高炉污泥旋流法颗粒分离的数值模拟

本文采用一种简化的多流体多相流模型及雷诺应力湍流模型建立了水力旋流器内液固多相湍流流动的数学描 述,并对高炉污泥旋流分离进行了数值模拟,获得了水力旋流器内高炉污泥流动的流场及颗粒分级效率曲线,数值计算得 到的颗粒分级效率曲线与实验结果吻合很好。数值结果还表明,底流管直径较小的旋流器分离高炉污泥的效果较好。     

考虑空气柱的水力旋流器内流场的数值模拟

对水力旋流器内流场进行了数值模拟.旋流器内液相和气相的湍流模拟采用了雷诺应力模型(RSM),边界条件采用速度进口、压力出口.在同一工况下选用三维模型及二维简化模型、分别用VOF模型及刚盖法对空气柱进行处理,就空气柱形成、切向及轴向速度与相同条件下试验测量的结果进行比较.结果表明,三维模型计算结果较二维简化模型与实验值吻合得更好,但二维简化模型在降低精度不大的前提下大大减少了计算时间.对空气柱的处理,选用VOF模型得到的结果更准确,而刚盖法减少了计算用时.     

水力旋流器参数对高炉污泥分离的影响

本文采用简化的多流体多相流模型及雷诺应力湍流模型建立了水力旋流器内液固多相湍流流动的数学模型,对水力旋流器在不同结构参数和进口压力下的高炉污泥分离进行了数值模拟,获得了水力旋流器内高炉污泥不同情况下的颗粒分级效率曲线。数值结果表明,在高炉污泥颗粒分离的应用范围内,锥角增大,旋流器直径增大,分离粒径会增加, 进口压力增加,分离粒径降低。     

进口浓度对水力旋流器颗粒分级的影响

通过对水力旋流器内液固多相流动的固体颗粒运动进行理论分析、数值模拟和实验测试,探讨了进口颗粒浓度对采用水力旋流器进行高炉污泥颗粒分级的影响。液固多相流动的数值模拟证实,固体颗粒在水力旋流器内的径向沉降速度近似与颗粒粒径的平方成正比。实验给出了不同进口浓度的颗粒分级效率曲线。本文的实验结果、数值模拟结果以及颗粒离心沉降的理论分析都表明,进口浓度对水力旋流器内高炉污泥的颗粒分级影响不大,该结果诠释了在高炉污泥脱锌操作所考虑的颗粒浓度范围内为什么低浓度下水力旋流器颗粒分级的数值模拟结果与较高浓度下的实验结果基本一致。     

使用RSM模型对旋风除尘器内湍流各向异性的数值模拟

旋风除尘器内三维湍流流场具有典型的各项异性,本文采用雷诺应力模型求解该流场得到了三维湍流流场的详细数据,得出了雷诺应力6个分量的分布图,揭示了这类强旋流流场湍流各向异性的特征。典型的几个算例的实践表明:采用雷诺应力模型求解这类流场非常必要,它能较好地反映这类流场的真实物理流动;与相关实验数据的比较表明吻合性较好,显示了本文算法的可行性;计算中发现,发展非结构网格更有利于模拟壁面附近的流动,并节省计算机内存。     

多点喷射燃烧室冷态流场特性研究

首先用可实现κ-ε湍流模型(RKE)和雷诺应力湍流模型(RSM)对双径向旋流杯下游流场进行数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验值对比.结果显示,在大部分区域计算值与实验值比较一致,RKE模型和RSM模型的最大误差分别为5%和3%,RKE模型可以用于旋流杯燃烧室计算.此后,用RKE模型对单头部燃烧室和多点喷射燃烧室的流场进行数值模拟.对于同样的燃烧室衬套结构,多点喷射燃烧室旋流器出口附近每个旋流器都有各自的回流区,并在下游逐渐融合,在主燃孔附近多点喷射燃烧室和单头部燃烧室的回流区结构类似.对于同样的多点喷射燃烧室头部,没有主燃孔时,回流区在原主燃孔位置前结束,有主燃孔时,单个的回流区在主燃孔附近又形成新的回流区.     

用雷诺应力模型计算旋风分离器中气-固两相流动

针对分离器内部的复杂的三维强旋转、气-固两相湍流运动,采用雷诺应力模型(SSG),利用贴体网格技术,模拟计算了分离器内部流动,并将计算结果与实验数据进行分析、比较。分离器内的固体颗粒运动采用涉及湍流扩散影响的随机轨道模型和确定轨道模型,在流场计算的基础上,模拟了不同直径的颗粒在分离器内的运动规律及颗粒分离效率,并同理论和实验得到的数据进行了比较。     

煤粉旋风燃烧过程流场特性研究

煤粉旋风燃烧器可用于工业加热过程,实现以煤代油,本论文根据旋流燃烧流动特点,采用能考虑非均向湍流应力的雷诺应力模型,对煤粉旋风燃烧器内气流流动过程场进行数值模拟计算,流场计算结果表明,燃烧室几何参数对其内部的流动特性有很大的影响。计算结果与流场实验测试相吻合。     

旋流和无旋突扩流动的LES和RANS模拟

本文用smagorinsky-Lilly亚网格尺度湍流模型对旋流突扩流动(s=0.53)和无旋突扩流动(s=0)进行了大涡模拟(LES模拟),同时分别用压力应变项为IPCM和IPCM+Wall模型的雷诺应力方程模型进行了RANS模拟,和LES的统计结果对比。LES的统计结果与雷诺应力模型的模拟结果及实验对照表明,LES结果与实验结果的吻合比雷诺应力模型的好,说明所用的亚网格尺度湍流模型对旋流流动是适用的,LES结果是可信的。LES的瞬态结果揭示出在旋流作用下,流场中存在复杂的旋涡脱落现象。大涡结构极易破碎成小涡,而在无旋突扩流动的情况下,由于剪切的作用更强,大涡结构的尺寸和范围比旋流流动的要大。     

稠密气固流动二阶矩摩擦应力模型和模拟

基于统一二阶矩两相湍流应力模型和稠密颗粒动力学理论,建立了欧拉-欧拉双流体二阶矩颗粒摩擦应力模型。模型充分反映各向异性的气固两相相间雷诺应力相互作用,并引入有效颗粒弹性恢复系数,考虑了因颗粒表面不光滑产生的摩擦力对湍流流动结构和颗粒弥散特性的影响,对于下降管的计算结果与实验吻合较好。因颗粒摩擦产生能量耗散降低了颗粒温度和导致颗粒雷诺应力再分布。在入口和出口区域因颗粒碰撞频率较高而产生的能量耗散对流动结构影响明显。     

Reynolds stress models applied to canonical shock-turbulence interaction

Shock waves in high-speed flows can drastically alter the nature of Reynolds stresses in a turbulent flow. We study the canonical interaction of homogeneous isotropic turbulence passing through a normal shock, where the shock wave generates significant anisotropy of Reynolds stresses. Existing Reynolds stress models are applied to this canonical problem to predict the amplification of the stream-wise and transverse normal Reynolds stresses across the shock wave. In particular, the efficacy of the different models for the rapid pressure–strain correlation is evaluated by comparing the results with available direct numerical simulation (DNS) data. The model predictions are found to be grossly inaccurate, especially at high-Mach numbers. We propose physics-based improvement to the Reynolds stress-transport equation in the form of shock-unsteadiness effect and enstrophy amplification for turbulent dissipation rate . The resulting model is found to capture the essential physics of Reynolds stress amplification, and match DNS data for a range of Mach numbers. Numerical error encountered at shock waves are also analysed and the model equations are cast in conservative form to obtain physically consistent results with successive grid refinement. Finally, the proposed model for canonical shock-turbulence interaction is generalised to multi-dimensional flows with shock of arbitrary orientation.     

Numerical model of round turbulent jets

Using a second-order semi-empirical turbulence model that includes the differential equations for the normal Reynolds stresses transport, numerical simulation of the flow in round turbulent jets is performed. The calculation results are in good satisfactory accordance with the experimental data. The results of numerical analysis of the self-similar degeneration are presented.     

Anisotropic Reynolds stress tensor representation in shear flows using DNS and experimental data

Tensorial decompositions and projections are used to study the performance of algebraic non-linear models and predict the anisotropy of the Reynolds stresses. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for plane channel flows at friction Reynolds number (Re_τ = 180, 395, 590, 1000), and for the boundary layer using both DNS (Re_τ = 359, 830, 1271) and experimental data (Re_τ = 2680, 3891, 4941, 7164) are used to build and evaluate the models. These data are projected into tensorial basis formed from the symmetric part of mean velocity gradient and non-persistence-of-straining tensor. Six models are proposed and their performances are investigated. The scalar coefficients for these six different levels of approximations of the Reynolds stress tensor are derived, and made dimensionless using the classical turbulent scales, the kinetic turbulent energy (κ) and its dissipation rate (ε). The dimensionless coefficients are then coupled with classical wall functions. One model is selected by comparing the predicted Reynolds stress components with experimental and DNS data, presenting a good prediction for the shear and normal Reynolds stresses.     

A theoretical model of turbulent fiber suspension and its application to the channel flow

A theoretical model of turbulent fiber suspension is developed by deriving the equations of Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes,turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate with the additional term of fibers.In order to close the above equations,the equation of probability distribution function for mean fiber orientation is also derived.The theoretical model is applied to the turbulent channel flow and the corresponding equations are solved numerically.The numerical results are verified by comparisons with the experimental ones.The effects of Reynolds number,fiber concentration and fiber aspect-ratio on the velocity profile,turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate are analyzed.Based on the numerical data,the expression for the velocity profile in the turbulent fiber suspension channel flow,which includes the effect of Reynolds number,fiber concentration and aspect-ratio,is proposed.     

A Reynolds stress model for turbulent flows of viscoelastic fluids

A second-order closure is developed for predicting turbulent flows of viscoelastic fluids described by a modified generalised Newtonian fluid model incorporating a nonlinear viscosity that depends on a strain-hardening Trouton ratio as a means to handle some of the effects of viscoelasticity upon turbulent flows. Its performance is assessed by comparing its predictions for fully developed turbulent pipe flow with experimental data for four different dilute polymeric solutions and also with two sets of direct numerical simulation data for fluids theoretically described by the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic – Peterlin model. The model is based on a Newtonian Reynolds stress closure to predict Newtonian fluid flows, which incorporates low Reynolds number damping functions to properly deal with wall effects and to provide the capability to handle fluid viscoelasticity more effectively. This new turbulence model was able to capture well the drag reduction of various viscoelastic fluids over a wide range of Reynolds numbers and performed better than previously developed models for the same type of constitutive equation, even if the streamwise and wall-normal turbulence intensities were underpredicted.     

Computational study of mixing behaviour of a turbulent jet issuing in a uniform counterflow at low velocity ratios

This paper proposes a computational study for the analysis of the velocity and the scalar concentration field of a round turbulent jet flowing into a uniform stream in opposite direction. The investigation is carried out for a range of low jet-to-counterflow velocity ratios; R = 1.3, 1.6, 2.2, 3.1 and 3.4. The Reynolds stress model is applied in numerical simulation to compare obtained results with experimental data from the literature. It is found that predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental data and that the jet fluid decays faster in the presence of a counterflow. The linearity between the penetration distance and the velocity ratio is verified and the axial fluctuating velocities along jet centreline appear to have two distinct peaks, except for the stronger counterflow. The enhanced mixing efficiency of the counterflowing jet is verified through the radial distribution of velocity and scalar concentration at different streamwise stations.     

Conditional moment closure modelling of turbulent jet diffusion flames of helium-diluted hydrogen

First-order conditional moment closure (CMC) modelling of NO in non-premixed flames has met with limited success due to the need to consider turbulence influences on the conditional production rate of chemical species. This paper presents results obtained using a second-order approach where such effects are incorporated through solution of a transport equation for the conditional variance. In contrast to earlier work, second-order chemistry is implemented using a more robust numerical technique, with predictions obtained using a Reynolds stress turbulence model. First-order CMC and k–? turbulence model predictions are presented for comparison purposes. For the hydrogen flames examined, results demonstrate small differences between first- and second-order calculations of major species and temperature, although second-order corrections reduce NO and OH levels. Additionally, variations occur between results for these species derived using the two turbulence models due to differences in conditional variance predictions. This and the numerical solution method employed are responsible for deviations with earlier results. It is concluded that while the higher-order CMC model does not significantly improve NO predictions, agreement with OH data is superior. Physical space predictions are sufficiently accurate for assessing flame characteristics, with the Reynolds stress model providing superior results.     

新型可压缩尺度在跨声速流动中的应用

基于von Karman长度尺度和新型Reynolds应力本构关系对k-ε湍流模型重构,将k方程封闭,采用代数形式对湍流耗散项进行模化.在KDO（kinetic dependent only）模型的基础上,引入可压缩von Karman长度尺度,得到一种适用于复杂可压缩流动的新型湍流模型CKDO（compressible kinetic dependent only）,在CKDO模型中没有任何经验系数,仅有两个来自边界层精细化标定的可调参数.对RAE2822翼型、轴对称圆筒管道凸起流动、ONERA-M6机翼跨声速流动等算例进行数值计算,结果显示CKDO湍流模型对上述算例流场的压力系数模拟结果与实验值吻合较好,表明CKDO模型能够对跨声速流场进行较为准确的模拟.