压力对煤粒燃烬时间影响的研究

一、前言近年来国内外均在发展煤的加压燃烧技术。但是加压条件下煤的燃烧特性可供参考的数据很少,国内还是一片空白。本文介绍了一种加压燃烧炉的研制、调试和实验方法;测定了不同压力下煤粒燃烧过程中的温度变化曲线(T-t);得到了压力对煤的燃烬时间的影响规律;用煤粒表面扩散燃烧模型计算了不同压力下煤粒的燃烬时间,计算结果与实验结果符合得很好。     

低氧浓度下煤燃烧特性的热重实验研究

煤燃烧的部分过程是在低氧浓度下进行的,本文利用热重实验研究煤在低氧浓度下燃烧特性的变化,重点研究着火特性、燃尽特性和燃烧速率的变化;同时计算分析低氧浓度下,煤燃烧反应动力学参数的变化。实验结果表明,低氧浓度下煤燃烧反应的TG和DTG曲线均向高温区靠近,着火温度基本不变,燃尽温度提高,燃烧速率下降;低氧浓度下燃烧反应的动力学参数活化能E和频率因子k_0之间存在着补偿效应。     

宏观煤岩分类及燃烧反应动力学参数

本文将神木、西山煤用重液分离法分为亮煤、暗煤和无机矿物质三种宏观煤岩类别并进行了燃烬实验。实验结果表明，显微组分存在形式的不同导致厂其在各宏观煤者类别中纯度的较大差异；宏观煤岩类别间燃烧反应动力学参数的明显差异要求对原有的将煤粉视为物理、化学性质均匀的颗粒的燃烧模型进行改进。     

多相燃烧分形模型及其实验研究

本文提出了多相燃烧的分形模型．模型中认为在多相燃烧中内部孔洞体积与表面积存在分维指数关系，而且反应面积的增长为两种分形增长模式的叠加．结合孔洞合并的因素得到了描述煤多相反应速率的分形模型．该模型描述的反应速率先增加后减少的规律与实验结果十分相符．对五个煤种和其中两个煤焦样品进行了试验研究，在两个不同升温速率下得出的试验数据与理论计算相符．     

处理污泥焦颗粒内部孔结构在燃烧过程中变化

在管式炉反应器中进行了1种污泥定温燃烧试验,进行了5个不同燃烬率样品的液氮静态容量法等温物理吸附试验.发现不同燃烬率的污泥样品孔分布特性相似,其孔系统可能主要是由一端封闭的不透气的孔构成;随着燃烬率的增加,比表面积、平均孔径和孔体积等参数变化不同;样品颗粒内孔表面分形维数随燃烬率的增长呈先降低再升高的趋势.     

O_2/CO_2气氛下污泥与煤混燃特性研究

利用热重分析研究了O_2/CO_2气氛下污泥与煤混燃特性,基于热重(TG)和微商热重(DTG)分析曲线,分析了泥煤比、升温速率和气氛对污泥与煤混燃特性的影响。结果表明;在21%O_2/79%CO_2气氛下,污泥与煤混合物的着火温度随泥煤比的上升而显著降低,最大失重速率随着升温速率的提高而提高。随着氧浓度由21%提高到50%,燃尽温度从708.3℃降低至599.8℃,污泥与煤混合物的燃尽时间也明显缩短。21%O_2/79%N_2气氛下污泥与煤混合物的燃烧特性介于21%O_2/79%CO_2和30%O_2/70%CO_2气氛之间.     

煤粉燃烧SCT模型氧气可达比表面积的实验研究

本文针对煤粉燃烧SCT模型中的氧气可达比表面积,进行了不同煤种的TG实验和N2/BET比表面积的测试,研究了煤粉燃烧过程中不同温度下比表面积在不同孔径下与燃尽度和燃烧速率的相关性,研究表明:煤粉在燃烧过程中的平均孔径大于3～11 nm时,该孔径以上的累积比表面积与燃尽度有很好的相关性;高阶煤的氧气可达比表面积在反应过程中逐渐增加,而低阶煤的氧气可达比表面积在反应过程中的变化不是很显著;通过大量的实验说明,不是所有的比表面积在反应过程中都发挥作用,而氧气可达比表面积可以很好地反映燃烧速率的变化.     

半焦燃烧特性的热重试验研究

针对目前提倡的煤部分气化燃烧系统集成优化联合生产煤气和热能的新概念,在不同温度下制得四种煤的半焦,通过热天平燃烧试验研究了半焦的燃烧特性,考察了煤种和制备温度对半焦燃烧特性的影响.试验结果表明:煤种不同,所制得半焦燃烧特性不同;相同煤种制得半焦,随制备温度升高,半焦着火温度上升,燃烧活化能增加,燃烧反应活性降低.     

用快速加热热天平研究煤的可燃性指标

近年来国内外在煤的燃烧特性方面进行了大量的研究,关于煤的挥发份析出规律、着火温度、燃烧速度及燃烬时间等煤可燃性重要参数,得到了很多实验结果和理论分析。但总体来说这方面工作还很不完善,都有一定的相对性和局限性。我们在参考一些国内外文献及实验设备的基础上,建立了一套快速加热,快速分析的新型热天平实验系统,使     

加福无烟煤粉燃烬过程的微结构研究

一、引言 福建加福无烟煤着火与燃烬非常困难,为世界上最难烧的煤种之一。燃烧加福煤粉煤锅炉的飞灰含碳量甚高,一般超过30％。为了系统地探讨加福煤燃烬困难的原因,我们在一维粉煤试验炉上做燃烬试验,并对取样颗粒进行微结构研究。图1算出了一维炉取样口位置。共做四个工况,其中Ⅰ属正常工况,Ⅱ为缺氧工况,Ⅲ和Ⅳ分别为低温和高温(延长高温区)工况。由图看出:(1)热力工况对加福煤粉的燃烬有影响。低温和缺氧对燃烬不利;提高炉内平均温度水平(扩大高温区)将降低飞灰含碳量。(2)总的说加     

The effect of bulk gas diffusivity on apparent pulverized coal char combustion kinetics

Apparent char kinetic rates are commonly used to predict pulverized coal char burning rates. These kinetic rates quantify the char burning rate based on the temperature of the particle and the oxygen concentration at the external particle surface, inherently neglecting the impact of variations in the internal diffusion rate and penetration of oxygen. To investigate the impact of bulk gas diffusivity on these phenomena during Zone II burning conditions, experimental measurements were performed of char particle combustion temperature and burnout for a subbituminous coal burning in an optical entrained flow reactor with helium and nitrogen diluents. The combination of much higher thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity in the helium environments resulted in cooler char combustion temperatures than in equivalent N₂ environments. Measured char burnout was similar in the two environments for a given bulk oxygen concentration but was approximately 60% higher in helium environments for a given char combustion temperature. To augment the experimental measurements, detailed particle simulations of the experimental conditions were conducted with the SKIPPY code. These simulations also showed a 60% higher burning rate in the helium environments for a given char particle combustion temperature. To differentiate the effect of enhanced diffusion through the external boundary layer from the effect of enhanced diffusion through the particle, additional SKIPPY simulations were conducted under selected conditions in N₂ and He environments for which the temperature and concentrations of reactants (oxygen and steam) were identical on the external char surface. Under these conditions, which yield matching apparent char burning rates, the computed char burning rate for He was 50% larger, demonstrating the potential for significant errors with the apparent kinetics approach. However, for specific application to oxy-fuel combustion in CO₂ environments, these results suggest the error to be as low as 3% when applying apparent char burning rates from nitrogen environments.     

煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱实验研究

针对煤粉燃烧辐射光谱问题,利用光纤光谱仪对煤粉平面火焰炉实验装置煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱进行了测量,详细分析了煤粉辐射光谱特征,并基于普朗克辐射传热定律,通过对光谱仪波长响应特性的标定,得到火焰绝对辐射强度随波长的分布情况,进而利用最小二乘法获得火焰温度与辐射率参数,由此提出基于煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱测量的火焰参数测量方法。利用该方法对不同燃烧条件下煤粉燃烧参数进行测量,开展了不同燃烧参数下煤粉火焰辐射光谱实验研究,研究结果表明:煤粉燃烧火焰辐射在200~1 100nm波段具有较强且连续的光谱特征,基于普朗克辐射定律与最小二乘法可实现煤粉燃烧火焰温度与辐射率的测量;煤粉燃烧火焰辐射光谱在590,766,769和779nm附近可见明显的Na和K等碱金属痕量元素原子光谱发射谱线,并且这些原子谱线的出现与火焰温度有关;随着煤粉浓度的提高,虽然燃烧温度变化不大,但由于火焰辐射率的增加,造成辐射光谱强度的大幅提升。这对锅炉煤粉燃烧优化具有重要参考价值。     

Pressurized oxy-fuel combustion of a char particle in the fluidized bed combustor

Pressurized oxy-fuel combustion of coal in fluidized bed (FB) holds the potential to realize low-cost CO₂ capture. However, the fundamental study in this manner is still rare due to the difficult access to the pressurized oxy-FB combustion tests. In this work, the experimental study of single char combustion was firstly conducted in a visualized pressurized FB combustor under various operating conditions. Then an experimentally verified particle-scale char combustion model was developed to reveal the dependence of char combustion on parameters. Results showed that the char conversion was accelerated with the increase of pressure, mainly due to the high oxygen diffusion and char gasification. The gasification played a non-negligible role in pressurized oxy-fuel combustion, especially under high oxygen concentration and bed temperature. Increasing oxygen concentration and bed temperature not only promotes the char oxidation rate and particle temperature, but also increases the gasification rate and the share of char conversion via gasification, resulting in shortening the burnout time of char. In addition, a higher fluidization number lowered both the burnout time and peak temperature of char particle, due to the simultaneous improvement of mass and heat transfer. The influences of char size and fluidization number on char gasification conversion ratio are very weak. In addition, the quantitative analysis of the influence of different operating parameters on the combustion process was obtained by model sensitivity analysis.     

激光点火煤粒周围的温度场

本文采用激光全息摄影技术记录激光加热下的单颗粒煤在某一时刻燃烧的全息图，通过再现系统和数字图象处理过程而获得二维的温度场分布，为研究煤的着火与燃烧的特性提供了一种新方法．同时采用了数学模型对几种煤从着火到燃尽时其周围的温度场进行计算，与实验进行了比较，得到了较为一致的结果．     

混煤氮的热解析出特性及燃料NO_x的形成规律

混煤氮的热解析出特性及燃料ＮＯ_ｘ的形成规律邱建荣，马毓义，曾汉才，吕焕尧，喻秋梅（华中理工大学煤燃烧国家重点实验室武汉４３００７４）关键词：混煤，ＮＯ_ｘ，混合比，燃烧。ＥＭＩＳＳＩＯＮＯＦＮＩＴＲＯＧＥＮＣＯＭＰＯＵＮＤＳＡＮＤＮＯ_ｘＦＯＲＭＡＴ?..     

Effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure

This study aims to clarify the effect of fuel ratio of coal on the turbulent flame speed of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion at atmospheric pressure under various turbulence intensities. High-fuel-ratio coals are not usually used in coal-fired thermal power plants because of their low flame stability. The expectation is that ammonia as a hydrogen-energy carrier would improve the ignition capability of coal particles in co-combustion. Experiments on spherical turbulent flame propagation of co-combustion were conducted for various coal types under various turbulence intensities, using the unique experimental apparatus developed for the co-combustion. Experimental results show that the flame speed of co-combustion with a low equivalence ratio of ammonia/oxidizer mixture for bituminous coal case was found to be three times faster than that of pure coal combustion and two times faster than that of pure ammonia combustion. On the other hand, the flame speed of co-combustion for the highest-fuel-ratio coal case is lower than that of the pure ammonia combustion case, although the flame propagation can be sustained due to the ammonia mixing. To explain the difference of tendencies depending on the fuel ratio of coal, a flame propagation mechanism of ammonia/coal particle cloud co-combustion was proposed. Two positive effects are the increases of local equivalence ratio and the increases of radiation heat flux, which increases the flame speed. In opposite, a negative effect is the heat sink effect that decreases the flame speed. The two positive effects on the flame speed of co-combustion overwhelm a negative effect for bituminous coal case, while the negative effect overcomes both positive effects for the highest-fuel-ratio coal case. The findings of the study can contribute to the reduction of solid fuel costs when the ammonia is introduced as CO₂ free energy carrier and can improve the energy security through the utilization of high-fuel-ratio coals.     

Large eddy simulation of a pulverized coal jet flame ignited by a preheated gas flow

Large eddy simulation (LES) is applied to a pulverized coal jet flame ignited by a preheated gas flow. The simulation results are compared to experimental data obtained for the inlet stoichiometric ratios of 0.14, 0.22, and 0.36. An accurate and computationally inexpensive devolatilization model suitable for combustion simulation in LES is proposed and incorporated into the LES. The numerical results of gas temperature and coal burnout on the centerline show good agreement with the experimental data. Two kinds of lift-off heights are introduced to verify the combustion simulation. One is the height from the primary nozzle exit to the starting point of the growing flame region. The other is the height from the primary nozzle exit to the starting point of the continuous flame region. The calculated results of the two lift-off heights show good agreement with the experimental data. In contrast to LES, the standard k–ε model overestimates the lift-off heights because it calculates time-averaged temperature which does not contain information about local flame structure. The stoichiometric ratio in the gas phase at the starting point of the growing flame region is found to be independent of the inlet stoichiometric ratio in the range from 0.14 to 0.36.     

煤粉燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例实验研究

煤焦颗粒燃烧过程中,灰膜形成显著影响其燃烧特性。因此,本文借助高温沉降炉研究了61~75,75~90和90~125μm三种粒径黄陵烟煤在1273和1673 K温度下的燃烧特性与灰膜形成比例;借助扫描电镜(SEM)详细观测空心微珠颗粒内部结构,提出灰膜比例计算公式,并分析温度,粒径和碳转化率对灰膜比例的影响。结果表明,高温下大部分灰分在焦炭烧尽阶段以灰膜形式存在。灰膜比例随温度和碳转化率增加而增加,随煤粉粒径增大而减小。高温下灰分用于形成灰膜比例相对较高,这为煤焦燃尽阶段的低反应性提供了合理的解释。煤焦颗粒动态燃烧过程中灰膜形成比例随燃烧工况变化而变化。该研究为煤焦颗粒燃烧动力学模拟灰膜比例选择提供了关键数据支撑。     

旋流对煤粉燃烧NO排放影响的数值模拟

本文用基于HCN释放的简化Solomon模型的NO生成湍流反应的统一二阶矩代数模型(AUSM)和煤粉燃烧的双流体模型,对不同旋流数下煤粉燃烧器内两相流动,煤粉燃烧和NO生成进行了数值模拟。模拟结果和文献中实验结果符合很好。模拟结果指出,随着旋流数的增加,NO的排放先减少后增加,燃尽率先增加后减小,和气体燃烧中得到的规律类似。