水冷式离焦变形镜技术研究

根据非稳腔薄片激光器腔内离焦的特点和主动校正的应用需求,针对性地设计离焦变形镜,对激光器腔内离焦进行实时补偿。采用压电陶瓷作为驱动器,圆形镜面圆心处设置1个驱动器,圆周上均布4个驱动器的5通道布局模式,仿真分析了筋板厚度和镜片厚度对离焦的校正效果影响,在优化设计的基础上研制出水冷式离焦变形镜,其静态面形PV值为0.34 m,波前动态范围为16 m。在离焦变形镜和二维变形镜组合模式下进行了薄片激光器强光主动光学校正试验,谐振腔腔内像差PV值从6.76减小到1.44,光束质量从19.5提高到6.5,有效地改善了输出光束质量,验证了离焦变形镜对非稳腔薄片激光器离焦校正的有效性和实用性。     

衰荡腔测量中的腔参数选择

 基于谐振腔失调灵敏度参量随腔长的变化关系，提出了一种衰荡腔，它是由共焦腔将腔长缩短为原来的0.73得到的稳定腔。根据光束传输规律和失调腔矩阵方法，以及光腔衰荡法测量原理和曲线拟合方法，建立了腔长、腔镜角度失调下光腔衰荡法的反射率测量模型。通过数值模拟，研究了这种稳定衰荡腔中，腔微小失调对反射率测量结果的影响，并与相同失调情况下共焦衰荡腔的测量结果进行了对比分析。结果表明，这种稳定腔用作衰荡腔，测量结果受腔镜角度失调影响较大，而受腔长失调影响小；其长度较短，便于工程应用；衍射损耗较小，测量精度高。     

高功率激光器腔镜热变形对输出光束质量的影响

利用有限元分析法结合Fox-Li迭代法,考虑腔内本征模式与腔镜热形变的相互耦合作用,计算模拟了正支共焦非稳腔的本征模式分布,定量分析了高功率激光器腔镜热变形对输出光束质量的影响,重点讨论了腔镜热变形所引起的腔内本征模式相位特性的变化,并从波前功率谱密度、Zernike像差系数及光束质量值等角度对腔镜发生热形变前后的激光器输出光束的光束特性进行比较分析。研究结果表明:高功率激光器腔镜热形变对输出光束的光束质量会产生一定的影响,且随着激光输出功率的增大,镜面热形变引起的输出光束波前相位高频比例及Zernike高阶像差均会有所增大,波前畸变程度也明显变大,光束质量逐渐变差。     

腔内倾斜扰动对正支共焦腔本征模式的影响

针对激光器出光过程中腔内像差扰动带来的光束质量下降问题，分析了正支共焦腔腔内不同位置倾斜扰动对本征模式的影响，采用数值迭代法计算了理想状态及腔内不同位置倾斜扰动状态下的本征模式、相位Zernike像差拟合系数.结果表明：对大小给定的扰动，相位相对敏感性从凸面镜到凹面镜逐渐增加，且腔模倾斜像差增大的同时还将导致离焦、像散等高阶像差的增大，因此作腔内补偿时，应使补偿平面尽可能靠近凹面镜.     

光学元件失调对光腔衰荡高反射率测量影响的理论分析

在利用光反馈光腔衰荡技术测量大口径光学元件反射率及其均匀性分布时,需要对光学元件进行二维扫描测量,而在扫描过程中光学元件的倾斜失调将对测量结果造成影响.本文根据失调谐振腔光束传输增广矩阵,通过数值运算模拟了在对称共焦腔和一般稳定腔情况下,光反馈衰荡腔结构中由样品倾斜失调引起的输出腔镜上光斑中心位置变化以及对反射率测量的影响.仿真结果表明:对称共焦腔情况下,输出腔镜上奇数次光斑无漂移,偶数次光斑漂移量为固定值|在一般稳定腔情况下,输出腔镜上奇偶数次光斑均往复振荡漂移.分析表明,该系统对样品失调角度的敏感程度与样品在腔内的位置以及腔长有关,通过改变样品在腔内位置,选择适当腔长以及包络拟合法可以减小样品失调对测量结果的影响.     

离焦像差在非稳腔中的演化及腔内补偿

在几何光学近似下,研究了非稳腔中的离焦像差的演化,解析地给出了正支共焦非稳腔中离焦像差的线性修正公式。结合氧碘化学激光器的模拟结果表明:光腔的放大率越小,像差演化的影响越明显;变形镜直接放在凹面镜处的补偿效果最好。对比直接补偿,考虑像差演化的补偿可以使光束质量的β值平均降低35%。     

腔镜热变形对非稳腔光场特性的影响

 研究了高功率气体激光器中谐振腔腔镜热变形效应。采用时间离散化方法,利用虚共焦折叠非稳腔3维物理光学负载模型和ANSYS热效应计算程序,将光腔稳态模式的快变过程与镜面变形的慢变过程耦合起来,研究了真实器件的腔镜变形和光场模式的相互作用;计算给出了16 s热变形下硅镜和石英镜面输出功率的下降程度和远场光束质量的退变程度：在16 s热效应下,硅镜实际光斑半径与理想光斑半径的比值变化小于1.5,而石英镜值变化达到4,可知长时运行下选用硅镜明显优越于选用石英镜。     

氧碘化学激光器谐振腔腔镜失调测量与研究

 为保证氧碘化学激光器谐振腔的腔镜失调测量结果的可靠性和准确性，建立了使用自准直仪间接测量腔镜失调的方法。测量结果表明，热辐射是引起腔镜失调并造成光束漂移的主要原因，通过采取措施，可以使腔镜失调明显减小。同时证明了该测量方法是可靠的、合理的。     

角隅全反镜谐振腔激光器的输出特性

 在高功率脉冲气体激光器中，用角隅反射镜作为全反镜，平行平面镜作为输出镜构成角隅全反镜谐振腔。对角隅腔激光器的输出特性和抗失调稳定性进行了研究，并与平凹腔和平平腔激光器进行了比较。实验结果表明：在角隅全反镜失调角为16 mrad时，角隅腔激光器的单脉冲输出能量下降9.2%，且近场输出光斑没有明显变化；而凹面全反镜失调角仅为0.4 mrad时，平凹腔激光器输出能量下降了9%，近场输出光斑严重变形。在输出镜正前方3.12 m处测量，当角隅镜偏转16.3 mrad时，激光器输出光斑与标准状态时的输出光斑重合；凹面全反镜失调角为0.4 mrad时，激光器输出光斑位移14 mm。经模式仪分析表明，角隅腔激光器近场光强分布均匀。     

非均匀激光辐照下硅镜热变形对光束传输特性的影响

 使用有限元法计算了硅镜在DF化学激光器非稳腔输出的中空非均匀激光辐照下镜面温升和反射面面形随时间变化的特性,使用65阶Zernike多项式对镜面面形进行了曲面拟合,使用光线追迹的方法计算了平行光束经不同数量硅镜反射后的光束波前分布PV值、Strehl比和Zernike像差系数随时间变化的特性。计算结果表明：在典型的DF激光器输出的中空方形光束辐照下,硅反射镜的热变形将使反射光束产生波前畸变,波前畸变中,y方向像散项占据主要地位,其次是离焦项;随着激光系统中反射镜面数量的增加,高阶像差系数将逐渐增大,且波前PV值与反射次数成线性关系。     

Design of unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors

A method for the design of an unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors is described. This method applies the vector aberration theory, which helps designers analyze third-order aberrations for optical systems with decentered and tilted surfaces. As the vector aberration theory presents the variation of third-order aberrations in asymmetric systems through analytic expressions, real ray tracing is unnecessary. Hence, the design with vector aberration theory is faster, and the analytic expressions are more comprehensive and intuitive. To demonstrate the practicability of the method, a design example is given, which shows that the presented method can guide designers achieve a good unobscured reflective zoom system with three mirrors.     

The study of wavelength-dependent wavefront aberrations based on individual eye model

Theoretical calculations of the wavelength dependence of the ocular wavefront aberrations are performed with individual eye model. Individual eye model, based on the traditional Gullstrand-Le Grand eye model, has been established with measured individual cornea data, eyeball depth and wavefront aberrations. We analyze the wavelength-dependent wavefront aberrations at 12 different visible wavelengths (between 400 and 750 nm) for eight eyes. The change of defocus with wavelength (longitudinal chromatic aberration, LCA) is noticeable, and in good agreement with the results from references. In most cases, the primary spherical aberration changes significantly with wavelength. In comparison with the primary spherical aberration, the other higher-order wavefront aberrations have a smaller change with wavelength. These results have potential applications in those situations where defocus or higher-order wavefront aberrations information in arbitrary wavelength is required.     

Effects of low-order atmosphere-turbulence aberrations on the entangled orbital angular momentum states

Based on Zernike-model expansion of turbulence phase aberrations and non-Kolmogorov spectrum model of index-of-refraction fluctuation, we analyze the effects of low-order Zernike turbulence aberrations on orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement states in a weak fluctuation region. The signal photon detection probability of OAM entanglement states propagating in a slant turbulence channel with non-Kolmogorov turbulence Z-tilt, defocus, astigmatism, and coma aberrations are modeled, respectively. The results demonstrate that turbulence Z-tilt aberration is the dominant aberration, coma is the second, and astigmatism is the third, but that the defocus aberration has no impact on the detection probability. As the power-law exponent of the non-Kolmogorov spectrum increases from 3 to 4, the detection probability decreases.     

A Variation of Schwarzschild Telescope: Golden Section Solution with Two Concentric Spheres and Its Extension to Finite Distance Solutions

Imaging by two concentric spheres is studied by geometrical method. As the system is symmetric with respect to the common center of curvature, peripheral aberrations, namely coma, astigmatism, and distortion, do not appear. The imaging surface is a sphere that shares the center of curvature with two mirrors. As we solve the zero spherical aberration condition for imaging of an object at infinite distance, the golden section number appears as the ratio of the distance between two mirrors and the radius of the primary mirror. For imaging of an object at finite distance, we have to increase the radius of the second mirror. This system also has no peripheral aberrations. Making the object surface spherical, we can obtain a flat image surface. As the spherical aberration is zero in the original system, spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism remain zero when the object surface is curved.     

基于光学调制的离焦探测技术

通过对常用离焦检测技术的分析,提出了一种基于空间光学调制的离焦探测新方法。该方法利用压电陶瓷驱动变形镜对会聚光束进行调制,在准焦位置放置针孔(或狭缝),通过针孔(或狭缝)的调制光束被光电探测器接收,经相关检波后获得离焦信息。测得的离焦信息包含离焦量和离焦方向,且离焦信号电压与离焦量呈线性关系。搭建了实验装置,利用100 Hz的正弦信号对光束进行调制,检波后得到了焦前4 mm到焦后2 mm范围内的电压信号,结果与理论推导相符。该技术适用于圆对称光束及非圆对称光束的离焦检测,尤其适于具有柱面镜光路结构、需要快速、准确测量x和y方向离焦量的强激光领域。     

复杂分光仪器中的像差研究

为提高分光仪器的性能,采用两个椭球面镜和一个椭球面消像差光栅分光。光源发出的光线被第一个椭球面镜反射,产生特定的波前,经过光栅衍射以后,不同波长的光波被第二个椭球面镜汇聚到探测器的不同位置上。系统具有复杂的像差特性和成像特性,根据费马原理,参考第二代全息变线距光栅的制作光路和理论,建立坐标系,定义两个椭球面上的入射角和反射角,确定各元件的位置变量,确立基本几何关系,将光程函数分为两部分:由衍射引起的光程变化和几何位置引起的光程变化,将两部分都按级数展开,给出了高阶像差的解析形式。对于平面、柱面、球面光栅和反射镜也可以使用这些公式。像差的解析式和光路也可以用于各种分光仪器中。     

Non-approximate method for designing annular field of two-mirror concentric system

Annular field aberrations of a three-reflection concentric system,which are composed of two spherical mirrors,are analyzed.An annular field with a high level of aberration correction exists near the position where the principal ray is perpendicular to the object-image plane.Aberrations are determined by the object height and aperture angle.In this letter,the general expression of the system aberration is derived using the geometric method,and the non-approximate design method is proposed to calculate the radii of the annular fields that have minimum aberrations under different aperture angles.The closer to 0.5（the ratio of the radius of convex mirror to the radius of concave mirror）is,the smaller the system aberration is.The examples analyzed by LABVIEW indicate that the annular field designed by the proposed method has the smallest aberration in a given system.     

Effects of low order atmosphere-turbulence aberrations on the vortex carrying Gaussian beam

The normalized intensity distributions at the focal plane of a vortex carrying Gaussian beam propagating in weak/middle turbulent atmosphere channel with z-tilt aberration, defocus aberration, astigmatism aberration or total turbulent aberration are discussed by numerical calculation. Our results show that the effect of z-tilt aberration on the intensity distribution of optical vortex beam is main effect of total turbulent aberration. In weak turbulent region, the effects of defocus and astigmatism aberration on the intensity distribution of a vortex carrying Gaussian beam can be ignored. In middle turbulent region, the effect of z-tilt aberration is still the most significant, but the effects of defocus and astigmatism aberrations, specially the effect of astigmatism on the center dark core of the intensity distribution at focal plane, can no longer be disregarded. Our results also show that for three low order aberrations, the beam with values of the topological charge, the beam have larger beam-radius and undergo smaller effects of z-tilt turbulent aberration on the doughnut distribution. For defocus aberration, the radius of the center dull of beam intensity increases with the values of topological charges increasing. And for astigmatism aberration, the beam with odd number topological charges, the center dull speck of beam intensity becomes to the bright speck. But for even number topological charges, the center dull speck of beam intensity maintains the dull one.