及高入射角区域的单Ping反向散射强度数据的分段处理改正模型。实验结果表明,该方法与传统方法相比,整个发射扇区散射强度平均偏差精度约提高30V,尤其在影响较大的高入射角区域,平均偏差精度约提高40V,并且该区域的标准差精度也提高了近30%。该模型较好地解决了多波束在非正射情况下获取海底精准散射声强的问题,削弱了声波散射机理的影响;同时也解决了散射强度过渡不均衡、中央波束区域改正异常等问题。因此,提高了多波束反向散射强度的可靠性,可以真实地呈现出海底实际的地貌。      

水下三弹性柱壳耦合声散射特性研究

为研究3个并排无限长弹性圆柱壳受垂直于柱轴方向的平面声波作用的声散射特性,采用Fourier级数展开法建立了圆柱壳声散射数学物理模型,考虑了三圆柱壳弹性振动声辐射和刚性声散射,建立了3个壳体辐射声场和刚性散射声场的耦合作用关系,比对了等效散射强度的刚性散射分量与弹性散射分量,并分析了三壳体等效散射强度特性。计算结果表明:当ka₂>40,在频率f=3000 Hz以上频段,弹性分量对等效散射强度变化趋势的贡献可以忽略。当ka₂>30,在频率f=2400 Hz以上频段,弹性散射分量对等效散射强度影响不超过3 dB;三壳与单壳的等效散射强度在0°入射角方位相当,其它方位三壳体等效散射强度明显大于单壳体。本文的理论公式可推广到任意数量阻抗柱的声透射和声反射问题。      

Three-dimensional modeling of acoustic backscattering from fluid-like zooplankton

Scattering models that correctly incorporate organism size and shape are a critical component for the remote detection and classification of many marine organisms. In this work, an acoustic scattering model has been developed for fluid-like zooplankton that is based on the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) and that makes use of high-resolution three-dimensional measurements of the animal's outer boundary shape. High-resolution computerized tomography (CT) was used to determine the three-dimensional digitizations of animal shape. This study focuses on developing the methodology for incorporating high-resolution CT scans into a scattering model that is generally valid for any body with fluid-like material properties. The model predictions are compared to controlled laboratory measurements of the acoustic backscattering from live individual decapod shrimp. The frequency range used was 50 kHz to 1 MHz and the angular characteristics of the backscattering were investigated with up to a 1 degree angular resolution. The practical conditions under which it is necessary to make use of high-resolution digitizations of shape are assessed.     

Simulation of electron solid interactions in NbC and NbN using Monte Carlo method

A computer program has been developed using Rutherford’s Screened Scattering Model and Energy loss model due to Bethe and applied to simulate the electron interaction pattern in the sample of NbC and NbN with a resist layer of PMMA (Polymethyl Methylacrylate). Using the program we have studied the extent of penetration, lateral spread for different electron energies and the degree of electron back scattering. It has been found that backscattering and lateral spread is more in case of NbC than in NbN signifying hard, refractory and ceramic properties of NbC.     

Analysis of the influence of backscattered optical power over bidirectional PON links

Our aim is to describe the behavior of non-linear scattering effects that arise in standard single mode fiber (SMF), specifically scattering effects that propagate optical power in the reverse direction of the source signal such as Rayleigh Scattering (RS) and Brillouin Scattering (BS). For this purpose, the effects of backscattering phenomena over a bidirectional data transmission in a passive optical network (PON) scheme have been assessed. The impact of these high optical power components over reception at the optical line terminal (OLT) side has been determined when both links use the same wavelength. Bit Error Rate (BER) measurements have been performed with different transmission rates, using several techniques to mitigate the influence of backscattering over the received signal and considering cases with filtered and unfiltered BS.     

Effects of interaction between two bubble scatterers

The backscattering of sound from two regularly arranged bubbles is studied theoretically and experimentally. In well-controlled laboratory experiments a bistatic acoustic system is used to interrogate the scatterers, which are placed on a very fine thread at the same distance d from the combined beam axis of the set of transmitting and receiving transducers. The radius of each bubble is 585 microm. The frequency range is 80-140 kHz, and d is varied so that the variable kd spans the range 0.2-21, where k is the acoustic wave number. Scattering calculations are carried out using an exact, closed-form solution derived from the multiple scattering series. Several experiments are performed, and the results are in close agreement with the calculations. It is verified that multiple scattering induces an oscillatory behavior about the exact coherent scattering level, with decreasing amplitude for increasing kd. For interbubble distance 2d approximately lambda/2 the backscattered radiation is maximized, while for 2d相似文献   

舰船尾流气泡层散射相位函数及其后向散射信号特性分析

根据实测舰船的尾流气泡分布模型,利用米氏理论计算得到尾流气泡层的散射相位函数,并将其应用于尾流气泡层后向散射光接收信号的Monte Carlo仿真分析中,以便为实际海况下的舰船尾流气泡层后向散射光探测的实验设置与信号预测、分析提供可靠的依据.通过对不同距离处尾流气泡层的散射相位函数及后向散射光接收信号特性的分析,可以得出:尾流中气泡层散射相位函数的变化小明显,且对接收信号的影响较小;气泡数密度的变化导致的多次散射效应和气泡层衰减系数的变化是引起后向散射光强度变化的主要原因,数密度越大,散射光信号中的多次散射光成分越大;当气泡层厚度达到一定倍数的衰减长度时,继续增加气泡层厚度对后向散射接收信号的影响较小.     

球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中的散射特性研究

研究了球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中的散射特性. 根据广义Mie理论, 推导出球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中散射系数的解析公式. 针对光束的电场分布及粒子散射强度进行了数值仿真, 讨论了散射强度随散射角、散射球粒子半径和拓扑荷的变化特性, 并通过散射系数解释了散射强度分布的振荡现象. 结果表明, 在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束照射下, 球形粒子的后向散射强度随着粒子半径的增大而逐渐增大; 后向散射强度开始增大时对应的粒子半径与拓扑荷有关. 通过与高斯光束的对比, 可以看出球形粒子在聚焦拉盖尔-高斯光束中散射特性的差异, 使其在粒径测量、光通信和大气后向散射探测等方面具有潜在应用价值.     

Anisotropy in high-frequency broadband acoustic backscattering in the presence of turbulent microstructure and zooplankton

High-frequency broadband (120-600 kHz) acoustic backscattering measurements have been made in the vicinity of energetic internal waves. The transducers on the backscattering system could be adjusted so as to insonify the water-column either vertically or horizontally. The broadband capabilities of the system allowed spectral classification of the backscattering. The distribution of spectral shapes is significantly different for scattering measurements made with the transducers oriented horizontally versus vertically, indicating that scattering anisotropy is present. However, the scattering anisotropy could not be unequivocally explained by either turbulent microstructure or zooplankton, the two primary sources of scattering expected in internal waves. Daytime net samples indicate a predominance of short-aspect-ratio zooplankton. Using zooplankton acoustic scattering models, a preferential orientation of the observed zooplankton cannot explain the measured anisotropy. Yet model predictions of scattering from anisotropic turbulent microstructure, with inputs from coincident microstructure measurements, were not consistent with the observations. Possible explanations include bandwidth limitations that result in many spectra that cannot be unambiguously attributed to turbulence or zooplankton based on spectral shape. Extending the acoustic bandwidth to cover the range from 50?kHz to 2?MHz could help improve identification of the dominant sources of backscattering anisotropy.     

米散射理论在新型导光板中的应用

根据米散射理论,提出了新型导光板的设计思路,计算并分析了对于一定波长的入射光,不同粒径的微粒的散射特性。总结了随着微粒粒径的变化,散射效率、消光效率与背向散射效率的变化规律,分析了散射过程中的偏振度随粒子粒径几散射角变化的情况,同时模拟计算了多个微粒对同一波长的入射光经过多次散射后的概率统计结果。     

Scattering of acoustic waves by small crustaceans

Features of underwater sound scattering by small crustaceans are considered. The scattering data are obtained with the use of unique instrumentation that allows one to measure quantitative scattering characteristics (backscattering cross sections and angular scattering patterns) for crustaceans of different sizes, at different frequencies (20–200 kHz) and different insonification aspects. A computational model of crustaceans is considered with allowance for both the soft tissues of the main massive part of the animal's body and the stiff armour. The model proves to be advantageous for explaining some scattering features observed in the experiments. The scattering cross sections of crustaceans measured by other researchers are presented in a unified form appropriate for comparison. Based on such a quantitative comparison, relatively simple approximate empirical formulas are proposed for estimating the backscattering cross sections of small (within several centimeters) marine crustaceans in a broad frequency range.